Treatment approaches and outcome trajectories for youth with high-risk opioid use: A narrative review.
adolescents
narrative review
opioid agonist treatment
opioid use
young adults
Journal
Early intervention in psychiatry
ISSN: 1751-7893
Titre abrégé: Early Interv Psychiatry
Pays: Australia
ID NLM: 101320027
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 2022
03 2022
Historique:
revised:
22
03
2021
received:
24
11
2020
pubmed:
30
4
2021
medline:
12
3
2022
entrez:
29
4
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
First use of opioids often happens in adolescence and an increasing number of opioid overdoses are being reported among youth. The purpose of this narrative review was to present the treatment approaches for youth with high-risk opioid use, determine whether the literature supports the use of opioid agonist treatment among youth and identify evidence for better treatment outcomes in the younger population. A search of the literature on PubMed using MeSH terms specific to youth, opioid use and treatment approaches generated 1436 references. Following a screening process, 137 papers were found to be relevant to the treatment of high-risk opioid use among youth. After full-text review, 19 eligible studies were included: four randomized controlled trials, nine observational studies and six reviews. Research for the different treatment options among youth is limited. The available evidence shows better outcomes in terms of retention in care and cost-effectiveness for opioid agonist treatment than abstinence-based comparisons. Integrating psychosocial interventions into the continuum of care for youth can be an effective way of addressing comorbid psychiatric conditions and emotional drivers of substance use, leading to improved treatment trajectories. From the limited findings, there is no evidence to deny youth with high-risk opioid use the same treatment options available to adults. A combination of pharmacological and youth-specific psychosocial interventions is required to maximize retention and survival. There is an urgent need for more research to inform clinical strategies toward appropriate treatment goals for such vulnerable individuals.
Substances chimiques
Analgesics, Opioid
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
207-220Informations de copyright
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Références
Alford, D. P., LaBelle, C. T., Kretsch, N., Bergeron, A., Winter, M., Botticelli, M., & Samet, J. H. (2011). Collaborative care of opioid-addicted patients in primary care using buprenorphine: Five-year experience. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(5), 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.541
Ali, M. M., & Mutter, R. (2013). Patients who are privately insured receive limited follow-up services after opioid-related hospitalizations. The CBHSQ Report, 65, 146-149. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300235
Alinsky, R. H., Zima, B. T., Rodean, J., Matson, P. A., Larochelle, M. R., Adger, H., Bagley, S. M., & Hadland, S. E. (2019). Receipt of addiction treatment after opioid overdose among medicaid-enrolled adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatrics, 21287, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5183
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Medication-assisted treatment of adolescents with opioid use disorders. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20161893. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1893
American Society of Addiction Medicine (2020). The ASAM National Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: 2020 Focused Update. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(2S), 1-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000633.
Azar, P., Wong, J. S. H., Jassemi, S., Moore, E., Vo, D. X., Nikoo, M., & Young, S. (2020). A case report: Rapid micro-induction of buprenorphine/naloxone to administer buprenorphine extended-release in an adolescent with severe opioid use disorder. The American Journal on Addictions, 29, 531-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13050
Bao, Y., Liu, Z., Epstein, D. H., Du, C., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2009). A meta-analysis of retention in methadone maintenance by dose and dosing strategy. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35(1), 28-33.
Barker, M. M., Beresford, B., Bland, M., & Fraser, L. K. (2019). Prevalence and incidence of anxiety and depression among children, adolescents, and young adults with life-limiting conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(9), 835-844. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1712
BC Coroners Service. (2020). Suicide Deaths in BC 2008-2018. www2.gov.bc.ca
BC Coroners Service. (2021). Illicit drug toxicity deaths in BC: January 1st, 2010-December 31st, 2020. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/birth-adoption-death-marriage-and-divorce/deaths/coroners-service/statistical/illicit-drug.pdf
Bell, J., & Mutch, C. (2006). Treatment retention in adolescent patients treated with methadone or buprenorphine for opioid dependence: A file review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(2), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500537670
Benyamina, A. (2014). The current status of opioid maintenance treatment in France: A survey of physicians, patients, and out-of-treatment opioid users. International Journal of General Medicine, 7, 449-457. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S61014
Bisaga, A., Sullivan, M. A., Glass, A., Mishlen, K., Carpenter, K. M., Mariani, J. J., Levin, F. R., & Nunes, E. V. (2014). A placebo-controlled trial of memantine as an adjunct to injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46(5), 546-552.
