Diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia - S1 guideline of the German Society of Neurology.
Journal
Neurological research and practice
ISSN: 2524-3489
Titre abrégé: Neurol Res Pract
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101767802
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 May 2021
04 May 2021
Historique:
received:
18
03
2021
accepted:
24
03
2021
entrez:
4
5
2021
pubmed:
5
5
2021
medline:
5
5
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Neurogenic dysphagia defines swallowing disorders caused by diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular transmission, or muscles. Neurogenic dysphagia is one of the most common and at the same time most dangerous symptoms of many neurological diseases. Its most important sequelae include aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition and dehydration, and affected patients more often require long-term care and are exposed to an increased mortality. Based on a systematic pubmed research of related original papers, review articles, international guidelines and surveys about the diagnostics and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia, a consensus process was initiated, which included dysphagia experts from 27 medical societies. This guideline consists of 53 recommendations covering in its first part the whole diagnostic spectrum from the dysphagia specific medical history, initial dysphagia screening and clinical assessment, to more refined instrumental procedures, such as flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, the videofluoroscopic swallowing study and high-resolution manometry. In addition, specific clinical scenarios are captured, among others the management of patients with nasogastric and tracheotomy tubes. The second part of this guideline is dedicated to the treatment of neurogenic dysphagia. Apart from dietary interventions and behavioral swallowing treatment, interventions to improve oral hygiene, pharmacological treatment options, different modalities of neurostimulation as well as minimally invasive and surgical therapies are dealt with. The diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia is challenging and requires a joined effort of different medical professions. While the evidence supporting the implementation of dysphagia screening is rather convincing, further trials are needed to improve the quality of evidence for more refined methods of dysphagia diagnostics and, in particular, the different treatment options of neurogenic dysphagia. The present article is an abridged and translated version of the guideline recently published online ( https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/030-111l_Neurogene-Dysphagie_2020-05.pdf ).
Identifiants
pubmed: 33941289
doi: 10.1186/s42466-021-00122-3
pii: 10.1186/s42466-021-00122-3
pmc: PMC8094546
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
23Références
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Feb;27(2):160-74
pubmed: 25469569
Nervenarzt. 2017 Oct;88(10):1168-1176
pubmed: 28382486
Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012 May-Jun;19(3):234-43
pubmed: 22668678
Ann Intern Med. 2008 Apr 1;148(7):509-18
pubmed: 18378947
Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2013 Dec;46(6):1113-21
pubmed: 24262963
Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb;38(1):48-79
pubmed: 30348463
J Nurs Scholarsh. 2014 Jan;46(1):11-9
pubmed: 24119253
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Jan;88(1):25-30
pubmed: 27298147
Community Dent Health. 2015 Sep;32(3):137-42
pubmed: 26513847
Nervenarzt. 2015 Aug;86(8):997-1006
pubmed: 26215144
Age Ageing. 2006 Jan;35(1):42-7
pubmed: 16364933
Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 Apr;96(4):268-272
pubmed: 27552353
J Parkinsons Dis. 2016;6(1):197-208
pubmed: 26891176
J Oral Rehabil. 2015 May;42(5):331-9
pubmed: 25488830
BMC Geriatr. 2016 Jan 22;16:26
pubmed: 26801619
Laryngoscope. 2011 Jul;121(7):1383-7
pubmed: 21671239
Neurol Res Pract. 2019 Apr 26;1:16
