Unilateral versus bilateral nodal irradiation: Current evidence in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
head and neck cancer
nodal volume selection
radiotherapy
toxicity reduction
volume de-escalation
Journal
Head & neck
ISSN: 1097-0347
Titre abrégé: Head Neck
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8902541
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 2021
09 2021
Historique:
revised:
02
04
2021
received:
06
01
2021
accepted:
08
04
2021
pubmed:
20
4
2021
medline:
21
8
2021
entrez:
19
4
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Cancers of the head and neck region often present with nodal involvement. There is a long-standing convention within the community of head and neck radiation oncology to irradiate both sides of the neck electively in almost all cases to include both macroscopic and microscopic disease extension (so called elective nodal volume). International guidelines for the selection and delineation of the elective lymph nodes were published in the early 2000s and were updated recently. However, diagnostic imaging techniques have improved the accuracy and reliability of nodal staging and as a result, small metastases that used to remain undetected and were thus in the past included in the elective nodal volume, will now be included in high-dose volumes. Furthermore, the elective nodal areas are situated close to the parotid glands, the submandibular glands and the swallowing muscles. Therefore, irradiation of a smaller, more selected volume of the elective nodes could reduce treatment-related toxicity. Several researchers consider the current bilateral elective neck irradiation strategies an overtreatment and show growing interest in a unilateral nodal irradiation in selected patients. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the current evidence about the indications and benefits of unilateral nodal irradiation and the use of SPECT/CT-guided nodal irradiation in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2807-2821Informations de copyright
© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, et al. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study global burden of disease cancer collaboration. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:524-548.
Petrelli F, Coinu A, Riboldi V, et al. Concomitant platinum-based chemotherapy or cetuximab with radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. Oral Oncol. 2014;50:1041-1048.
Lacas B, Bourhis J, Overgaard J, et al. Role of radiotherapy fractionation in head and neck cancers (MARCH): an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(9):1221-1237.
Pignon JP, le Maître A, Maillard E, Bourhis J. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): an update on 93 randomised trials and 17,346 patients. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92(1):4-14.
Snow GB, van den Brekel MW, Leemans CR, Patel P. Surgical management of cervical lymph nodes in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1994;134:43-55.
Lindberg RD, Barkley HT, Jesse RH, Fletcher GH. Evolution of the clinically negative neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the faucial arch. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971;111(1):60-65.
Shah JP, Candela FC, Poddar AK. The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer. 1990;66(1):109-113.
Byers RM, Wolf PF, Ballantyne AJ. Rationale for elective modified neck dissection. Head Neck Surg. 1988;10(3):160-167.
Werner JA, Dünne AA, Myers JN. Functional anatomy of the lymphatic drainage system of the upper aerodigestive tract and its role in metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2003;25:322-332.
MacComb W, Fletcher GH. Planned combination of surgery and radiation in treatment of advanced primary head and neck cancers. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1957;77(3):397-414.
Barkley H, Fletcher GH, Jesse RH, Lindberg RD. Management of cervical lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa, base of tongue, supraglottic larynx, and hypopharynx. Am J Surg. 1972;124(4):462-467.
Grégoire V, Levendag P, Ang K, et al. CT-based delineation of lymph node levels and related CTVs in the node-negative neck: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, NCIC, RTOG consensus guidelines. Radiother Oncol. 2003;69(3):227-236.
Biau J, Lapeyre M, Troussier I, et al. Selection of lymph node target volumes for definitive head and neck radiation therapy: a 2019 update. Radiother Oncol. 2019;134:1-9.
van den Bosch S, Vogel WV, Raaijmakers CP, et al. Implications of improved diagnostic imaging of small nodal metastases in head and neck cancer: radiotherapy target volume transformation and dose de-escalation. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128:472-478.
Sun R, Tang X, Yang Y, Zhang C. 18FDG-PET/CT for the detection of regional nodal metastasis in patients with head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(4):314-320.
Norling R, Buron BMD, Therkildsen MH, Henriksen BM, Von Buchwald C, Nielsen MB. Staging of cervical lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma: adding ultrasound in clinically lymph node negative patients may improve diagnostic work-up. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90360.