Bonell, C., Hinds, K., Dickson, K., Thomas, J., Fletcher, A., Murphy, S., Melendez-Torres, G. J., Bonell, C., & Campbell, R. (2015). What is positive youth development and how might it reduce substance use and violence? A systematic review and synthesis of theoretical literature. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 135.
Borodovsky, J. T., Levy, S., Fishman, M., & Marsch, L. A. (2019). Buprenorphine treatment for adolescents and young adults with opioid use disorders: A narrative review. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 12(3), 170-183. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000388
Braithwaite, V., Fairgrieve, C., & Nolan, S. (2019). Sustained-release oral hydromorphone for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(4), 345-347.
British Columbia Centre on Subtance Use. (2017). A guideline for the clinical management of opioid use disorder. BCCSU.
Camenga, D. R., Colon-rivera, H. A., & Muvvala, S. B. (2019). Medications for maintenance treatment of opioid use disorder in adolescents: A narrative review and assessment of clinical benefits and potential risks. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 80(4), 393-402.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2018). CRISM National Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Opioid Use Disorder. CIHR.
Carrieri, M. P., Amass, L., Lucas, G. M., Vlahov, D., Wodak, A., & Woody, G. E. (2006). Buprenorphine use: The international experience. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 43, S197-S215. https://doi.org/10.1086/508184
Catalano, R. F., Fagan, A. A., Gavin, L. E., Greenberg, M. T., Irwin, C. E., Jr., Ross, D. A., & Shek, D. T. L. (2012). Worldwide application of prevention science in adolescent health. The Lancet, 379(9826), 1653-1664.
Chand, P., & Murthy, P. (2013). Short-term outcome of take-home prescriptions for opioid dependence: A clinic-based study. Journal of Substance Use, 18(2), 108-118. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2011.615882
Chang, D. C., Klimas, J., Wood, E., & Fairbairn, N. (2018). Medication-assisted treatment for youth with opioid use disorder: Current dilemmas and remaining questions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44(2), 143-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1399403
Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., Fairbank, J. A., & Angold, A. (2002). The prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014851823163
Dayal, P., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2017). A naturalistic study of predictors of retention in treatment among emerging adults entering first buprenorphine maintenance treatment for opioid use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 80, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.06.004
De Wet, C. J., Reed, L. J., & Bearn, J. (2005). The rise of buprenorphine prescribing in England: Analysis of NHS regional data, 2001-03. Addiction, 100(4), 495-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01039.x
DeAngelis, G. G., & Lehmann, W. X. (1973). Adolescents and short term, low dose methadone maintenance. The International Journal of the Addictions, 8(5), 853-863. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826087309071075
Diaper, A. M., Law, F. D., & Melichar, J. K. (2014). Pharmacological strategies for detoxification. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 77(2), 302-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12245
Eisdorfer, S., & Galinkin, J. (2019). Opioid use disorder in children and adolescents: Risk factors, detection, and treatment. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 35(6), 521-524. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000708
Feder, K. A., Krawczyk, N., & Saloner, B. (2017). Medication-assisted treatment for adolescents in specialty treatment for opioid use disorder. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(6), 747-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040
Fishman, M. J., Winstanley, E. L., Curran, E., Garrett, S., & Subramaniam, G. (2010). Treatment of opioid dependence in adolescents and young adults with extended release naltrexone: Preliminary case-series and feasibility. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(9), 1669-1676. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03015.x
Galarneau, D. W., Teres, J. J., Leon, A. C., Melia, D., Lilly, C., Kellogg, S., Khuri, E., & Kreek, M. J. (2006). Antidepressant treatment patterns in a novel methadone maintenance clinic targeting young adults. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(2), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v25n02
Gandhi, D. H., Jaffe, J. H., McNary, S., Kavanagh, G. J., Hayes, M., & Currens, M. (2003). Short-term outcomes after brief ambulatory opioid detoxification with buprenorphine in young heroin users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(4), 453-462.
Ghosh, S. M., Klaire, S., Tanguay, R., Manek, M., & Azar, P. (2019). A review of novel methods to support the transition from methadone and other full agonist opioids to buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual in both community and acute care settings. Canadian Journal of Addiction, 10(4), 41-50.
