Which laboratory technique is used for the blood sodium analysis in clinical research? A systematic review.
bias
direct potentiometry
error of measurement
indirect potentiometry
ion
sodium
Journal
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
ISSN: 1437-4331
Titre abrégé: Clin Chem Lab Med
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9806306
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
26 08 2021
26 08 2021
Historique:
received:
10
03
2021
accepted:
19
04
2021
pubmed:
30
4
2021
medline:
15
3
2022
entrez:
29
4
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Circulating sodium is analyzed by flame spectrometry and indirect or direct potentiometry. The differences between estimates returned by the three techniques are often relevant. It is unknown whether peer-reviewed international publications focusing on this parameter provide information about the technique. Objectives of the study were to ascertain if information about the employed technique is provided. A search in the National Library of Medicine for articles whose title contains "hyponatr[a]emia" was performed. We restricted the search to clinical reports including 10 or more humans published in the 2013-2015 and 2017-2019 periods. Authors of papers not reporting the technique were contacted to obtain this information. The study design and journal quartile ranking of each article were also evaluated. For the final analysis, we included 361 articles (2013-2015, n=169; 2017-2019, n=192). Information about the laboratory technique was given in 61(17%) articles. Thanks to our inquiry, we collected this information for 116(32%) further reports. Indirect potentiometry was the most frequently used technique, followed by direct potentiometry. Spectrometry was used in a small minority of studies. Study design, journal ranking and study period did not modulate the mentioned frequency. Most articles focusing on hyponatremia do not provide information on the laboratory technique. This parameter is nowadays analyzed by indirect or, less frequently, direct potentiometry. The figures are similar for high and low impact factor journals and for the 2013-2015 and the 2017-2019 periods. Many authors, reviewers and editors likely assume that the results of this parameter are not influenced by the technique.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
Circulating sodium is analyzed by flame spectrometry and indirect or direct potentiometry. The differences between estimates returned by the three techniques are often relevant. It is unknown whether peer-reviewed international publications focusing on this parameter provide information about the technique. Objectives of the study were to ascertain if information about the employed technique is provided.
CONTENT
A search in the National Library of Medicine for articles whose title contains "hyponatr[a]emia" was performed. We restricted the search to clinical reports including 10 or more humans published in the 2013-2015 and 2017-2019 periods. Authors of papers not reporting the technique were contacted to obtain this information. The study design and journal quartile ranking of each article were also evaluated.
SUMMARY
For the final analysis, we included 361 articles (2013-2015, n=169; 2017-2019, n=192). Information about the laboratory technique was given in 61(17%) articles. Thanks to our inquiry, we collected this information for 116(32%) further reports. Indirect potentiometry was the most frequently used technique, followed by direct potentiometry. Spectrometry was used in a small minority of studies. Study design, journal ranking and study period did not modulate the mentioned frequency.
OUTLOOK
Most articles focusing on hyponatremia do not provide information on the laboratory technique. This parameter is nowadays analyzed by indirect or, less frequently, direct potentiometry. The figures are similar for high and low impact factor journals and for the 2013-2015 and the 2017-2019 periods. Many authors, reviewers and editors likely assume that the results of this parameter are not influenced by the technique.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33915610
pii: cclm-2021-0293
doi: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0293
doi:
Substances chimiques
Sodium
9NEZ333N27
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1501-1506Informations de copyright
© 2021 Sabrina Malandrini et al., published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.
Références
Sterns, RH. Disorders of plasma sodium – causes, consequences, and correction. N Engl J Med 2015;372:55–65. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1404489.
Ladenson, JH, Apple, FS, Koch, DD. Misleading hyponatremia due to hyperlipemia: a method-dependent error. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:707–8. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-95-6-707.
Apple, FS, Koch, DD, Graves, S, Ladenson, JH. Relationship between direct-potentiometric and flame-photometric measurement of sodium in blood. Clin Chem 1982;28:1931–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/28.9.1931.
Burnett, RW, Covington, AK, Fogh-Andersen, N, Külpmann, WR, Lewenstam, A, Maas, AH, et al.. Use of ion-selective electrodes for blood-electrolyte analysis. Recommendations for nomenclature, definitions and conventions. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Scientific Division Working Group on Selective Electrodes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:363–70. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.2000.052.
Lava, SAG, Bianchetti, MG, Milani, GP. Testing Na+ in blood. Clin Kidney J 2017;10:147–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfw103.
Krupski, TL, Dahm, P, Fesperman, SF, Schardt, CM. How to perform a literature search. J Urol 2008;179:1264–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.087.
Liberati, A, Altman, DG, Tetzlaff, J, Mulrow, C, Gøtzsche, PC, Ioannidis, JP, et al.. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:W65–94. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136.
Li, K, Rollins, J, Yan, E. Web of Science use in published research and review papers 1997–2017: a selective, dynamic, cross-domain, content-based analysis. Scientometrics 2018;115:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2622-5.
Dimeski, G, Morgan, TJ, Presneill, JJ, Venkatesh, B. Disagreement between ion selective electrode direct and indirect sodium measurements: estimation of the problem in a tertiary referral hospital. J Crit Care 2012;27:326.e9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.11.003.
Goldwasser, P, Ayoub, I, Barth, RH. Pseudohypernatremia and pseudohyponatremia: a linear correction. Nephrol Dial Transpl 2015;30:252–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfu298.
Gupta, S, Gupta, AK, Singh, K, Verma, M. Are sodium and potassium results on arterial blood gas analyzer equivalent to those on electrolyte analyzer? Indian J Crit Care Med 2016;20:233–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-5229.180044.
Milani, GP, Edefonti, V, De Santis, R, Agostoni, C, Spolidoro, GCI, Pelucchi, C, et al.. Disagreement between direct and indirect potentiometric Na+ determination in infancy and childhood. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:e117–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0931.
Lava, SAG, Bianchetti, MG, Agostoni, C, Milani, GP. Sodium monitoring in infants <100 days of life. Eur J Pediatr 2020;179:1167–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03471-z.
King, RI, Mackay, RJ, Florkowski, CM, Lynn, AM. Electrolytes in sick neonates – which sodium is the right answer? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013;98:F74–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2011-300929.
Gatta, A, Verardo, A, Bolognesi, M. Hypoalbuminemia. Intern Emerg Med 2012;7:S193–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-012-0802-0.
Bozzini, MA, Milani, GP, Bianchetti, MG, Fossali, EF, Lava, SAG. Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson syndrome) in childhood: systematic literature review. Eur J Pediatr 2018;177:1149–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-018-3189-8.
Cantini, L, Merloni, F, Rinaldi, S, Lenci, E, Marcantognini, G, Meletani, T, et al.. Electrolyte disorders in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune check-point inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020;151:102974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102974.
Shima, S, Niimi, Y, Moteki, Y, Takahashi, O, Sato, S, Inoue, T, et al.. Prognostic significance of hyponatremia in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;49:531–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510751.
Zhou, Y, Yang, W, Liu, G, Gao, W. Risks of vaptans in hypernatremia and serum sodium overcorrection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract 2020:e13939. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13939.
Stove, V, Slabbinck, A, Vanoverschelde, L, Hoste, E, De Paepe, P, Delanghe, J. How to solve the underestimated problem of overestimated sodium results in the hypoproteinemic patient. Crit Care Med 2016;44:e83–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001304.