Apple tree adaptation to shade in agroforestry: an architectural approach.
floral initiation
floral phenology
plant architecture
plurispecific agrosystems
shade
shoot allometry
vegetative shoots
Journal
American journal of botany
ISSN: 1537-2197
Titre abrégé: Am J Bot
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0370467
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 2021
05 2021
Historique:
received:
24
07
2020
accepted:
22
12
2020
pubmed:
3
5
2021
medline:
12
6
2021
entrez:
2
5
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The expression of shade adaptation traits is expected to be stronger in low light and can be detrimental to flowering and yield. Our study focused on the expression of shade adaptation traits of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. 'Dalinette') in an agroforestry system. The architecture of 45 apple trees in their third and fourth year was extensively described and analyzed at the tree scale and compared depending on the light quantity received during the growing season. Flower cluster phenology and the relation between leaf area and floral initiation were also investigated. The number of growing shoots and the leaf area were reduced by shade even if specific leaf area increased with increasing shade. Shade did not modify primary growth but did decrease secondary growth, so that apple tree shoots in shade were slender, with a lower taper and reduced number and proportion of flower clusters. The correlation between floral initiation and leaf area was high both in full and moderate light but not for apple trees in low light. Shade did not impact the date of bud burst and the early phenological stages of flower clusters, but it reduced the number of days at full bloom. Our results suggest that while the architecture of apple trees is modified by a reduction in light intensity, it is not until a reduction of 65% that the capability to produce fruit is impeded. These results could help optimize the design of apple-tree-based agroforestry systems.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
732-743Informations de copyright
© 2021 Botanical Society of America.
Références
Allaire, J. 2012. RStudio: integrated development environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA, USA. Website: http://www.rstudio.com.
Ballaré, C. L., and R. Pierik. 2017. The shade-avoidance syndrome: Multiple signals and ecological consequences. Plant Cell and Environment 40: 2530-2543.
Ballaré, C. L., A. L. Scopel, and R. A. Sánchez. 1997. Foraging for light: photosensory ecology and agricultural implications. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 820-825.
Bastías, R. M., and L. Corelli-Grappadelli. 2012. Light quality management in fruit orchards: physiological and technological aspects. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 72: 574.
Bastías, R. M., L. Manfrini, and L. C. Grappadelli. 2012. Exploring the potential use of photo-selective nets for fruit growth regulation in apple. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 72: 224.
Belhassine, F., S. Martinez, S. Bluy, D. Fumey, J. J. Kelner, E. Costes, and B. Pallas. 2019. Impact of within-tree organ distances on floral induction and fruit growth in apple tree: implication of carbohydrate and gibberellin organ contents. Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1233.
Benjamini, Y., and Y. Hochberg. 1995. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, Methodological 57: 289-300.
Bepete, M., and A. N. Lakso. 1998. Differential effects of shade on early-season fruit and shoot growth rates in ‘Empire’ Apple. HortSci 33: 823-825.
Böhm, P. A. F., F. M. L. Zanardo, M. L. L. Ferrarese, and O. Ferrarese-Filho. 2006. Peroxidase activity and lignification in soybean root growth-inhibition by juglone. Biologia Plantarum 50: 315-317.
Buban, T., and M. Faust. 2011. Flower bud induction in apple trees: internal control and differentiation. Horticultural Reviews 4: 174-203.
Byers, R. E., C. G. Lyons, K. S. Yoder, J. A. Barden, and R. W. Young. 1985. Peach and apple thinning by shading and photosynthetic inhibition. Journal of Horticultural Science 60: 465-472.
Cardinael, R., B. Guenet, T. Chevallier, C. Dupraz, T. Cozzi, and C. Chenu. 2017. High organic inputs explain shallow and deep SOC storage in a long-term agroforestry system - Combining experimental and modeling approaches. Biogeosciences 15: 297-317.
Charbonnier, F., O. Roupsard, G. le Maire, J. Guillemot, F. Casanoves, A. Lacointe, P. Vaast, et al. 2017. Increased light-use efficiency sustains net primary productivity of shaded coffee plants in agroforestry system. Plant Cell and Environment 40: 1592-1608.
