Blood microbiota and metabolomic signature of major depression before and after antidepressant treatment: a prospective case-control study.

Adult Antidepressive Agents / pharmacology Bacteria / classification Blood / drug effects Brain-Gut Axis / drug effects Carbohydrate Metabolism / drug effects Case-Control Studies Depressive Disorder, Major / blood Dysbiosis / blood Female Gastrointestinal Microbiome / drug effects Humans Lipid Metabolism / drug effects Male Metabolome / drug effects Microbiota / drug effects

Journal

Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN
ISSN: 1488-2434
Titre abrégé: J Psychiatry Neurosci
Pays: Canada
ID NLM: 9107859

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
19 05 2021
Historique:
entrez: 19 5 2021
pubmed: 20 5 2021
medline: 27 1 2022
Statut: epublish

Résumé

The microbiota interacts with the brain through the gut-brain axis, and a distinct dysbiosis may lead to major depressive episodes. Bacteria can pass through the gut barrier and be found in the blood. Using a multiomic approach, we investigated whether a distinct blood microbiome and metabolome was associated with major depressive episodes, and how it was modulated by treatment. In this case-control multiomic study, we analyzed the blood microbiome composition, inferred bacterial functions and metabolomic profile of 56 patients experiencing a current major depressive episode and 56 matched healthy controls, before and after treatment, using 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The baseline blood microbiome in patients with a major depressive episode was distinct from that of healthy controls (patients with a major depressive episode had a higher proportion of Janthinobacterium and lower levels of Neisseria) and changed after antidepressant treatment. Predicted microbiome functions confirmed by metabolomic profiling showed that patients who were experiencing a major depressive episode had alterations in the cyanoamino acid pathway at baseline. High baseline levels of Firmicutes and low proportions of Bosea and Tetrasphaera were associated with response to antidepressant treatment. Based on inferred baseline metagenomic profiles, bacterial pathways that were significantly associated with treatment response were related to xenobiotics, amino acids, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including tryptophan and drug metabolism. Metabolomic analyses showed that plasma tryptophan levels are independently associated with response to antidepressant treatment. Our study has some limitations, including a lack of information on blood microbiome origin and the lack of a validation cohort to confirm our results. Patients with depression have a distinct blood microbiome and metabolomic signature that changes after treatment. Dysbiosis could be a new therapeutic target and prognostic tool for the treatment of patients who are experiencing a major depressive episode.

Sections du résumé

Background
The microbiota interacts with the brain through the gut-brain axis, and a distinct dysbiosis may lead to major depressive episodes. Bacteria can pass through the gut barrier and be found in the blood. Using a multiomic approach, we investigated whether a distinct blood microbiome and metabolome was associated with major depressive episodes, and how it was modulated by treatment.
Methods
In this case-control multiomic study, we analyzed the blood microbiome composition, inferred bacterial functions and metabolomic profile of 56 patients experiencing a current major depressive episode and 56 matched healthy controls, before and after treatment, using 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
Results
The baseline blood microbiome in patients with a major depressive episode was distinct from that of healthy controls (patients with a major depressive episode had a higher proportion of Janthinobacterium and lower levels of Neisseria) and changed after antidepressant treatment. Predicted microbiome functions confirmed by metabolomic profiling showed that patients who were experiencing a major depressive episode had alterations in the cyanoamino acid pathway at baseline. High baseline levels of Firmicutes and low proportions of Bosea and Tetrasphaera were associated with response to antidepressant treatment. Based on inferred baseline metagenomic profiles, bacterial pathways that were significantly associated with treatment response were related to xenobiotics, amino acids, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including tryptophan and drug metabolism. Metabolomic analyses showed that plasma tryptophan levels are independently associated with response to antidepressant treatment.
Limitations
Our study has some limitations, including a lack of information on blood microbiome origin and the lack of a validation cohort to confirm our results.
Conclusion
Patients with depression have a distinct blood microbiome and metabolomic signature that changes after treatment. Dysbiosis could be a new therapeutic target and prognostic tool for the treatment of patients who are experiencing a major depressive episode.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200159 PMID: 34008933 PMC: PMC8327971
pubmed: 34008933
doi: 10.1503/jpn.200159
pmc: PMC8327971
doi:

Substances chimiques

Antidepressive Agents 0

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

E358-E368

Informations de copyright

© 2021 CMA Joule Inc. or its licensors.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

D. David serves as a consultant for and receives compensation from Lundbeck. G. Perlemuter reports grants and personal fees from Servier (IRIS); personal fees and non-financial support from Gilead; personal fees from Bicodex, Pileje, Elsevier Masson, Flammarion and Solar; and non-financial support from Abbvie, all outside the submitted work. No other competing interests declared.

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Auteurs

Dragos Ciocan (D)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Anne-Marie Cassard (AM)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Laurent Becquemont (L)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Céline Verstuyft (C)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Cosmin Sebastian Voican (CS)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Khalil El Asmar (K)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Romain Colle (R)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Denis David (D)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Séverine Trabado (S)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Bruno Feve (B)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Philippe Chanson (P)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Gabriel Perlemuter (G)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

Emmanuelle Corruble (E)

From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson).

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