Use of contrast enhanced ultrasound in testicular diseases: A comprehensive review.
CEUS
acute scrotum
infertility
testicular tumor
testis
Journal
Andrology
ISSN: 2047-2927
Titre abrégé: Andrology
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101585129
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 2021
09 2021
Historique:
revised:
12
05
2021
received:
28
03
2021
accepted:
24
05
2021
pubmed:
28
5
2021
medline:
25
2
2022
entrez:
27
5
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a sonographic technique that increases the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) when studying testicular abnormalities. However, its role in clinical practice is still debatable because there are no accepted standards regarding how and when this technique should be used for patients with testicular disease. To perform a nonsystematic review of the current literature to highlight the strength and flaws of performing CEUS and to provide a critical overview of current research evidence on this topic. A thorough search of published peer-reviewed studies in PubMed was performed using proper keywords. Strong enhancement of neoplastic lesions (both benign and malignant) during CEUS aids in differential diagnosis with non-neoplastic lesions, which usually appears either nonenhanced or enhanced in a manner similar to that of the surrounding parenchyma. CEUS enhancement has a high predictive value in the identification of neoplastic lesions, whereas a similar or complete absence of enhancement may be interpreted as strong evidence of benignity, although there are exceptions. Literature on quantitative analysis is still scarce, though promising, particularly in distinguishing benign from malignant neoplasms. Furthermore, CEUS may be useful in many emergency situations, such as acute scrotum, blunt scrotal trauma, and focal infarction of the testis. Finally, CEUS can help increase the probability of sperm recovery in azoospermic males. CEUS is a safe, easy-to-perform, and cost-effective diagnostic tool that can provide a more accurate diagnosis in testicular lesions and acute scrotal disease. However, further studies with larger cohorts are required to refine the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant neoplasms. Finally, these preliminary results can instigate the development of innovative research on pre-testicular sperm extraction to increase the chances of sperm recovery.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a sonographic technique that increases the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) when studying testicular abnormalities. However, its role in clinical practice is still debatable because there are no accepted standards regarding how and when this technique should be used for patients with testicular disease.
OBJECTIVES
To perform a nonsystematic review of the current literature to highlight the strength and flaws of performing CEUS and to provide a critical overview of current research evidence on this topic.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A thorough search of published peer-reviewed studies in PubMed was performed using proper keywords.
RESULTS
Strong enhancement of neoplastic lesions (both benign and malignant) during CEUS aids in differential diagnosis with non-neoplastic lesions, which usually appears either nonenhanced or enhanced in a manner similar to that of the surrounding parenchyma. CEUS enhancement has a high predictive value in the identification of neoplastic lesions, whereas a similar or complete absence of enhancement may be interpreted as strong evidence of benignity, although there are exceptions. Literature on quantitative analysis is still scarce, though promising, particularly in distinguishing benign from malignant neoplasms. Furthermore, CEUS may be useful in many emergency situations, such as acute scrotum, blunt scrotal trauma, and focal infarction of the testis. Finally, CEUS can help increase the probability of sperm recovery in azoospermic males.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
CEUS is a safe, easy-to-perform, and cost-effective diagnostic tool that can provide a more accurate diagnosis in testicular lesions and acute scrotal disease. However, further studies with larger cohorts are required to refine the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant neoplasms. Finally, these preliminary results can instigate the development of innovative research on pre-testicular sperm extraction to increase the chances of sperm recovery.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34043256
doi: 10.1111/andr.13057
pmc: PMC8640938
doi:
Substances chimiques
Contrast Media
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1369-1382Informations de copyright
© 2021 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.
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