Heusch P, Sproll C, Buchbender C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, 18F-FDG-PET/CT, and fused 18F-FDG-PET-MR images with DWI for the detection of cervical lymph node metastases of HNSCC. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(3):969-978.
Lowe VJ, Duan F, Subramaniam RM, et al. Multicentre trial of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography staging of head and neck cancer and negative predictive value and surgical impact in the n0 neck: results from acrin 6685. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(20):1704-1712.
Pitman KT. Rationale for elective neck dissection. Am J Otolaryngol. 2000;21(1):31-37.
Wei W, Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, et al. Management of the N0 neck-reference or preference. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(2):115-122.
Weiss M, Harrison L, Isaacs R. Use of decision analysis in planning a management strategy for the stage N0 neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120(7):699-702.
Mukherji SK, Armao D, Joshi VM. Cervical nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: what to expect. Head Neck. 2001;23(11):995-1005.
Ferlito A, Silver C, Rinaldo A. Elective management of the neck in oral cavity squamous carcinoma: current concepts supported by prospective studies. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;47(1):5-9.
González-García R, Naval-Gías L, Sastre-Pérez J, et al. Contralateral lymph neck node metastasis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: a retrospective analytic study of 203 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surf. 2007;36(6):507-513.
Ganly I, Goldstein D, Carlson DL, et al. Long-term regional control and survival in patients with “low-risk,” early stage oral tongue cancer managed by partial glossectomy and neck dissection without postoperative radiation: the importance of tumour thickness. Cancer. 2013;119(6):1168-1176.
Koo BS, Lim YC, Lee JS, Choi EC. Management of contralateral n0 neck in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2006;28(10):896-901.
Kowalski LP, Bagietto R, Lara JRL, Santos RL, Tagawa EK, Santos IRB. Factors influencing contralateral lymph node metastasis from oral carcinoma. Head Neck. 1999;21(2):104-110.
Kurita H, Koike T, Narikawa J, et al. Clinical predictors for contralateral neck lymph node metastasis from unilateral squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity. Oral Oncol. 2004;40(9):898-903.
Wenzel S, Sagowski C, Kehrl W, Metternich FU. The prognostic impact of metastatic pattern of lymph nodes in patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2004;261(5):270-275.
Sanguineti G, Califano J, Stafford E, et al. Defining the risk of involvement for each neck nodal level in patients with early T-stage node-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(5):1356-1364.
Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Forastiere A, et al. Precisely defining high-risk operable head and neck tumours based on RTOG 85-03 and 88-24: targets for postoperative radiochemotherapy. Head Neck. 1998;20(7):588-594.
Vergeer MR, Doornaert PAH, Jonkman A, et al. Ipsilateral irradiation for oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with primary surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;78(3):682-688.
Lynch J, Lal P, Schick U, et al. Multiple cervical lymph node involvement and extra-capsular extension predict for contralateral nodal recurrence after ipsilateral radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(9):901-906.
Candela FC, Kothari K, Shah JP. Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Head Neck. 1990;12(3):197-203.
Al-Mamgani A, Verheij M, van den Brekel MWM. Elective unilateral nodal irradiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a paradigm shift. Eur J Cancer. 2017;82:1-5.
Yeung AR, Garg MK, Lawson J, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Head Neck. 2012;34(5):613-616.
Perez CA, Patel MM, Chao KSC, et al. Carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa: prognostic factors and long-term therapy outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42(5):1077-1084.
Dziegielewski PT, O'Connell DA, Szudek J, et al. Neck metastases in oropharyngeal cancer: Necessity and extent of bilateral treatment. Head Neck. 2012;35(10):1461-1467.
Olzowy B, Tsalemchuk Y, Schotten KJ, Reichel O, Harréus U. Frequency of bilateral cervical metastases in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 352 cases after bilateral neck dissection. Head Neck. 2011;33(2):239-243.
McMullen C, Garneau J, Weimar E, et al. Occult contralateral nodal disease in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients undergoing primary TORS with bilateral neck dissection. Oral Oncol. 2019;93:96-100.
