Are long-term care jobs harmful? Evidence from Germany.
Health
Long-term care
Workforce
Journal
The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care
ISSN: 1618-7601
Titre abrégé: Eur J Health Econ
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 101134867
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jul 2021
Jul 2021
Historique:
received:
15
04
2020
accepted:
12
03
2021
pubmed:
12
4
2021
medline:
2
9
2021
entrez:
11
4
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Like many OECD countries, Germany is currently facing a shortage of long-term care (LTC) workers. This situation is concerning in the context of the ageing of the German population. A potential reason why Germany fails to recruit and retain LTC workers is that LTC jobs are particularly demanding (physical and psychological strain) which may be harmful to health. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence demonstrating this effect. This article fills the gap in the literature by exploring to what extent LTC jobs reduce workers' health over time. We estimate a dynamic panel data model on the German Socio-Economic Panel (v.35; 1984-2018), which allows adressing selection issues into occupations. Our paper provides innovative findings on the impact of LTC occupations on workers' health. We confirm that LTC jobs have a negative impact on self-reported health. Our results have strong policy implications: we emphasize the need to provide sufficient assistance to LTC workers, who are at risk of facing more health issues than other workers. This issue is key to increase the attractiveness of LTC jobs and reduce turnover in the LTC workforce.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33839969
doi: 10.1007/s10198-021-01288-y
pii: 10.1007/s10198-021-01288-y
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
749-771Références
Campbell, J.C., Ikegami, N., Gibson, M.J.: Lessons from public long-term care insurance in Germany and Japan. Health Affairs 29(1), 87–95 (2010)
doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0548
Harrington, C.A., Geraedts, M., Heller, G.V.: Germany’s long term care insurance model: lessons for the United States. J. Public Health Policy 23(1), 44–65 (2002)
doi: 10.2307/3343118
Geyer, J., Korfhage, T.: Labor supply effects of long-term care reform in Germany. Health Econ. 27(9), 1328–1339 (2018)
doi: 10.1002/hec.3663
Bakx, P., De Meijer, C., Schut, F., Van Doorslaer, E.: Going formal or informal, who cares? the influence of public long-term care insurance. Health Econ. 24(6), 631–643 (2015)
doi: 10.1002/hec.3050
Nadash, P., Doty, P., Mahoney, K.J., Von Schwanenflugel, M.: European long-term care programs: lessons for community living assistance services and supports? Health Serv. Res. 47(1pt1), 309–328 (2012)
doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01334.x
OECD: Health at a glance 2019. OECD publishing, Paris (2019)
doi: 10.1787/f8d7880d-en
Grabowski, D.: Long-term care—encyclopedia of health economics. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2014)
Kuhlmann, E., Larsen, C.: Long-term care in europe challenges and strategies in nursing staff management. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 56(8), 1064–1071 (2013)
doi: 10.1007/s00103-013-1745-y
Kliner, K., Rennert, D., Richter, M.: Gesundheit und Arbeit-Blickpunkt Gesundheitswesen: BKK Gesundheitsatlas 2017. MWV Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft (2017)
Franz, S., Zeh, A., Schablon, A., Kuhnert, S., Nienhaus, A.: Aggression and violence against health care workers in Germany-a cross sectional retrospective survey. BMC Health Serv. Res. 10(1), 51 (2010)
doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-51
Hanson, G.C., Perrin, N.A., Moss, H., Laharnar, N., Glass, N.: Workplace violence against homecare workers and its relationship with workers health outcomes: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 15(1), 11 (2015)
doi: 10.1186/s12889-014-1340-7
Grossman, M.: On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. J. Polit. Econ. 80(2), 223–255 (1972)
doi: 10.1086/259880
OECD: Who Cares? Attracting and retaining care workers for the elderly. OECD publishing, Paris. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1787/92c0ef68-en
Liang, Y.W., Hsieh, Y., Lin, Y.H., Chen, W.Y.: The impact of job stressors on health-related quality of life of nursing assistants in long-term care settings. Geriatr. Nurs. 35(2), 114–119 (2014)
doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2013.11.001
Joyce, K., Pabayo, R., Critchley, J.A., Bambra, C.: Flexible working conditions and their effects on employee health and wellbeing. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008009.pub2
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008009.pub2
pubmed: 20166100
pmcid: 7175959
Robone, S., Jones, A.M., Rice, N.: Contractual conditions, working conditions and their impact on health and well-being. Eur. J. Health Econ. 12(5), 429–444 (2011)
doi: 10.1007/s10198-010-0256-0
Ravesteijn, B., Hv, Kippersluis, Ev, Doorslaer: The wear and tear on health: what is the role of occupation? Health Econ. 27(2), e69–e86 (2018)
doi: 10.1002/hec.3563
Franks, P., Gold, M.R., Fiscella, K.: Sociodemographics, self-rated health, and mortality in the us. Soc. Sci. Med. 56(12), 2505–2514 (2003)
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00281-2
Idler, E.L., Benyamini, Y.: Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies. J. Health Soc. Behav. 38, 21–37 (1997)
doi: 10.2307/2955359
McCallum, J., Shadbolt, B., Wang, D.: Self-rated health and survival: a 7-year follow-up study of Australian elderly. Am. J. Public Health 84(7), 1100–1105 (1994)
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.84.7.1100
Van Beveren, J.: Does health care for knowledge management? J. Knowl. Manage. (2003). https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270310463644
doi: 10.1108/13673270310463644
Wagstaff, A.: The demand for health: an empirical reformulation of the grossman model. Health Econ. 2(2), 189–198 (1993)
doi: 10.1002/hec.4730020211
Nickell, S.: Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica J. Econometr. Soc. 49, 1417–1426 (1981)
doi: 10.2307/1911408
Bond, S.R.: Dynamic panel data models: a guide to micro data methods and practice. Portuguese Econ. J. 1(2), 141–162 (2002)
doi: 10.1007/s10258-002-0009-9
Angrist, J.D., Pischke, J.S.: Mostly harmless econometrics: an empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2008)
doi: 10.2307/j.ctvcm4j72
Mundlak, Y.: On the pooling of time series and cross section data. Econometrica J. Econometr. Soc. 46, 69–85 (1978)
doi: 10.2307/1913646
Wooldridge, J.M.: Correlated random effects models with unbalanced panels. J Econometrics. 211 (1), 137–150 (2019)
Dauth, C., Lang, J.: Can the unemployed be trained to care for the elderly? the effects of subsidized training in elderly care. Health Econ. 28(4), 543–555 (2019)
doi: 10.1002/hec.3863
Pirani, E., Salvini, S.: Is temporary employment damaging to health? a longitudinal study on Italian workers. Soc. Sci. Med. 124, 121–131 (2015)
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.033
Columbo, et al.: Help wanted? Providing and paying for long-term care. OECD Publishing (2011)
Baughman, R.A., Smith, K.E.: Labor mobility of the direct care workforce: implications for the provision of long-term care. Health Econ. 21(12), 1402–1415 (2012)
doi: 10.1002/hec.1798
Rapp, T., Sicsic, J.: The contribution of the immigrant population to the us long-term care workforce. Soc. Sci. Med. 263, 113305 (2020)
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113305