The regulation of immune checkpoints by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
Drug treatment
Hypoxia
Immune checkpoints
Immune escape
Tumor microenvironment
Journal
PeerJ
ISSN: 2167-8359
Titre abrégé: PeerJ
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101603425
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
07
12
2020
accepted:
29
03
2021
entrez:
20
5
2021
pubmed:
21
5
2021
medline:
21
5
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences the occurrence and progression of tumors, and hypoxia is an important characteristic of the TME. The expression of programmed death 1 (PD1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and other immune checkpoints in hypoxic malignant tumors is often significantly increased, and is associated with poor prognosis. The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for treating lung cancer, urothelial carcinoma, and gynecological tumors has achieved encouraging efficacy; however, the rate of efficacy of ICI single-drug treatment is only about 20%. In the present review, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which the hypoxic TME regulates immune checkpoints. By activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1
Identifiants
pubmed: 34012727
doi: 10.7717/peerj.11306
pii: 11306
pmc: PMC8109006
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
e11306Informations de copyright
©2021 Hu et al.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare there are no competing interests.
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