Ten-eleven translocase: key regulator of the methylation landscape in cancer.
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine
Cancer
DNA demethylation
Epigenetics
TET enzymes
Journal
Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology
ISSN: 1432-1335
Titre abrégé: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 7902060
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jul 2021
Jul 2021
Historique:
received:
22
02
2021
accepted:
13
04
2021
pubmed:
30
4
2021
medline:
8
6
2021
entrez:
29
4
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Methylation of 5th residue of cytosine in CpG island forms 5-methylcytosine which is stable, heritable epigenetic mark. Methylation levels are broadly governed by methyltransferases and demethylases. An aberration in the demethylation process contributes to the silencing of gene expression. Ten eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenase (1-3) the de novo demethylase is responsible for conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosisne (5-fC) and 5-carboxycytosine (5-caC) during demethylation process. Mutations and abnormal expression of TET proteins contribute to carcinogenesis. Discovery of TET proteins has offered various pathways for the reversal of methylation levels thus, enhancing our knowledge as to how methylation effects cancer progression. We searched "PubMed" and "Google scholar" databases and selected studies with the following keywords "TET enzyme", "cancer", "5-hmC", and "DNA demethylation". In this review, we have discussed combinatorial use of vitamin C in inhibiting tumour growth by enhancing the catalytic activity of TET enzymes and consequently, increasing the 5-hmC levels. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine holds promise as a prognostic biomarker in solid cancers. The contribution of induction and suppression of TET enzymes and 5-hmC carcinogenesis are discussed in haematological and solid cancers. We found that TET enzymes play central role in maintaining the methylation balance. Any anomaly in their expression may dip the balance towards cancer progression. Low levels of TET enzymes and 5-hmC correlate with tumour invasion, progression and metastasis. Also, use of vitamin C enhances TET activity. TET enzymes play vital role in shaping the methylation landscape in body. 5-hmC can be used as prognostic marker in solid cancers.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33913031
doi: 10.1007/s00432-021-03641-3
pii: 10.1007/s00432-021-03641-3
doi:
Substances chimiques
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
0
Mixed Function Oxygenases
EC 1.-
TET1 protein, human
EC 1.-
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1869-1879Références
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