Ketogenic diets and appetite regulation.
Journal
Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care
ISSN: 1473-6519
Titre abrégé: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9804399
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 07 2021
01 07 2021
Historique:
pubmed:
23
4
2021
medline:
26
10
2021
entrez:
22
4
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The popularity of ketogenic diets in the treatment of obesity has increased dramatically over the last years, namely due to their potential appetite suppressant effect. The purpose of this review was to examine the latest evidence regarding the impact of ketogenic diets on appetite. The majority of the studies published over the last 2 years adds to previous evidence and shows that ketogenic diets suppress the increase in the secretion of the hunger hormone ghrelin and in feelings of hunger, otherwise see when weight loss is induced by non-ketogenic diets. Research done using exogenous ketones point out in the same direction. Even though the exact mechanisms by which ketogenic diets suppress appetite remain to be fully determined, studies show that the more ketotic participants are (measured as β-hydroxybutyrate plasma concentration), the smaller is the increase in ghrelin and hunger and the larger is the increase in the release of satiety peptides. Further evidence for a direct effect of ketones on appetite comes from studies using exogenous ketones. The appetite suppressant effect of ketogenic diets may be an important asset for improving adherence to energy restricted diets and weight loss outcomes.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33883420
doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000760
pii: 00075197-202107000-00014
doi:
Substances chimiques
Ghrelin
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
359-363Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Références
Ludwig DS. The ketogenic diet: evidence for optimism but high-quality research needed. J Nutr 2020; 150:1354–1359.
Gibson AA, Seimon RV, Lee CMY, et al. Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2015; 16:64–76.
Martins C, Nymo S, Truby H, et al. Association between ketosis and changes in appetite markers with weight loss following a very low-energy diet. Obesity 2020; 28:2331–2338.
Deemer SE, Plaisance EP, Martins C. Impact of ketosis on appetite regulation-a review. Nutr Res 2020; 77:1–11.
Nymo S, Coutinho SR, Jorgensen J, et al. Timeline of changes in appetite during weight loss with a ketogenic diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1224–1231.
Lyngstad A, Nymo S, Coutinho SR, et al. Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1511–1518.
Iepsen EW, Lundgren J, Holst JJ, et al. Successful weight loss maintenance includes long-term increased meal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3-36. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:775–784.
Nymo S, Coutinho S, Eknes P, et al. Investigation of the long-term sustainability of changes in appetite after weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1489–1499.
Harvey CJdC, Schofield GM, Zinn C, Thornley S. Effects of differing levels of carbohydrate restriction on mood achievement of nutritional ketosis, and symptoms of carbohydrate withdrawal in healthy adults: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrition: X 2019; 2:100005.
Di Rosa C, Lattanzi G, Taylor SF, et al. Very low calorie ketogenic diets in overweight and obesity treatment: Effects on anthropometric parameters, body composition, satiety, lipid profile and microbiota. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:491–503.
Freire RH, Alvarez-Leite JI. Appetite control: hormones or diet strategies? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2020; 23:328–335.
Coutinho SR, With E, Rehfeld JF, et al. The impact of rate of weight loss on body composition and compensatory mechanisms during weight reduction: a randomized control trial. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1154–1162.
Nymo S, Coutinho SR, Jorgensen J, et al. Timeline of changes in appetite during weight loss with a ketogenic diet. Int J Obes 2017; 41:1224–1231.
Anguah K-B, Syed-Abdul MM, Hu Q, et al. Changes in food cravings and eating behavior after a dietary carbohydrate restriction intervention trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:52.
Castro AI, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Crujeiras AB, et al. Effect of a very low-calorie ketogenic diet on food and alcohol cravings, physical and sexual activity, sleep disturbances, and quality of life in obese patients. Nutrients 2018; 10:1348.
Mohorko N, Černelič-Bizjak M, Poklar-Vatovec T, et al. Weight loss, improved physical performance, cognitive function, eating behavior, and metabolic profile in a 12-week ketogenic diet in obese adults. Nutr Res 2019; 62:64–77.
Choi HR, Kim J, Lim H, Park YK. Two-week exclusive supplementation of modified ketogenic nutrition drink reserves lean body mass and improves blood lipid profile in obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:1895.
De Toledo FW, Grundler F, Bergouignan A, et al. Safety, health improvement and well being during a 4 to 21-day fasting period in an observational study including 1422 subjects. PLoS ONE 2019; 14:e0209353.
Hafez Griauzde D, Saslow L, Patterson K, et al. Mixed methods pilot study of a low-carbohydrate diabetes prevention programme among adults with prediabetes in the USA. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033397.
Anekwe CV, Chandrasekaran P, Stanford FC. Ketogenic diet-induced elevated cholesterol, elevated liver enzymes and potential nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cureus 2020; 12:e6605.
Carmen M, Safer DL, Saslow LR, et al. Treating binge eating and food addiction symptoms with low-carbohydrate Ketogenic diets: a case series. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:2.
Seimon RV, Wild-Taylor AL, Keating SE, et al. Effect of weight loss via severe vs moderate energy restriction on lean mass and body composition among postmenopausal women with obesity: the TEMPO diet randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1913733.
Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D’Alessio DA. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:1617–1623.
Paoli A, Mancin L, Bianco A, et al. Ketogenic diet and microbiota: friends or enemies? Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:534.
Stubbs BJ, Cox PJ, Evans RD, et al. A ketone ester drink lowers human ghrelin and appetite. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:269–273.
Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload. J Physiol 2019; 597:3009–3027.
Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Bogaerts S, Hespel P. Exogenous ketosis impacts neither performance nor muscle glycogen breakdown in prolonged endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1643–1653.
Rittig N, Svart M, Thomsen HH, et al. Oral D/L-3-hydroxybutyrate stimulates cholecystokinin and insulin secretion and slows gastric emptying in healthy males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa483.