Gonzalez, G., DiGirolamo, G., Romero-Gonzalez, M., Smelson, D., Ziedonis, D., & Kolodziej, M. (2015). Memantine improves buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependent young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.020
Guarino, H. M., Marsch, L. A., Campbell, W. S., 3rd, Gargano, S. P., Haller, D. L., & Solhkhah, R. (2009). Methadone maintenance treatment for youth: Experiences of clients, staff, and parents. Substance Use & Misuse, 44(14), 1979-1989. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080802494800
Guarino, H. M., Mateu-Gelabert, P., Teubl, J., & Goodbody, E. (2018). Young adults' opioid use trajectories: From nonmedical prescription opioid use to heroin, drug injection, drug treatment and overdose. Addictive Behaviors, 86, 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.017
Hadland, S. E., Frank Wharam, J. W., Schuster, M. A., Zhang, F., Samet, J. H., & Larochelle, M. R. (2017). Trends in receipt of buprenorphine and naltrexone for opioid use disorder among adolescents and young adults, 2001-2014. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(8), 747-755. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0745
Hadland, S. E., Park, T. W., & Bagley, S. M. (2018). Stigma associated with medication treatment for young adults with opioid use disorder: A case series. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 13(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0116-2
Hadland, S. E., Wood, E., & Levy, S. (2016). How the paediatric workforce can address the opioid crisis. The Lancet, 388(10051), 1260-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31573-2
Hopfer, C. J., Khuri, E., Crowley, T. J., & Hooks, S. (2002). Adolescent heroin use: A review of the descriptive and treatment literature. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23(3), 231-237.
Hulse, G. K., & Tait, R. J. (2003). A pilot study to assess the impact of naltrexone implant on accidental opiate overdose in “high-risk” adolescent heroin users. Addiction Biology, 8(3), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556210310001602257
Indivior UK Limited. (2017). SUBOXONE® (buprenorphine and naloxone) product monograph, pp. 1-55.
Johnson, S. B., Blum, R. W., & Giedd, J. N. (2009). Adolescent maturity and the brain: The promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3), 216-221.
Kampman, K., & Jarvis, M. (2015). American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) national practice guideline for the use of medications in the treatment of addiction involving opioid use. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 9(5), 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000166
Kellogg, S., Melia, D., Khuri, E., Lin, A., Ho, A., & Kreek, M. J. (2006). Adolescent and young adult heroin patients. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(3), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v25n03
Klaire, S., Zivanovic, R., Barbic, S. P., Sandhu, R., Mathew, N., & Azar, P. (2019). Rapid micro-induction of buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder in an inpatient setting: A case series. The American Journal on Addictions, 28(4), 262-265.
Kornor, H., Waal, H., & Ali, R. L. (2006). Abstinence-orientated buprenorphine replacement therapy for young adults in out-patient counselling. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500537209
Kumar, N., Stowe, Z. N., Han, X., & Mancino, M. J. (2016). Impact of early childhood trauma on retention and phase advancement in an outpatient buprenorphine treatment program. The American Journal on Addictions, 25(7), 542-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12437
Larochelle, M. R., Bernson, D., Land, T., Stopka, T. J., Wang, N., Xuan, Z., Bagley, S. M., Liebschutz, J. M., & Walley, A. Y. (2018). Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: A cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(3), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-3107
Levy, S. (2019). Youth and the opioid epidemic. Pediatrics, 143(2), e20182752. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2752
Lipari, R. N., Park-Lee, E., & Van Horn, S.. (2016). America's need for and receipt of substance use treatment in 2015 (HHS Publication No. SMA 16-4984; NSDUH Series H-51).
Lofwall, M. R., & Walsh, S. L. (2014). A review of buprenorphine diversion and misuse: The current evidence base and experiences from around the world. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(5), 315-326.
MacArthur, G. J., Minozzi, S., Martin, N., Vickerman, P., Deren, S., Bruneau, J., Degenhardt, L., & Hickman, M. (2012). Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 345(e5945), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5945.
MacArthur, G. J., van Velzen, E., Palmateer, N., Kimber, J., Pharris, A., Hope, V., Taylor, A., Roy, K., Aspinall, E., & Goldberg, D. (2014). Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: A review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(1), 34-52.
Marsch, L. A., Bickel, W. K., Badger, G. J., Stothart, M. E., Quesnel, K. J., Stanger, C., & Brooklyn, J. (2005). Comparison of pharmacological treatments for opioid-dependent adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(10), 1157-1164. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1157
Marsch, L. A., Moore, S. K., Borodovsky, J. T., Solhkhah, R., Badger, G. J., Semino, S., Jarrett, K., Condon, K. D. G., Rossettie, K., Vincent, P., Hajizadeh, N., & Ducat, E. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine taper duration among opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults. Addiction, 111(8), 1406-1415. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13363
Matson, S. C., Hobson, G., Abdel-Rasoul, M., & Bonny, A. E. (2014). A retrospective study of retention of opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults in an outpatient buprenorphine/naloxone clinic. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(3), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000035
McCann, E. J. (2008). Expertise, truth, and urban policy mobilities: Global circuits of knowledge in the development of Vancouver, Canada's “four pillar” drug strategy. Environment and Planning A, 40(4), 885-904. https://doi.org/10.1068/a38456
Melendez-Torres, G. J., Dickson, K., Fletcher, A., Thomas, J., Hinds, K., Campbell, R., Murphy, S., & Bonell, C. (2016). Positive youth development programmes to reduce substance use in young people: Systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 95-103.