pubmed: 33324882
Age Ageing. 2012 May;41(3):376-81
pubmed: 22311895
Stroke. 2017 Apr;48(4):900-906
pubmed: 28275200
Dysphagia. 2015 Aug;30(4):383-91
pubmed: 25917018
Laryngoscope. 2016 Jan;126(1):135-41
pubmed: 26360122
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 09;2:CD004303
pubmed: 26859621
Clin Interv Aging. 2019 Feb 11;14:283-288
pubmed: 30804667
J Oral Rehabil. 2016 Jun;43(6):426-34
pubmed: 26969528
Dysphagia. 2017 Feb;32(1):27-38
pubmed: 28101663
Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2017 May 29;3(2):2055217317710829
pubmed: 28607760
Age Ageing. 2008 May;37(3):258-64
pubmed: 18456790
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Nov;157(5):816-823
pubmed: 28608778
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Nov;86(11):2144-9
pubmed: 16271562
Dysphagia. 2013 Jun;28(2):159-66
pubmed: 22983359
Dysphagia. 1996 Spring;11(2):99-103
pubmed: 8721067
Laryngoscope. 2017 Sep;127(9):2002-2010
pubmed: 27859291
J Oral Rehabil. 2013 Jun;40(6):472-80
pubmed: 23607530
Clin Otolaryngol. 2008 Aug;33(4):319-24
pubmed: 18983340
Laryngorhinootologie. 2015 Sep;94(9):601-8
pubmed: 25739072
BMJ. 2012 Jul 11;345:e4260
pubmed: 22786934
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Apr;276(4):927-938
pubmed: 30771061
J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Apr;27(4):1005-8
pubmed: 25995543
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019 Jun;28(6):1744-1751
pubmed: 30956054
Dysphagia. 2019 Dec;34(6):862-868
pubmed: 30694413
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Nov;131(11):970-5
pubmed: 16301368
Lancet. 1998 Dec 12;352(9144):1937-8
pubmed: 9863819
J Oral Rehabil. 2019 Dec;46(12):1170-1176
pubmed: 31283027
Dysphagia. 2000 Spring;15(2):58-67
pubmed: 10758187
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2013 Dec;122(12):748-53
pubmed: 24592577
Chest. 1996 Jan;109(1):167-72
pubmed: 8549181
Dysphagia. 2005 Fall;20(4):283-9
pubmed: 16633873
Gastroenterology. 2010 May;138(5):1737-46
pubmed: 20138037
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Aug 1;16(8):702-7
pubmed: 26123256
J Neurol Sci. 2017 Dec 15;383:180-187
pubmed: 29246611
Laryngoscope. 2000 Apr;110(4):563-74
pubmed: 10764000
Ann Neurol. 2018 Feb;83(2):328-340
pubmed: 29350775
Dysphagia. 2012 Dec;27(4):498-503
pubmed: 22327860
Codas. 2019 Dec 02;31(6):e20180228
pubmed: 31800881
JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Feb 1;179(2):224-230
pubmed: 30615021
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016 Jun;28(6):855-60
pubmed: 26871730
Laryngoscope. 2013 Nov;123(11):E38-44
pubmed: 23595549
Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):1562-70
pubmed: 27165955
J Laryngol Otol. 2016 Dec;130(12):1077-1085
pubmed: 27938463
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002 Aug;94(2):191-5
pubmed: 12221387
Gerodontology. 2017 Mar;34(1):121-128
pubmed: 27198586
Nutr J. 2013 May 01;12:54
pubmed: 23634758
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Nov;56(11):2124-30
pubmed: 18795989
Clin Rehabil. 2016 Jan;30(1):24-35
pubmed: 25697453
NeuroRehabilitation. 2017;41(4):747-752
pubmed: 29254116
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov 1;24(9):1385-94
pubmed: 17059520
Stroke. 2013 Nov;44(11):3154-60
pubmed: 23963330
Qual Life Res. 2015 Oct;24(10):2447-56
pubmed: 25869989
Digestion. 2017;95(3):210-220
pubmed: 28319947
Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018 May 15;5(4):406-412
pubmed: 30363410
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012 May;24(5):414-9, e206
pubmed: 22309385
Dysphagia. 2016 Apr;31(2):169-79
pubmed: 26607158
Dysphagia. 2019 Oct;34(5):665-672
pubmed: 30637511
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 30;10:CD000323
pubmed: 30376602
World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Jun 02;4(2):126-129
pubmed: 30101222
Lancet. 1999 Apr 3;353(9159):1157
pubmed: 10209989
Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2019 Feb;52(1):135-147
pubmed: 30297183
