UV filters used in sunscreens-A lack in current coral protection?
Coral toxicity
Sunscreen
UV filter
environmental risk assessment (ERA)
Journal
Integrated environmental assessment and management
ISSN: 1551-3793
Titre abrégé: Integr Environ Assess Manag
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101234521
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2021
Sep 2021
Historique:
revised:
15
02
2021
received:
02
12
2020
accepted:
13
05
2021
pubmed:
19
5
2021
medline:
21
8
2021
entrez:
18
5
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Ultraviolet (UV) filters used in sunscreens are among the anthropogenic substances that may enter the marine environment by both indirect (via wastewater) and direct pathways (leisure activities). Owing to the recent global decline in coral population, the impact of those UV filters on the coral health is currently under increased investigation. First results from scientists suggest that some of the filters may be toxic to various coral life stages, but an initial cross comparison with existing data from other freshwater organisms does not indicate that corals are specifically more susceptible to UV filters than other standard species. In fact, the available data leading to this conclusion is still vague and based on toxicity and bioaccumulation tests with corals, which are both still at the research stage. To facilitate a proper hazard assessment, robust experimental procedures for coral ecotoxicological studies are considered mandatory. In other words, additional steps should be taken to standardize and validate such new test systems to generate reliable results, which then can be used in regulatory decision making. Furthermore, to facilitate a more detailed and site-specific environmental risk assessment in the marine area, an application-based exposure scenario must be developed. Until these data and tools become available, environmental hazard and risk assessments may be carried out using existing data from freshwater organisms and existing tonnage-based exposure scenarios as a potential surrogate. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:926-939. © 2021 SETAC.
Substances chimiques
Sunscreening Agents
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
926-939Informations de copyright
© 2021 SETAC.
Références
Andrey, M. (1999). Enjoying the sun well protected. Therapeutische Umschau, 56(6), 287-299.
Arnot, J. A. , Pawlowski, S. , & Champ, S. (2018). A weight-of-evidence approach for the bioaccumulation assessment of triclosan in aquatic species. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 1506-1518.
Bruno, J. F. , Selig, E. R. , Casey, K. S. , Page, C. A. , Willis, B. L. , Harvell, C. D. , Sweatman, H. , & Melendy, A. M. (2007). Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. PLoS Biology, 5(6), 1220-1227.
Burke, L. , Reytar, K. , Spalding, M. , & Perry, A. (2011). Reefs at risk revisited (p. 130). World Resources Institute.
Buser, H.-R. , Balmer, M. E. , Schmid, P. , & Kohler, M. (2006). Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 1427-1431.
Corinaldesi, C. , Marcellini, F. , Nepote, E. , Damiani, E. , & Danovaro, R. (2018). Impact of inorganic UV filters contained in sunscreen products on tropical stony corals (Acropora spp.). Science of the Total Environment, 637-638, 1279-1285.
Danovaro, R. , Bongiorni, L. , Corinaldesi, C. , Giovannelli, D. , Damiani, E. , Astolfi, P. , Greci, L. , & Pusceddu, A. (2008). Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(4), 441-447.
Downs, C. A. , Kramarsky-Winter, E. , Segal, R. , Fauth, J. , Knutson, S. , Bronstein, O. , Ciner, F. R. , Jeger, R. , Lichtenfeld, Y. , Woodley, C. M. , Pennington, P. , Cadenas, K. , Kushmaro, A. , & Loya, Y. (2016). Toxicopathological effects of the sunscreen UV filter, oxybenzone (benzophenone-3), on coral planulae and cultured primary cells and its environmental contamination in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70, 265-288.
EC. (2003). Technical guidance document on risk assessment, Part II. European Commission. 328 pp.
EC. (2006). Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Brussels: European Commission (EC). 849 pp.
EC. (2009a). Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC. Brussels: European Commission.
EC. (2009b). Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. Brussels: European Commission. 151 pp.
EC. (2011). Guidance Document No. 27. Technical guidance for deriving environmental quality standards (Technical Report - 2011 - 055 edn). Brussels: European Commission. 204 pp.
EC. (2012). Regulation (EU) No. 528/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products. Brussels: European Commission. 123 pp.