Michels, I. I., Stöver, H., & Gerlach, R. (2007). Substitution treatment for opioid addicts in Germany. Harm Reduction Journal, 4, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-5
Minozzi, S., Amato, L., Bellisario, C., & Davoli, M. (2014). Maintenance treatments for opiate -dependent adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD007210. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007210.pub3
Moore, S. K., Guarino, H. M., & Marsch, L. A. (2014). “This is not who I want to be:” experiences of opioid-dependent youth before, and during, combined buprenorphine and behavioral treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(3), 303-314. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.832328
Mutlu, C., Demirci, A. C., Yalcin, O., Kilicoglu, A. G., Topal, M., & Karacetin, G. (2016). One-year follow-up of heroin-dependent adolescents treated with buprenorfine/naloxone for the first time in a substance treatment unit. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 67, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.04.002
National Center for Health Statistics. (2017). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999-2017 data. NCHS Data Brief, 13(3), 1576-1580.
Neighbors, C. J., Choi, S., Healy, S., Yerneni, R., Sun, T., & Shapoval, L. (2019). Age related medication for addiction treatment (MAT) use for opioid use disorder among Medicaid-insured patients in New York. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 14(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0215-4
Nikoo, M., Nikoo, N., Anbardan, S. J., Amiri, A., Vogel, M., Choi, F., Sepehry, A. A., Bagheri Valoojerdi, A. H., Jang, K., Schütz, C., Akhondzadeh, S., & Krausz, M. (2017). Tincture of opium for treating opioid dependence: A systematic review of safety and efficacy. Addiction, 112(3), 415-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13628
Nilsen, H. K., Stiles, T. C., Landrø, N. I., Fors, E. A., Kaasa, S., & Borchgrevink, P. C. (2010). Patients with problematic opioid use can be weaned from codeine without pain escalation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 54(5), 571-579.
Olfson, M., Zhang, V., Schoenbaum, M., & King, M. (2016). Trends in buprenorphine treatment in the United States, 2009-2018. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 323(3), 276-277. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m10386
Oviedo-Joekes, E., Brissette, S., MacDonald, S., Guh, D., Marchand, K., Jutha, S., Harrison, S., Janmohamed, A., Zhang, D. Z., & Anis, A. H. (2017). Safety profile of injectable hydromorphone and diacetylmorphine for long-term severe opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 55-62.
Oviedo-Joekes, E., Guh, D., Brissette, S., Marchand, K., MacDonald, S., Lock, K., Harrison, S., Janmohamed, A., Anis, A. H., & Krausz, M. (2016). Hydromorphone compared with diacetylmorphine for long-term opioid dependence: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(5), 447-455.
Pecoraro, A., Fishman, M., Ma, M., Piralishvili, G., & Woody, G. E. (2013). Pharmacologically assisted treatment of opioid-dependent youth. Paediatric Drugs, 15(6), 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-013-0041-5
Polsky, D., Glick, H. A., Yang, J., Subramaniam, G. A., Poole, S. A., & Woody, G. E. (2010). Cost-effectiveness of extended buprenorphine-naloxone treatment for opioid-dependent youth: Data from a randomized trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(9), 1616-1624. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03001.x
Public Health England. (2019). Young people's substance misuse treatment statistics 2018 to 2019.