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Aug;21(8):796-806
pubmed: 19413684
Dysphagia. 2013 Mar;28(1):33-42
pubmed: 22665214
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Dec;51(12):1815-6
pubmed: 14687367
Dysphagia. 2007 Jan;22(1):20-9
pubmed: 17024547
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016 Jan;28(1):91-100
pubmed: 26530852
BMC Res Notes. 2015 Jul 10;8:301
pubmed: 26159167
Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2015 Nov;24(4):659-70
pubmed: 26225454
Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Jan;127(1):956-968
pubmed: 26070517
PLoS One. 2018 Jun 6;13(6):e0197608
pubmed: 29874285
HNO. 2014 Apr;62(4):276-81
pubmed: 24633378
Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2010 Dec;8(4):252-5
pubmed: 21091890
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017 Apr;31(2):441-445
pubmed: 27720495
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014 Mar;23(3):e195-200
pubmed: 24361193
Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018 Aug 29;13:2663-2671
pubmed: 30214184
Clin Respir J. 2009 Jan;3(1):8-14
pubmed: 20298366
Lancet Neurol. 2018 Oct;17(10):849-859
pubmed: 30170898
Dysphagia. 2018 Dec;33(6):731-738
pubmed: 29619559
J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999 Oct;14(5):454-61
pubmed: 10653941
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;72(1):31-6
pubmed: 11784821
J Texture Stud. 2019 Apr;50(2):95-103
pubmed: 30370530
Cancer. 2017 Jan 1;123(1):62-70
pubmed: 27564246
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018 Apr;30(4):e13251
pubmed: 29144056
Intensive Care Med. 2018 Jun;44(6):973-975
pubmed: 29737377
Laryngorhinootologie. 2019 Jun;98(6):388-397
pubmed: 31167292
J Neurosci Nurs. 2013 Jun;45(3):139-46
pubmed: 23636069
Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2016 Oct;30(9):866-75
pubmed: 27053641
Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2017;7(1):44-50
pubmed: 28259883
Dysphagia. 2009 Dec;24(4):403-11
pubmed: 19472007
J Clin Neurol. 2018 Jul;14(3):265-274
pubmed: 29504298
Age Ageing. 2006 Nov;35(6):614-8
pubmed: 17047007
Dysphagia. 2016 Apr;31(2):232-49
pubmed: 27016216
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Dec;27(12):1804-16
pubmed: 26416412
Dysphagia. 2018 Feb;33(1):41-50
pubmed: 28828545
Dysphagia. 2008 Dec;23(4):392-405
pubmed: 18855050
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Apr;100(4):739-750.e4
pubmed: 30352222
Neurology. 2010 Nov 23;75(21):1912-9
pubmed: 21098406
Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2019 Jun;17(2):74-91
pubmed: 31162271
Dysphagia. 2015 Feb;30(1):2-26
pubmed: 25343878
Dysphagia. 2014 Dec;29(6):655-62
pubmed: 25055757
Lancet. 1995 Jun 3;345(8962):1447
pubmed: 7539090
Gastroenterology. 2002 May;122(5):1314-21
pubmed: 11984518
Neurology. 2016 Sep 27;87(13):1352-9
pubmed: 27566745
Age Ageing. 2010 Jan;39(1):39-45
pubmed: 19561160
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2017 May;126(5):349-356
pubmed: 28397562
Arch Neurol. 2007 Jan;64(1):58-62
pubmed: 17210809
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2013 May;122(5):294-8
pubmed: 23815045
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016 Apr;97(4):567-574
pubmed: 26711168
Am J Otolaryngol. 2006 Sep-Oct;27(5):319-22
pubmed: 16935175
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2019 May 21;62(5):1338-1363
pubmed: 31021676
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;505:472-99
pubmed: 3318620
Mov Disord. 2007 Oct 15;22(13):1917-21
pubmed: 17588237
J Oral Rehabil. 2018 Dec;45(12):959-966
pubmed: 30125954
Neuroimage Clin. 2019;22:101685
pubmed: 30711683
Heart Lung. 2019 Jul - Aug;48(4):356-364
pubmed: 30573194
Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Oct;63(5):661-6
pubmed: 18925327
Physiol Behav. 2015 May 1;143:1-9
pubmed: 25700895
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Sep;155(3):454-7
pubmed: 27165683
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;79(3):312-4
pubmed: 18281449
J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(6):739-747
pubmed: 29806864