Corelli-Grappadelli, L. C. 2003. Light relations. In D. C. Ferree and I. J. Warrington [eds.], Apples: botany, production and uses, 195-216.CABI, Wallingford, UK.
Corelli Grappadelli, L., A. Lakso, and J. Flore. 1994. Early season patterns of carbohydrate partitioning in exposed and shaded apple branches. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 119: 596-603.
Costes, E., and Y. Guédon. 2012. Deciphering the ontogeny of a sympodial tree. Trees - Structure and Function 26: 865-879.
Davis, A. S., J. D. Hill, C. A. Chase, A. M. Johanns, and M. Liebman. 2012. Increasing cropping system diversity balances productivity, profitability and environmental health. PLoS One 7: e47149.
de Mendiburu, F., and M. Yaseen. 2020. agricolae: Statistical procedures for agricultural research. R package version: 1-2. Website: https://myaseen208.github.io/agricolae/https://cran.r-project.org/package=agricolae
Evans, J. R., and H. Poorter. 2001. Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: The relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain. Plant, Cell and Environment 24: 755-767.
Fanwoua, J., E. Bairam, M. Delaire, and G. Buck-Sorlin. 2014. The role of branch architecture in assimilate production and partitioning: the example of apple (Malus domestica). Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 338.
Fleckinger, J.. 1964. Pheenologie et arboriculture fruitière. In P. Grisvard and V. Chaudin [eds.], Le bon jardinier, 362-372.La maison rustique, Paris, France.
Foulkes, M. J., G. A. Slafer, W. J. Davies, P. M. Berry, R. Sylvester-Bradley, P. Martre, D. F. Calderini, et al. 2010. Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 469-486.
Fox, J., and S. Weisberg. 2019. An R Companion to Applied Regression. 3rd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA. Website: https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/.
Garrity, D.. 2012. Agroforestry and the future of global land use. In P. K. R. Nair and D. Garrity [eds]., Agroforestry - The future of global land use, 21-27.Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Gindaba, J., and S. Midgley. 2005. Comparative effects of evaporative cooling, kaolin particle film, and shade net on sunburn and fruit quality in apples. HortScience 40: 592-596.
Givnish, T. J. 1988. Adaptation to sun and shade: a whole-plant perspective. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 15: 63-92.
Gliessman, S. 1985. Multiple cropping systems: a basis for developing an alternative agriculture. In Innovative technologies for lesser developed countries-Workshop proceedings, 69-86. U. S Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-13P-F-29.
Gommers, C. M. M., E. J. W. Visser, K. R. S. Onge, L. A. C. J. Voesenek, and R. Pierik. 2013. Shade tolerance: when growing tall is not an option. Trends in Plant Science 18: 65-71.
Hejl, A. M., and K. L. Koster. 2004. Juglone disrupts root plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity and impairs water uptake, root respiration, and growth in soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays). Journal of Chemical Ecology 30: 453-471.
Henry, H. A. L., and L. W. Aarssen. 1997. On the relationship between shade tolerance and shade avoidance strategies in woodland plants. Oikos 80: 575.
Hothorn, T., F. Bretz, P. Westfall, R. M. Heiberger, A. Schuetzenmeister, S. Scheibe, and M. T. Hothorn. 2016. Package ‘multcomp’. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Huber, M., N. M. Nieuwendijk, C. K. Pantazopoulou, and R. Pierik. 2020. Light signalling shapes plant-plant interactions in dense canopies. Plant, Cell & Environment pce.13912.
Iglesias, I., and S. Alegre. 2006. The effect of anti-hail nets on fruit protection, radiation, temperature, quality and profitability of ‘Mondial Gala’ apples. Journal of Applied Horticulture 8: 91-100.
Jackson, J. E., and J. W. Palmer. 1977. Effects of shade on the growth and cropping of apple trees. II. Effects on components of yield. Journal of Horticultural Science 52: 253-266.
Jose, S. 2011. Black walnut allelopathy: current state of the science. Chemical ecology of plants: allelopathy in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, 149-172.Birkhäuser Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Jose, S., and A. Gillespie. 1998a. Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping. I. Spatio-temporal variation in soil juglone in a black walnut-corn (Zea mays L.) alley cropping system in the midwestern. Plant and Soil 203: 191-197.