Ranjan, R., Pattanayak, R. D., & Dhawan, A. (2014). Long-term agonist and antagonist therapy for adolescent opioid dependence: A description of two cases. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 36(4), 439-443. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.140754
Romero-Gonzalez, M., Shahanaghi, A., DiGirolamo, G. J., & Gonzalez, G. (2017). Buprenorphine-naloxone treatment responses differ between young adults with heroin and prescription opioid use disorders. American Journal of Addiction, 26(8), 838-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040
Saloner, B., Feder, K. A., & Krawczyk, N. (2017). Closing the medication-assisted treatment gap for youth with opioid use disorder. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(8), 729-731. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000850
Schindler, A., Von Sydow, K., Beher, S., Schweitzer-Rothers, J., & Retzlaff, R. (2010). Systemische therapie bei substanzstörungen: Historische entwicklung und aktuelle evidenzbasierte varianten. SUCHT, 56(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000006
Smith, D. E. (2011). Integration of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatment in opiate-addicted youth. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(3), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605643
Smyth, B. P., Ducray, K., & Cullen, W. (2018). Changes in psychological well-being among heroin-dependent adolescents during psychologically supported opiate substitution treatment. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(3), 417-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12318
Smyth, B. P., Fagan, J., & Kernan, K. (2012). Outcome of heroin-dependent adolescents presenting for opiate substitution treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2011.07.007
Special Advisory Committee on the Epidemic of Opioid Overdoses. (2019). National report: Opioid-related harms in Canada web-based report. Public Health Agency of Canada. https://health-infobase.canada.ca/substance-related-harms/opioids
Srivastava, A., Kahan, M., & Nader, M. (2017). Primary care management of opioid use disorders: Abstinence, methadone, or buprenorphine-naloxone? Canadian Family Physician, 63(3), 200-205.
Strang, J., McCambridge, J., Best, D., Beswick, T., Bearn, J., Rees, S., & Gossop, M. (2003). Loss of tolerance and overdose mortality after inpatient opiate detoxification: Follow up study. BMJ, 326(7396), 959-960.
Subramaniam, G. A., Fishman, M. J., & Woody, G. (2009). Treatment of opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults with buprenorphine. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(5), 360-363.
Subramaniam, G. A., Warden, D., Minhajuddin, A., Fishman, M. J., Stitzer, M. L., Adinoff, B., Trivedi, M., Weiss, R., Potter, J., Poole, S. A., & Woody, G. E. (2011). Predictors of abstinence: NIDA multi-site buprenorphine/ naloxone treatment trial in opioid dependent youth. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(11), 1120-1128. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.371
Suzanne, N., Briony, L., Louisa, D., Linda, G., Chyanne, K., & Nicholas, L. (2016). Opioid agonist treatment for pharmaceutical opioid dependent people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, 1-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011117.pub2
The National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Effective treatments for opioid addiction driven opioid use disorder.
The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. (2021). Medication for adolescents and young adults with opioid use disorder. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(3), 632-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.12.129
Timko, C., Schultz, N. R., Cucciare, M. A., Vittorio, L., & Garrison-Diehn, C. (2016). Retention in medication-assisted treatment for opiate dependence: A systematic review. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35(1), 22-35.
U.S. Government Publishing Office. (2017). Certification of Opioid Treatment Programs, 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 8 [Internet]. Government Publishing Office.
Vo, H. T., Robbins, E., Westwood, M., Lezama, D., & Fishman, M. (2016). Relapse prevention medications in community treatment for young adults with opioid addiction. Substance Abuse, 37(3), 392-397. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2016.1143435
Warden, D., Subramaniam, G. A., Carmody, T., Woody, G. E., Minhajuddin, A., Poole, S. A., Potter, J., Fishman, M., Bogenschutz, M., Patkar, A., & Trivedi, M. H. (2012). Predictors of attrition with buprenorphine/naloxone treatment in opioid dependent youth. Addictive Behaviors, 37(9), 1046-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.011
Warshawski, T., & Warf, C. (2019). It is time for an ethical, evidence-based approach to youth presenting to the ED with an opioid overdose. Paediatrics & Child Health, 24(6), 374-376.
Woody, G. E., Poole, S. A., Subramaniam, G., Dugosh, K., Bogenschutz, M., Abbott, P., Patkar, A., Publicker, M., McCain, K., Potter, J. S., Forman, R., Vetter, V., McNicholas, L., Blaine, J., Lynch, K. G., & Fudala, P. (2008). Extended vs short-term buprenorphine-naloxone for treatment of opioid-addicted youth a randomized trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(17), 2003-2011. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.574
Yarborough, B. J. H., Stumbo, S. P., McCarty, D., Mertens, J., Weisner, C., & Green, C. A. (2017). Methadone, buprenorphine and preferences for opioid agonist treatment: A qualitative analysis. Physiology & Behavior, 176(12), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040
Zitzmann, N. U., Krastl, G., Hecker, H., Walter, C., Waltimo, T., & Weiger, R. (2010). Strategic considerations in treatment planning: Deciding when to treat, extract, or replace a questionable tooth. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 104(2), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(10)60096-0