ECHA. (2008). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment-Chapter R.10: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for the environment. version 1.0 edn. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 65 pp.
ECHA. (2017). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment-Chapter R.7b: Endpoint specific guidance. version 4.0 edn. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). 279 pp.
ECHA. (2020a). 1,3,5-Triazine, 2,4,6-tris((1,1′-biphenyl)-4-yl)--REACH registration dossier. [accessed 2020 Oct 20]. https://echa.europa.eu/de/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13874
ECHA. (2020b). 2-Ethylhexyl trans-4-methoxycinnamate-REACH registration dossier. [accessed 2020 Oct 20]. https://echa.europa.eu/de/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15876
ECHA. (2020c). 2,2′-[6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]bis[5-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phenol-REACH registration dossier. [accessed 2020 Oct 20]. https://echa.europa.eu/de/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12265
ECHA. (2020d). Oxybenzone-REACH registration dossier. [accessed 2020 Oct 20]. https://echa.europa.eu/de/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/5515
ECHA. (2020e). Titanium dioxide-REACH registration dossier. [accessed 2020 Oct 20]. https://echa.europa.eu/de/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15560/1
ECHA. (2020f). Zinc oxide-REACH registration dossier. [accessed 2020 Oct 20]. https://echa.europa.eu/de/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16139
FDA, US Food and Drug Administration. (2011). 21 CFR Parts 201 and 310 labeling and effectiveness testing, sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use federal register. FDA.
Fel, J. P. , Lacherez, C. , Bensetra, A. , Mezzache, S. , Beraud, E. , Leonard, M. , Allemand, D. , Ferrier-Pages, C. (2019). Photochemical response of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata to some sunscreen ingredients. Coral Reefs, 38, 109- 122.
Franklin, N. M. , Rogers, N. J. , Apte, S. C. , Batley, G. E. , Gadd, G. E. , & Casey, P. S. (2007). Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate ZnO, Bulk ZnO, and ZnCl2 to a freshwater microalga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata): The importance of particle solubility. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 8484-8490.
Gago-Ferrero, P. , Alonso, M. B. , Bertozzi, C. P. , Marigo, J. , Barbosa, L. , Cremer, M. , Secchi, E. R. , Azevedo, A. , Lailson-Brito, J., Jr. , Torres, J. P. M. , Malm, O. , Eljarrat, E. , Diaz-Cruz, M. S. , & Barcelo, D. (2013). First determination of UV filters in marine mammals. Octocrylene levels in Franciscana dolphins. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 5619-5625.
GCRMN. (2004a). Status of coral reefs of the world 2004-Volume 1 (1st ed.). Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), Australian Institute of Marine Science. 316 pp.
GCRMN. (2004b). Status of coral reefs of the world 2004-Volume 2 (1 ed.). Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), Australian Institute of Marine Science. 316 pp.
Glynn, R. W. (1996). Coral bleaching: Facts hypotheses and implications. Global Change Biology, 2, 498-509.
He, T. , Tsui, M. M. P. , Tan, C. J. , Ma, C. Y. , Yiu, S. K. F. , Wang, L. H. , Chen, T. H. , Fan, T. Y. , Lam, P. K. S. , & Murphy, M. B. (2019). Toxicological effects of two organic ultraviolet filters and a related commercial sunscreen product in adult corals. Environmental Pollution, 245, 462-471.
Heinlaan, M. , Ivask, A. , Blinova, I. , Dubourguier, H.-C. , & Kahru, A. (2008). Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus . Chemosphere, 71, 1308-1316.
Herzog, B. (2012). Photoprotection of human skin. In A. Albini (Ed.), Photochemistry (40, pp. 245-273). RCS Publishing, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Hughes, T. P. , Kerry, J. T. , Alvarez-Noriega, M. , Álvarez-Romero, J. G. , Anderson, K. D. , Baird, A. H. , Babcock, R. C. , Beger, M. , Bellwood, D. R. , Berkelmans, R. , Bridge, T. C. , Butler, I. R. , Byrne, M. , Cantin, N. E. , Comeau, S. , Connolly, S. R. , Cumming, G. S. , Dalton, S. J. , Diaz-Pulido, G. , … Wilson, S. K. (2017). Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature, 543, 374-377.