Jose, S., and A. R. Gillespie. 1998b. Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping. II. Effects of juglone on hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) growth and physiology. Plant and Soil 203: 199-205.
Lauri, P.-É. 2021. Tree architecture and functioning facing multispecies environments: We have gone only halfway in fruit-trees. American Journal of Botany 108: 3-7.
Lauri, P.-É., K. Barkaoui, M. Ater, and A. Rosati. 2019. Agroforestry for fruit trees in Europe and Mediterranean North Africa. In M. R. Mosquera-Losada and R. Prabhu [eds.], Agroforestry for sustainable agriculture, 385-418. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
Lauri, P.-É., A. Marceron, F. Normand, and A. Dambreville. 2014. Soil water deficit decreases xylem conductance efficiency relative to leaf area and mass in the apple. The Journal of Plant Hydraulics 1: e0003.
Lauri, P.-É., and S. Simon. 2019. Advances and challenges in sustainable apple cultivation. In G. A. Lang [ed.], Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries, Volume 2: Case studies, 261-288. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
Lauri, P.-É., É. Térouanne, and J. M. Lespinasse. 1996. Quantitative analysis of relationships between inflorescence size, bearing-axis size and fruit-set - An apple tree case study. Annals of Botany 77: 277-286.
Lauri, P.-É., and C. Trottier. 2004. Patterns of size and fate relationships of contiguous organs in the apple (Malus domestica) crown. New Phytologist 163: 533-546.
Leakey, R. R. B. 2014. The role of trees in agroecology and sustainable agriculture in the tropics. Annual Review of Phytopathology 52: 113-133.
Lopez, G., A. Boini, L. Manfrini, J. M. Torres-Ruiz, E. Pierpaoli, M. Zibordi, P. Losciale, et al. 2018. Effect of shading and water stress on light interception, physiology and yield of apple trees. Agricultural Water Management 210: 140-148.
Lorenzo, C. D., J. Alonso Iserte, M. Sanchez Lamas, M. S. Antonietti, P. Garcia Gagliardi, C. E. Hernando, C. A. A. Dezar, et al. 2019. Shade delays flowering in Medicago sativa. Plant Journal 99: 7-22.
Lovell, S. T., C. Dupraz, M. Gold, S. Jose, R. Revord, E. Stanek, and K. J. Wolz. 2018. Temperate agroforestry research: considering multifunctional woody polycultures and the design of long-term field trials. Agroforestry Systems 92: 1397-1415.
Maron, L. 2019. Saving for the future: alfalfa delays flowering in the shade. Plant Journal 99: 5-6.
Matsubara, S. 2018. Growing plants in fluctuating environments: Why bother? Journal of Experimental Botany 69: 4651-4654.
McArtney, S., M. White, I. Latter, and J. Campbell. 2004. Individual and combined effects of shading and thinning chemicals on abscission and dry-matter accumulation of ‘Royal Gala’ apple fruit. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 79: 441-448.
Miller, S. S., C. Hott, and T. Tworkoski. 2015. Shade effects on growth, flowering and fruit of apple. Journal of Applied Horticulture 17: 101-105.
Molnar, T. J., P. C. Kahn, T. M. Ford, C. J. Funk, and C. R. Funk. 2013. Tree crops, a permanent agriculture: concepts from the past for a sustainable future. Resources 2: 457-488.
Morandi, B., M. Zibordi, P. Losciale, L. Manfrini, E. Pierpaoli, and L. C. Grappadelli. 2011. Shading decreases the growth rate of young apple fruit by reducing their phloem import. Scientia Horticulturae 127: 347-352.
Moyroud, E., and B. J. Glover. 2017. The physics of pollinator attraction. New Phytologist 216: 350-354.
Mupambi, G., B. M. Anthony, D. R. Layne, S. Musacchi, S. Serra, T. Schmidt, and L. A. Kalcsits. 2018. The influence of protective netting on tree physiology and fruit quality of apple: a review. Scientia Horticulturae 236: 60-72.
Niinemets, Ü., and F. Valladares. 2004. Photosynthetic acclimation to simultaneous and interacting environmental stresses along natural light gradients: optimality and constraints. Plant Biology 6: 254-268.
