Fear conditioning and stimulus generalization in association with age in children and adolescents.
Anxiety disorders
Childhood and adolescence
Development
Fear conditioning
Fear generalization
Overgeneralization
Journal
European child & adolescent psychiatry
ISSN: 1435-165X
Titre abrégé: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9212296
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2022
Oct 2022
Historique:
received:
21
10
2020
accepted:
01
05
2021
pubmed:
14
5
2021
medline:
7
10
2022
entrez:
13
5
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The aim of the study was to investigate age-related differences in fear learning and generalization in healthy children and adolescents (n = 133), aged 8-17 years, using an aversive discriminative fear conditioning and generalization paradigm adapted from Lau et al. (2008). In the current task, participants underwent 24 trials of discriminative conditioning of two female faces with neutral facial expressions, with (CS+) or without (CS-) a 95-dB loud female scream, presented simultaneously with a fearful facial expression (US). The discriminative conditioning was followed by 72 generalization trials (12 CS+, 12 GS1, 12 GS2, 12 GS3, 12 GS4, and 12 CS-): four generalization stimuli depicting gradual morphs from CS+ to CS- in 20%-steps were created for the generalization phases. We hypothesized that generalization in children and adolescents is negatively correlated with age. The subjective ratings of valence, arousal, and US expectancy (the probability of an aversive noise following each stimulus), as well as skin conductance responses (SCRs) were measured. Repeated-measures ANOVAs on ratings and SCR amplitudes were calculated with the within-subject factors stimulus type (CS+, CS-, GS1-4) and phase (Pre-Acquisition, Acquisition 1, Acquisition 2, Generalization 1, Generalization 2). To analyze the modulatory role of age, we additionally calculated ANCOVAs considering age as covariate. Results indicated that (1) subjective and physiological responses were generally lower with increasing age irrespective to the stimulus quality, and (2) stimulus discrimination improved with increasing age paralleled by reduced overgeneralization in older individuals. Longitudinal follow-up studies are required to analyze fear generalization with regard to brain maturational aspects and clarify whether overgeneralization of conditioned fear promotes the development of anxiety disorders or vice versa.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33983460
doi: 10.1007/s00787-021-01797-4
pii: 10.1007/s00787-021-01797-4
pmc: PMC9532335
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1581-1590Subventions
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
ID : SFB TRR 58
Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s).
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