Kjems J, Gothelf A, Håkansson K, Spech L, Kristensen C, Friborg J. Elective nodal irradiation and patterns of failure in head and neck cancer after primary radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;94(4):775-782.
Lim YC, Lee SY, Lim JY, et al. Management of contralateral N0 neck in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(9):1672-1165.
De Oliveira Santos AB, Cernea CR, Inoue M, Ferraz AR. Selective neck dissection for node-positive necks in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a word of caution. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132(1):79-81.
Woolgar JA. The topography of cervical lymph node metastases revisited: the histological findings in 526 sides of neck dissection from 439 previously untreated patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;36(3):219-225.
Chow TL, Chow TK, Chan TTF, Yu NF, Fung SC, Lam SH. Contralateral neck recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and oropharynx. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(10):1225-1228.
Koo BS, Lim YC, Lee JS, Kim YH, Kim SH, Choi EC. Management of contralateral N0 neck in pyriform sinus carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(7):1268-1272.
Buckley JG, MacLennan K. Cervical node metastases in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer: a prospective analysis of prevalence and distribution. Head Neck. 2000;22(4):380-385.
Rucci L, Gallo O, Fini-Storchi O. Contralateral metastasis in patients with cancer of the larynx and the hypopharynx. Analysis and critical review of our caseload. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 1990;10(1):11-18.
Biller HF, Davis WH, Ogura JH. Delayed contralateral cervical metastases with laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancers. Laryngoscope. 1971;81(9):1499-1502.
Johnson JT, Bacon GW, Myers EN, Wagner RL. Medial vs lateral wall pyriform sinus carcinoma: implications for management of regional lymphatics. Head Neck. 1994;16(5):401-405.
Joo YH, Sun D-I, Cho KJ, Cho JH, Kim MS. The impact of paratracheal lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Eur Arch OtoRhinoLaryngol. 2010;267(6):945-950.
Marks J, Devineni V, Harvey J, Sessions D. The risk of contralateral lymphatic metastases for cancers of the larynx and pharynx. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992;13(1):34-39.
Aluffi P, Pisani P, Policarpo M, Pia F. Contralateral cervical lymph node metastases in pyriform sinus carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(4):650-653.
Khan MK, Koyfman SA, Hunter GK, Reddy CA, Saxton JP. Definitive radiotherapy for early (T1-T2) glottic squamous cell carcinoma: A 20 year cleveland clinic experience. Radiat Oncol. 2012;7(1):193-200.
Stokes W, Abbott D, Phan A, Raben D, Lanning R, Karam S. Patterns of care for patients with early-stage glottic cancer undergoing definitive radiation therapy: a national cancer database analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;98(5):1014-1021.
Öztürkcan S, Katilmiş H, Özdemir I, Tuna B, Güvenç IA, Dündar R. Occult contralateral nodal metastases in supraglottic laryngeal cancer crossing the midline. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2009;266(1):117-120.
Weber P, Johnson J, Myers E. The impact of bilateral neck dissection on pattern of recurrence and survival in supraglottic carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120(7):703-706.
Böttcher A, Olze H, Thieme N, et al. A novel classification scheme for advanced laryngeal cancer midline involvement: implications for the contralateral neck. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143(8):1605-1612.
Sanabria A, Shah JP, Medina JE, et al. Incidence of occult lymph node metastasis in primary larynx squamous cell carcinoma, by subsite, T classification and neck level: a systematic review. Cancer. 2020;12(4):1059.
Liu B, Guan C, Ji W, Pan Z. Impact of extracapsular lymph node spread in the ipsilateral neck on contralateral neck metastasis and prognosis of laryngeal cancer. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2006;28(11):871-875.
O'Sullivan B, Warde P, Grice B, et al. The benefits and pitfalls of ipsilateral radiotherapy in carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51(2):332-343.
Hu KS, Mourad WF, Gamez M, et al. Low rates of contralateral neck failure in unilaterally treated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with prospectively defined criteria of lateralization. Head Neck. 2017;39(8):1647-1654.