Gut. 2013 Sep;62(9):1280-7
pubmed: 22722616
Dysphagia. 2019 Apr;34(2):220-228
pubmed: 30069599
Gerodontology. 2012 Dec;29(4):247-57
pubmed: 22612867
J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Jul;28(7):2069-71
pubmed: 27512266
Dysphagia. 2007 Jan;22(1):63-7
pubmed: 17024549
Clin Interv Aging. 2016 Oct 07;11:1403-1428
pubmed: 27785002
J Oral Rehabil. 2015 Oct;42(10):765-73
pubmed: 26013277
J Physiol. 2019 May;597(9):2533-2546
pubmed: 30907429
Nervenarzt. 2012 Dec;83(12):1619-24
pubmed: 22763869
Chest. 1993 May;103(5):1636-7
pubmed: 8486071
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011 Apr;66(4):452-8
pubmed: 21300744
Lancet Neurol. 2006 Jan;5(1):31-7
pubmed: 16361020
Neurol Sci. 2018 Aug;39(8):1471-1473
pubmed: 29756180
Brain Stimul. 2013 May;6(3):418-23
pubmed: 23040375
Neurology. 2019 Apr 23;92(17):e1982-e1991
pubmed: 30918101
Dysphagia. 2002 Spring;17(2):97-114
pubmed: 11956835
J Periodontol. 2006 Sep;77(9):1465-82
pubmed: 16945022
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007 Jun;133(6):564-71
pubmed: 17576907
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008 Dec;117(12):919-24
pubmed: 19140539
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jun;52(6):1032-3
pubmed: 15161485
Dysphagia. 1996 Spring;11(2):93-8
pubmed: 8721066
Int J Pharm Pract. 2018 Jun;26(3):199-209
pubmed: 29659107
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Jul;28:100-6
pubmed: 27158122
Clin Nutr. 2018 Feb;37(1):354-396
pubmed: 29274834
BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Sep 2;19(1):761
pubmed: 31477059
Dysphagia. 2016 Aug;31(4):491-7
pubmed: 26970759
Eur J Neurol. 2015 Apr;22(4):687-e44
pubmed: 25573027
Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 Jul;52(4):330-335
pubmed: 31139962
J Healthc Qual. 2019 Jan/Feb;41(1):1-9
pubmed: 29634593
J Gastroenterol. 2014 Dec;49(12):1517-23
pubmed: 24326980
J Oral Rehabil. 2017 Jan;44(1):59-64
pubmed: 27883209
J Oral Rehabil. 2020 Mar;47(3):386-394
pubmed: 31698513
Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2019 May;54(3):479-484
pubmed: 30693627
Stroke. 2005 Sep;36(9):1972-6
pubmed: 16109909
Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;11(6):485-9
pubmed: 14631184
Acta Otolaryngol. 2000 Mar;120(2):120-7
pubmed: 11603755
Laryngoscope. 2003 Nov;113(11):1969-72
pubmed: 14603057
Clin Nutr. 2001 Oct;20(5):423-8
pubmed: 11534937
Mov Disord. 2002 Sep;17(5):942-9
pubmed: 12360543
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Jun;50(6):1118-23
pubmed: 12110075
Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 1):G1518-22
pubmed: 9227489
Muscle Nerve. 2019 Jan;59(1):40-46
pubmed: 29981250
J Nutr Health Aging. 2006 May-Jun;10(3):171-5
pubmed: 16622579
Ann Rehabil Med. 2014 Oct;38(5):612-9
pubmed: 25379490
Crit Care Med. 2017 Dec;45(12):2061-2069
pubmed: 29023260
J Am Diet Assoc. 2006 Oct;106(10):1614-23
pubmed: 17000194
Exp Transl Stroke Med. 2013 Dec 01;5(1):14
pubmed: 24289189
J Oral Rehabil. 2017 Dec;44(12):974-981
pubmed: 28891595
Dysphagia. 2014 Oct;29(5):553-63
pubmed: 24913837
Dysphagia. 2015 Oct;30(5):521-8
pubmed: 26050238
Dysphagia. 2019 Jun;34(3):308-314
pubmed: 30116884
Muscle Nerve. 2017 Sep;56(3):386-392
pubmed: 27935079
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015 Sep;21(9):1082-6
pubmed: 26154915
Dysphagia. 2014 Feb;29(1):25-32
pubmed: 23846323
Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1728-32
pubmed: 23774336
Ann Rehabil Med. 2016 Jun;40(3):432-9
pubmed: 27446779
Laryngorhinootologie. 2019 Oct;98(10):695-700
pubmed: 31610597
Neurotherapeutics. 2017 Jul;14(3):762-772
pubmed: 28070747
Chest. 1998 May;113(5):1425
pubmed: 9596334
J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 May 15;47(1):35
pubmed: 29764478
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 24;9:CD011077
pubmed: 30251253
Neurol Sci. 2015 May;36(5):671-81
pubmed: 25647290
Dysphagia. 2016 Dec;31(6):721-729
pubmed: 27530728
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 May;91(5):743-9
pubmed: 20434612