Kaiser, D. , Sieratowicz, A. , Zielke, H. , Oetken, M. , Hollert, H. , & Oehlmann, J. (2012). Ecotoxicological effect characterisation of widely used organic UV filters. Environmental Pollution, 163, 84-90.
Klimisch, H.-J. , Andreae, M. , & Tillmann, U. (1997). A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 25(1), 1-5.
Kunz, P. Y. , & Fent, K. (2006). Multiple hormonal activities of UV filters and comparison of in vivo and in vitro estrogenic activity of ethyl-4-aminobenzoate in fish. Aquatic Toxicology, 79, 305-324.
Kunz, P. Y. , Galicia, H. F. , & Fent, K. (2006). Comparison of in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of UV filters in fish. Toxicological Sciences, 90(2), 349-361.
Lozano, C. , Givens, J. , Stien, D. , Matallana-Surget, S. , & Lebaron, P. (2020). Bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of UV-filters on marine species. In J. Blasco , A. Tovar , & D. Sánchez (Eds.), Sunscreens in coastal ecosystems: Occurrence, behavior, effect and risk, Vol. 94. Handbook of environmental chemistry (pp. 85-130). Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Länge, R. , Hutchinson, T. H. , Croudace, C. , Siegmund, F. , Schweinfurth, H. , Hampe, P. , Panter, G. H. , & Sumpter, J. P. (2001). Effects of the synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethinylestradiol over the life-cycle of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 1216-1227.
Maragos, J. E. , Crosby, M. P. , & McManus, J. W. (1996). Coral reefs and biodiversity: A critical and threatened relationship. Oceanography, 9(1), 83-99.
Matsumoto, H. , Adachi, S. , & Suzuki, Y. (2005). Estrogenic activity of ultraviolet absorbers and the related compounds. Yakugaku Zasshi, 125(8), 643-652.
Mitchelmore, C. L. , Burns, E. E. , Conweay, A. , Heyes, A. , & Davies, I. A. (2021). A critical review of organic ultraviolet filter exposure, hazard, and risk to corals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 40(4), 967-988.
Mitchelmore, C. L. , He, K. , Gonsior, M. , Hain, E. , Heyes, A. , Clark, C. , Yougner, R. , Schmitt-Kopplin, P. , Ferrick, A. , Conway, A. , & Blaney, L. (2019). Occurrence and distribution of UV-filters and other anthropogenic contaminants in coastal surface water, sediment, and coral tissue from Hawaii. Science of the Total Environment, 670, 398-410.
Moeller, M. , Pawlowski, S. , Petersen-Thiery, M. , Miller, I. B. , Nietzer, S. , Heisel-Sure, Y. , Kellermann, M. Y. , & Schupp, P. J. (2021). Challenges in current coral reef protection-Possible impacts of UV filters used in sunscreen products, a critical review. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 1-16.
Molins-Delgado, D. , Munoz, R. , Nogueira, S. , Alonso, M. B. , Torres, J. P. M. , Ziolli, R. L. , Hauser-Davis, R. A. , Eljarrat, E. , Barcelo, D. , & Diaz-Cruz, M. S. (2018). Occurrence of organic UV filters and metabolites in lebrance mullet (Mugil liza) from Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 451-459.
OECD. (2009). No. 3: Emission scenario document on plastic additives. OECD Series on emission scenario documents (1st ed.). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 141 pp.
OECD. (2019). No. 23: Guidance document on aqueous-phase aquatic toxicity testing of difficult test chemicals. OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment (2nd ed.). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 81 pp.
Osterwalder, U. , Sohn, M. , & Herzog, B. (2014). Global state of sunscreens. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 30(2-3), 62-80.
Pawlowski, S. , van Aerle, R. , Tyler, C. R. , & Braunbeck, T. (2004b). Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol in a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) gonadal recrudescence assay. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 57, 330-345.
Pawlowski, S. , Herzog, B. , Petersen-Thiery, M. , & Acker, S. (2021). EcoSun Pass: A tool to evaluate the ecofriendiness of UV-filters used in sunscreen products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 43(2), 1-10.