Nijmeijer, A., P. E. Lauri, J. M. Harmand, G. T. Freschet, J. D. Essobo Nieboukaho, P. K. Fogang, S. Enock, and S. Saj. 2019. Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforestry systems established on lands previously occupied by savannah or forests. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 275: 100-111.
van Noordwijk, M., R. Coe, and F. Sinclair. 2016. Central hypotheses for the third agroforestry paradigm within a common definition. Working paper 233. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Bogor, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.5716/WP16079.PDF
Pradal, C., S. Dufour-Kowalski, F. Boudon, C. Fournier, and C. Godin. 2008. OpenAlea: A visual programming and component-based software platform for plant modelling. Functional Plant Biology 35: 751-760.
Pradal, C., C. Fournier, P. Valduriez, and S. Cohen-Boulakia. 2015. OpenAlea: scientific workflows combining data analysis and simulation. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 1-6. Association for Computing Machinery, NY, NY, USA.
Pratt, C. 1988. Apple flower and fruit: morphology and anatomy. Horticultural Reviews: 273-308.
R Core Team 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, version 3.6.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Website: https://www.R-project.org/.
Racsko, J., and L. E. Schrader. 2012. Sunburn of Apple fruit: historical background, recent advances and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31: 455-504.
Romero-Montepaone, S., S. Poodts, P. Fischbach, R. Sellaro, M. D. Zurbriggen, and J. J. Casal. 2020. Shade avoidance responses become more aggressive in warm environments. Plant, Cell & Environment 43: 1625-1636.
Simon, S., M. Lesueur-Jannoyer, D. Plénet, P. É. Lauri, and F. Le Bellec. 2017. Methodology to design agroecological orchards: learnings from on-station and on-farm experiences. European Journal of Agronomy 82: 320-330.
Smit, A. 2007. Apple tree and fruit responses to shade netting. M.S. thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Smith, H., and G. C. Whitelam. 1997. The shade avoidance syndrome: multiple responses mediated by multiple phytochromes. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 840-844.
Srikanth, A., and M. Schmid. 2011. Regulation of flowering time: All roads lead to Rome. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 68: 2013-2037.
Valladares, F., and Ü. Niinemets. 2008. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39: 237-257.
Vandenbussche, F., R. Pierik, F. F. Millenaar, L. A. C. J. Voesenek, and D. Van Der Straeten. 2005. Reaching out of the shade. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8: 462-468.
Venables, W. N., and B. D. Ripley. 2002. Modern applied statistics with S, 4th ed. Springer, NY, NY, USA.
Volk, G. M. 2017. Ensuring the genetic diversity of apples. In K. Evans [ed.], Achieving sustainable cultivation of apples, 27-46.Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
von Kiparski, G. R., L. S. Lee, and A. R. Gillespie. 2007. Occurrence and fate of the phytotoxin juglone in alley soils under black walnut trees. Journal of Environment Quality 36: 709.
Warton, D. I., R. A. Duursma, D. S. Falster, and S. Taskinen. 2012. smatr 3- an R package for estimation and inference about allometric lines. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3: 257-259.
Warton, D. I., I. J. Wright, D. S. Falster, and M. Westoby. 2006. Bivariate line-fitting methods for allometry. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 81: 259-291.
Wickham, H., M. Averick, J. Bryan, W. Chang, L. McGowan, R. François, G. Grolemund, et al. 2019. Welcome to the Tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software 4: 1686.
Wickham, H., W. Chang, and M. H. Wickham. 2016. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis, version 2. Springer-Verlag, NY, NY, USA.
Wilkie, J. D., M. Sedgley, and T. Olesen. 2008. Regulation of floral initiation in horticultural trees. Journal of Experimental Botany 59: 3215-3228.
Yang, Y. Y., and J. G. Kim. 2019. Shade avoidance and reproductive strategies of an early successional species Penthorum chinense in relation to shade treatments. Plant Biology 22: 494-499.
Zibordi, M., S. Domingos, and L. Corelli Grappadelli. 2009. Thinning apples via shading: an appraisal under field conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 84: 138-144.