Maskell D, Buckley H, Sission K, Roques T, Geropantas K. Ipsilateral neck radiotherapy in N2b well-lateralized tonsil cancer-approach with caution. Head Neck. 2019;41(9):2937-2946.
Rusthoven KE, Raben D, Schneider C, Witt R, Sammons S, Raben A. Freedom from local and regional failure of contralateral neck with Ipsilateral neck radiotherapy for node-positive tonsil cancer: results of a prospective management approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(5):1365-1370.
Rackley TP, Namelo WC, Palaniappan N, Cole N, Owens DMJ, Evans M. Unilateral radiotherapy for surgically resected lateralized squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Head Neck. 2017;39(1):17-23.
Chin RI, Rao YJ, Hwang MY, et al. Comparison of unilateral versus bilateral intensity-modulated radiotherapy for surgically treated squamous cell carcinoma of the palatine tonsil. Cancer. 2017;123(23):4594-4607.
Cramer CK, Palta M, Patel P, Brizel DM. Ipsilateral tonsil chemoradiation: improved toxicity compared to bilateral radiation and effective rates of local-regional control. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2014;88(2):477.
Kagei K, Shirato H, Nishioka T, et al. Ipsilateral irradiation for carcinomas of tonsillar region and soft palate based on computed tomographic simulation. Radiother Oncol. 2000;54(2):117-121.
Chronowski GM, Garden AS, Morrison WH, et al. Unilateral radiotherapy for the treatment of tonsil cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(1):204-209.
Jackson SM, Hay JH, Flores AD, et al. Cancer of the tonsil: the results of ipsilateral radiation treatment. Radiother Oncol. 1999;51(2):123-128.
Al-Mamgani A, Van Rooij P, Fransen D, Levendag P. Unilateral neck irradiation for well-lateralized oropharyngeal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2013;106(1):69-73.
Kennedy WR, Herman MP, Deraniyagala RL, et al. Ipsilateral radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2016;273(8):2151-2156.
Liu C, Dutu G, Peters LJ, Rischin D, Corry J. Tonsillar cancer: the Peter MacCallum experience with unilateral and bilateral irradiation. Head Neck. 2014;36(3):317-322.
Koo TR, Wu HG. Long-term results of ipsilateral radiotherapy for tonsil cancer. Radiat Oncol J. 2013;31(2):66-71.
Dan TD, Raben D, Schneider CJ, et al. Freedom from local and regional failure of contralateral neck with ipsilateral neck radiotherapy for node-positive tonsil cancer: updated results of an institutional clinical management approach. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(6):616-621.
Cerezo L, Martín M, López M, Marín A, Gómez A. Ipsilateral irradiation for well lateralized carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx: results on tumour control and xerostomia. Radiat Oncol. 2009;4(1):33.
Jensen K, Overgaard M, Grau C. Morbidity after ipsilateral radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85(1):90-97.
Kim Y, Cho KH, Moon SH, et al. Comparison of the clinical outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil receiving postoperative ipsilateral versus bilateral neck radiotherapy: a propensity score matching analysis (KROG 11-07). Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):1097-1105.
Sher DJ, Pham N-L, Shah JL, et al. Prospective phase II study of radiotherapy dose and volume de-escalation for elective neck treatment of oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2020;109(4):932-940.
Al-Mamgani A, van Werkhoven E, Navran A, et al. Contralateral regional recurrence after elective unilateral neck irradiation in oropharyngeal carcinoma: a literature-based critical review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;59:102-108.
de Veij Mestdagh PD, van Werkhoven E, Navran A, et al. Incidence of contralateral regional failure in the electively irradiated contralateral neck of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2019;17:7-13.
Koyfman SA, Ismaila N, Crook D, et al. Management of the neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: ASCO clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:1753-1774.
Tsai CJ, Galloway TJ, Margalit DN, et al. Ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil: American radium society appropriate use criteria executive summary. Head Neck. 2021;43(1):392-406.
Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MAW, Takes RP, Rovers MM. Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2013;49:726-732.
Woolgar JA. Histological distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from intraoral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;37(3):175-180.
Alex JC, Krag DN. The gamma-probe-guided resection of radiolabeled primary lymph nodes. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1996;5(1):33-41.