Pawlowski, S. , Lanzinger, A. C. , Dolich, T. , Fuessl, S. , Salinas, E. R. , Zok, S. , Weiss, B. , Hefner, N. , Van Sloun, P. , Hombeck, H. , Klingelmann, E. , & Petersen-Thiery, M. (2019). Evaluation of the bioaccumulation of octocrylene after dietary and aqueous exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 672, 669-679.
Pawlowski, S. , & Petersen-Thiery, M. (2020). Sustainable sunscreens: A challenge between performance, animal testing ban, and human and environmental safety. In J. Blasco , A. Tovar , & D. Sánchez (Eds.), Sunscreens in coastal ecosystems: Occurrence, behavior, effect and risk, Vol. 94. Handbook of environmental chemistry (pp. 185-207). Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Pawlowski, S. , Sauer, A. , Shears, J. A. , Tyler, C. R. , & Braunbeck, T. (2004a). Androgenic and estrogenic effects of the synthetic androgen 17alpha-methyltestosterone on sexual development and reproductive performance in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) determined using the gonadal recrudescence assay. Aquatic Toxicology, 68(3), 277-291.
Poiger, T. , Buser, H.-R. , Balmer, M. E. , Bergqvist, P.-A. , & Müller, M. D. (2004). Occurrence of UV filter compounds from sunscreens in surface waters: Regional mass balance in two Swiss lakes. Chemosphere, 55, 951-963.
Radice, M. , Manfredini, S. , Ziosi, P. , Dissette, V. , Buso, P. , Fallacara, A. , & Vertuani, S. (2016). Herbal extracts, lichens and biomolecules as natural photo-protection alternatives to synthetic UV filters. A systematic review. Fitoterapia, 114, 144-162.
Rocholl, M. , Ludewig, M. , Skudlik, C. , & Wilke, A. (2018). Occupational skin cancer: Prevention and recommendations for UV protection as part of the treatment approved by the public statutory employers' liability insurance. Hautarzt, 69(6), 462-470.
Ruppert, L. , Ofenloch, R. , Surber, C. , & Diepgen, T. (2016). Occupational risk factors for skin cancer and the availability of sun protection measures at German outdoor workplaces. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 89(6), 1009-1015.
Sohn, M. , Krus, S. , Schnyer, M. , Acker, S. , Petersen-Thiery, M. , Pawlowski, S. , & Herzog, B. (2020). How to overcome the new challenges in sun care. SOFW-Journal, 7-8(146), 1-10.
Stien, D. , Clergeaud, F. , Rodrigues, A. M. S. , Lebaron, K. , Pillot, R. , Romans, P. , Fagervold, S. , & Lebaron, P . 2019. Metabolomics reveal that octocrylene accumulates in Pocillopora damicornis tissues as fatty acid conjugates and triggers coral cell mitochondrial dysfunction. Analytical Chemistry, 91, 990- 995.
Storch, V. , & Welsch, U. (1991). Systematische Zoologie (4th ed., 731 pp). Gustaf Fischer.
Storch, V. , & Welsch, U. (1994). Kurzes Lehrbuch der Zoologie (7th ed., 593 pp). Gustav Fischer.
Storch, V. , & Welsch, U. (1999). Kükenthal Zoologisches Praktikum (23rd ed., 508 pp). Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
Velasco, M. V. , Sarruf, F. D. , Salgado-Santos, I. M. , Haroutiounian-Filho, C. A. , Kaneko, T. M. , & Baby, A. R. (2008). Broad spectrum bioactive sunscreens. International Journal of Pharmacology, 363(1-2), 50-57.
Wehner, R. , & Gehring, W. (1995). Zoologie (23rd ed., 861 pp). Georg Thieme.
Wong, S. W. Y. , Leung, P. T. Y. , Djurisic, A. B. , & Leung, K. M. Y. (2010). Toxicities of nano zinc oxide to five marine organisms: Influences of aggregate size and ion solubility. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 396, 609-618.
Zakaria, M. , Rajpar, M. N. , Ozdemir, I. , & Rosli, Z. (2016). Fauan diversity in tropical rain forest: Threats from land-use change. In J. Blanco , Y.-H. Lo , & S.-C. Chang , (Eds.), Tropical forests-The challenges of maintaining ecosystem services while managing the landscape (pp. 11-49). IntechOpen Limited.