Dysphagia. 2016 Oct;31(5):706-16
pubmed: 27503566
Dysphagia. 2010 Mar;25(1):40-65
pubmed: 19760458
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019 Jul;31(7):e13609
pubmed: 31025451
Dysphagia. 2012 Mar;27(1):64-9
pubmed: 21442390
Neuroscience. 2000;97(1):155-70
pubmed: 10771347
Dysphagia. 2011 Sep;26(3):209-17
pubmed: 20204412
J Crit Care. 2013 Apr;28(2):216.e1-10
pubmed: 22951017
Dysphagia. 2016 Jun;31(3):452-61
pubmed: 26936446
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Feb;274(2):989-995
pubmed: 27581722
BMC Med Educ. 2016 Feb 25;16:70
pubmed: 26911194
Stroke. 2010 Dec;41(12):2849-54
pubmed: 20947835
Respir Care. 2001 Mar;46(3):243-7
pubmed: 11262550
Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2009 Feb;18(1):65-73
pubmed: 18845700
Lancet. 1996 Nov 9;348(9037):1320-1
pubmed: 8909412
Stroke. 2005 Dec;36(12):2756-63
pubmed: 16269630
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Jul;93(7):1173-8
pubmed: 22365489
Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;42(1-2):81-9
pubmed: 27074007
Dysphagia. 2018 Jun;33(3):369-379
pubmed: 29352357
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Apr;42(4):209-227
pubmed: 30470564
BMJ Open. 2018 Mar 6;8(3):e019016
pubmed: 29511010
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Apr;265(4):441-6
pubmed: 17968575
BMC Geriatr. 2017 Jun 19;17(1):128
pubmed: 28629318
Dysphagia. 2001 Spring;16(2):119-22
pubmed: 11305221
Ann Rehabil Med. 2017 Feb;41(1):9-15
pubmed: 28289630
Clin Rehabil. 2015 Oct;29(10):961-73
pubmed: 25552526
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016 Jun 1;310(11):G1176-82
pubmed: 27151943
Nervenarzt. 2014 Aug;85(8):1006-15
pubmed: 25060752
Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2015 Jun;17(3):222-9
pubmed: 25825989
Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;41(1-2):35-9
pubmed: 26584429
Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2015;67(6):269-84
pubmed: 27160285
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Jul;74(7):736-9
pubmed: 8328896
Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Jan;27(1):48-54
pubmed: 18617347
Head Neck. 2018 Jan;40(1):203-212
pubmed: 29083513
J Hosp Infect. 2011 Jan;77(1):78-80
pubmed: 21122944
J Crit Care. 2016 Jun;33:90-4
pubmed: 26993369
Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008 Jul;4(7):366-74
pubmed: 18560390
Dysphagia. 2002 Summer;17(3):214-8
pubmed: 12140648
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015 Aug;36(8):899-906
pubmed: 25857604
World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr 14;18(14):1695-9
pubmed: 22529701
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019 May;62:51-56
pubmed: 30770254
Dysphagia. 2016 Apr;31(2):146-53
pubmed: 26531834
Dysphagia. 2018 Aug;33(4):419-430
pubmed: 29280015
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2019 Jan;22(1):25-29
pubmed: 30489400
Stroke. 2007 Nov;38(11):2948-52
pubmed: 17885261
Crit Care. 2019 Mar 28;23(1):103
pubmed: 30922363
Stroke. 2017 Apr;48(4):e99-e101
pubmed: 28280136
Dysphagia. 2013 Dec;28(4):511-9
pubmed: 23494471
J Oral Rehabil. 2012 May;39(5):364-9
pubmed: 22191994
Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Dec;98(12):1060-1066
pubmed: 31180929
BMC Neurol. 2008 Jul 23;8:28
pubmed: 18651972
Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;27(6):806-15
pubmed: 18789561
Ann Intensive Care. 2018 Mar 15;8(1):37
pubmed: 29546588
Dysphagia. 2012 Jun;27(2):265-70
pubmed: 21858715
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020 Jan;70:23-30
pubmed: 31794936
Dysphagia. 2017 Apr;32(2):293-314
pubmed: 27913916
Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2019 Jun;52(3):521-536
pubmed: 30905566
Dysphagia. 2011 Mar;26(1):41-8
pubmed: 20058029
Dysphagia. 2019 Dec;34(6):852-861
pubmed: 30767078
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;59(4):578-83
pubmed: 15744328
Clin Neurophysiol. 2019 Jun;130(6):1017-1024
pubmed: 31009904
Laryngoscope. 2016 Sep;126(9):2057-62
pubmed: 26607056
J Oral Rehabil. 2016 May;43(5):364-72
pubmed: 26803525