Alvarez Amézaga J, Barbier Herrero L, Pijoan Zubizarreta JI, et al. Sentinel node in head and neck cancer diagnostic efficacy of sentinel node biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cohort study and meta-analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12(3):235-243.
Civantos FJ, Moffat FL, Goodwin WJ. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for 106 head and neck lesions: contrasts between oral cavity and cutaneous malignancy. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:1-15.
Civantos FJ, Zitsch RP, Schuller DE, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately stages the regional lymph nodes for T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinomas: results of a prospective multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(8):1395-1400.
Jeong HS, Baek CH, Son YI, et al. Sentinel lymph node radiolocalization with 99mTc filtered tin colloid in clinically node-negative squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. J Korean Med Sci. 2006;21(5):865-870.
Kontio R, Leivo I, Leppänen E, Atula T. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma without clinically evident metastasis. Head Neck. 2004;26(1):16-21.
Melkane AE, Mamelle G, Wycisk G, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in early oral squamous cell carcinomas: a 10-year experience. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(8):1782-1178.
Pezier T, Nixon IJ, Gurney B, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for T1/T2 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective case series. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(11):3528-3533.
Rigual N, Douglas W, Lamonica D, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy: a rational approach for staging T2N0 oral cancer. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(12):2217-2220.
Terada A, Hasegawa Y, Yatabe Y, et al. Follow-up after intraoperative sentinel node biopsy of N0 neck oral cancer patients. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2011;268(3):429-435.
Flach GB, Bloemena E, Klop WMC, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically N0 T1-T2 staged oral cancer: the Dutch multicentre trial. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(10):1020-1024.
Schilling C, Stoeckli SJ, Haerle SK, et al. Sentinel European node trial (SENT): 3-year results of sentinel node biopsy in oral cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51(18):2777-2784.
Liu M, Wang SJ, Yang X, Peng H. Diagnostic efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early oral squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 66 studies. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170322.
Barzan L, Sulfaro S, Alberti F, et al. Gamma probe accuracy in detecting the sentinel lymph node in clinically N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002;111(9):794-798.
Burns P, Foster A, Walshe P, O'Dwyer T. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in node-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123(4):439-443.
Vorburger MS, Broglie MA, Soltermann A, et al. Validity of frozen section in sentinel lymph node biopsy for the staging in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2012;106(7):816-819.
Hart RD, Nasser JG, Trites JR, Taylor SM, Bullock M, Barnes D. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in NO squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(1):34-38.
Höft S, Maune S, Muhle C, et al. Sentinel lymph-node biopsy in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;91(1):124-128.
Minamikawa T, Umeda M, Komori T. Reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(5):532-538.
Pitman KT, Johnson JT, Brown ML, Myers EN. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2002;112(12):2101-2113.
Stoeckli SJ, Alkureishi LWT, Ross GL. Sentinel node biopsy for early oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2009;266:787-793.
Taylor RJ, Wahl RL, Sharma PK, et al. Sentinel node localization in oral cavity and oropharynx squamous cell cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(8):970-974.
Burcia V, Costes V, Faillie JL, et al. Neck restaging with sentinel node biopsy in T1-T2N0 oral and oropharyngeal cancer: Why and how. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;142(4):592-597.e1.
Alkureishi LWT, Ross GL, Shoaib T, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck squamous cell cancer: 5-year follow-up of a european multicentre trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(9):2459-2464.
Broglie MA, Haerle SK, Huber GF, Haile SR, Stoeckli SJ. Occult metastases detected by sentinel node biopsy in patients with early oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas: impact on survival. Head Neck. 2013;35(5):660-666.
Tomifuji M, Shiotani A, Fujii H, et al. Sentinel node concept in clinically N0 laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(9):2568-2575.
Lawson G, Matar N, Nollevaux MC, et al. Reliability of sentinel node technique in the treatment of N0 supraglottic laryngeal cancer. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(11):2213-2217.
Flach GB, Bloemena E, van Schie A, et al. Sentinel node identification in laryngeal cancer: feasible in primary cancer with previously untreated neck. Oral Oncol. 2013;46(2):165-168.
López Mollá C, Morales Suárez-Varela M, Carrasco Llatas M, Sopena Monforte R, López Martínez R, Dalmau GJ. Sentinel lymph node in tumours of the larynx: technique and results. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2006;57(7):307-312.
Werner JA, Dünne AA, Ramaswamy A, et al. The sentinel node concept in head and neck cancer: solution for the controversies in the N0 neck? Head Neck. 2004;26(7):603-611.
Werner JA, Dünne AA, Ramaswamy A, et al. Sentinel node detection in N0 cancer of the pharynx and larynx. Br J Cancer. 2002;87(7):711-715.
Muhle C, Brenner W, Südmeyer M, et al. CT-guided lymphoscintigraphy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a feasibility study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(7):940-944.
Yoshimoto S, Hasegawa Y, Matsuzuka T, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for oral and laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 177 patients in Japan. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2012;39(1):65-70.
De Bree R, de Keizer B, Civantos FJ, et al. What is the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of oral cancer in 2020? Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06538-y.
Ross GL, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: preliminary results of a multicentre trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(7):690-696.
Den Toom IJ, Boeve K, Lobeek D, et al. Elective neck dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy in early stage oral cavity cancer patients: the dutch experience. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(7):1783.
Valsecchi ME, Silbermins D, De Rosa N, Wong SL, Lyman GH. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with melanoma: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(11):1479-1487.
Shoaib T, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, et al. The accuracy of head and neck, carcinoma sentinel lymph node biopsy in the clinically N0 neck. Cancer. 2001;91(11):2077-2283.
Koch W, Choti M, Civelek A, Eisele D, Saunders J. Gamma probe-directed biopsy of the sentinel node in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124(4):455-459.
Colnot DR, Nieuwenhuis EJC, Van den Brekel MWM, et al. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: US-guided fine-needle aspiration of sentinel lymph nodes for improved staging-initial experience. Radiology. 2001;218(1):289-293.
Stoeckli SJ, Steinert H, Pfaltz M, Schmid S. Is there a role for positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the initial staging of nodal negative oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2002;24(4):345-349.
Khafif A, Schneebaum S, Fliss DM, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT system in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2006;28(10):874-879.
Thomsen JB, Sørensen JA, Grupe P, Krogdahl A. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer: validation of technique and clinical implications of added oblique planar lymphoscintigraphy and/or tomography. Acta Radiol. 2005;46(6):569-575.
Haerle SK, Hany TF, Strobel K, Sidler D, Stoeckli SJ. Is there an additional value of spect/ct over planar lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma? Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(11):3118-3124.
den Toom IJ, van Schie A, van Weert S, et al. The added value of SPECT-CT for the identification of sentinel lymph nodes in early stage oral cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(6):998-1004.
Daisne JF, Installé J, Bihin B, et al. SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy of sentinel node(s) for superselective prophylactic irradiation of the neck in cN0 head and neck cancer patients: a prospective phase I feasibility study. Radiat Oncol. 2014;9:121.
de Veij Mestdagh PD, Walraven I, Vogel WV, et al. SPECT/CT-guided elective nodal irradiation for head and neck cancer is oncologically safe and less toxic: a potentially practice-changing approach. Radiother Oncol. 2020;147:56-63.
Longton E, Lawson G, Bihin B, et al. Individualized prophylactic neck irradiation in patients with cN0 head and neck Cancer based on sentinel lymph node(s) identification: definitive results of a prospective phase 1-2 study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;107(4):652-661.
Moya-Plana A, Eupérin A, Guerlain J, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in early oral squamous cell carcinomas: long-term follow-up and nodal failure analysis. Oral Oncol. 2018;82:187-197.
Mølstrøm J, Grønne M, Green A, Bakholdt V, Sørensen JA. Topographical distribution of sentinel nodes and metastases from T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinomas. Eur J Cancer. 2019;107:86-92.
Mahieu R, Krijger GC, Ververs FFT, de Roos R, de Bree R, de Keizer B. [68Ga]Ga-tilmanocept PET/CT lymphoscintigraphy: a novel technique for sentinel lymph node imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;48:963-965.
Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, et al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):24-35.
O'Sullivan B, Huang S, Su J, et al. Development and validation of a staging system for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer by the international collaboration on oropharyngeal cancer network. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(4):440-451.
Ye A, Bradley K, Kader H, Wu J, Hay JH. Patterns of relapse in squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil-unilateral vs. bilateral radiation in the HPV-era. Cureus. 2015;7(9):e322.
Huang SH, Waldron J, Bratman SV, et al. Re-evaluation of ipsilateral radiation for T1-T2N0-N2b tonsil carcinoma at the Princess Margaret Hospital in the human papillomavirus era, 25 years later. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;98(1):159-169.
Seiwert TY, Foster CC, Blair EA, et al. Optima: a phase II dose and volume de-escalation trial for human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(2):297-302.
Langendijk JA, Doornaert P, Rietveld DHF, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, René Leemans C, Slotman BJ. A predictive model for swallowing dysfunction after curative radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2009;90(2):189-195.
Jellema AP, Slotman BJ, Doornaert P, Leemans CR, Langendijk JA. Unilateral versus bilateral irradiation in squamous cell head and neck cancer in relation to patient-rated xerostomia and sticky saliva. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85(1):83-89.
Eisbruch A, Kim HM, Terrell JE, Marsh LH, Dawson LA, Ship JA. Xerostomia and its predictors following parotid-sparing irradiation of head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50(3):695-704.
Al-Mamgani A, Van Rooij P, Tans L, Verduijn GM, Sewnaik A, De Jong RJB. A prospective evaluation of patient-reported quality-of-life after (chemo)radiation for oropharyngeal cancer: Which patients are at risk of significant quality-of-life deterioration? Radiother Oncol. 2013;106(3):359-363.
Setton J, Caria N, Romanyshyn J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer: an update of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82(1):291-298.
Dirix P, Abbeel S, Vanstraelen B, Hermans R, Nuyts S. Dysphagia after chemoradiotherapy for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma: dose-effect relationships for the swallowing structures. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(2):385-392.
Deasy J, Moiseenko V, Marks L, Chao KS, Nam J, Eisbruch A. Radiotherapy dose-volume effects on salivary gland function. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(3):S58-S63.
De Bree R, Dankbaar JW, De Keizer B. New developments in sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure in localized oral cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(8):741-742.
Mahieu R, de Maar JS, Nieuwenhuis ER, et al. New developments in imaging for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(10):3055.
Willemsen ACH, Kok A, van Kuijk SMJ, et al. Prediction model for tube feeding dependency during chemoradiotherapy for at least four weeks in head and neck cancer patients: a tool for prophylactic gastrostomy decision making. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2600-2608.
Sher DJ, Adelstein DJ, Bajaj GK, et al. Radiation therapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: an ASTRO evidence based clinical practice guideline. Pract Rad Oncol. 2017;7:246-253.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Head and Neck Cancers (Version 1.2021).
Machiels JP, Leemans CR, Golusinski W, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, larynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:1462-1475.
ASTRO 2018 Update on radiation treatment for head/neck cancer.
Zumsteg ZS, Riaz N, Jaffery S, et al. Carotid sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy achieves comparable locoregional control to conventional radiotherapy in T1-2N0 laryngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2015;51:716-723.
Rock K, Huang SH, Tiong A, et al. Partial laryngeal IMRT for T2N0 glottic cancer: impact of image guidance and radiation therapy intensification. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018;102:941-949.
Bossi P, Chan AT, Licitra L, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: ESMO-EURACAN clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020;32:P452-P465.
Lee A, Ng WT, Pan JJ, et al. International guideline for the delineation of the clinical target volumes (CTV) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2018;126:25-36.
Lin L, Lu Y, Wang XJ, et al. Delineation of neck clinical target volume specific to nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on lymph node distribution and the international consensus guidelines. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018;100:891-902.
Magariños M, Ajuria M, Mendía X, et al. Diagnostic yield of sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral squamous cell carcinoma T1/T2-N0: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2021.01.020.