Opportunities for reducing college drinking: The roles of drinking attitudes and blackout experience.
alcohol use
attitudes
college students
motivation
Journal
Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
ISSN: 1530-0277
Titre abrégé: Alcohol Clin Exp Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 7707242
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2021
07 2021
Historique:
revised:
16
04
2021
received:
01
03
2021
accepted:
18
05
2021
pubmed:
5
6
2021
medline:
30
10
2021
entrez:
4
6
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
As many as 35% of college students report having been drunk in the past month, and greater alcohol use and alcohol-related problems are associated with a positive attitude toward heavy drinking. One serious consequence of heavy drinking is alcohol-induced blackout. When they occur, alcohol-induced blackouts present a unique opportunity to increase motivation to change drinking. However, it is unclear under what conditions an alcohol-related heavy drinking attitude and experiencing a blackout represent an opportunity to change and how experiencing a blackout(s) influences an individual's motivation to reduce drinking and actual behavior. This study tested the interplay between one's positive attitude toward heavy drinking and experiencing a blackout in the past year in predicting motivation to reduce drinking (Study 1) and its impact on drinking over time (Study 2). Data were derived from complementary datasets collected at two universities (Study 1 n = 703, mean age = 20.63 years, 44% male, 52% White; Study 2 n = 568, mean age = 19.18 years, 72% male, 84% White). Drinking behavior was measured using a modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire, the Drinking Norms Rating Form, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Regression analyses were conducted to determine whether a blackout would moderate the association between attitude and motivation to reduce drinking (Study 1) and drinking over time (Study 2). Results revealed a significant interaction between attitude and blackout, such that individuals who experience a blackout (vs. those who do not) and positively evaluate heavy drinking evidenced lower motivation to reduce drinking (Study 1) and higher levels of estimated peak BAC (Study 2). Drinkers with a negative attitude toward heavy drinking who have experienced a blackout have the strongest motivation to reduce drinking and the greatest reductions in peak drinking behavior over time. These effects are over and above that related to the level of alcohol consumed. For young adults who do not positively endorse heavy drinking, blackouts may present a "moment of opportunity" for intervention.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
As many as 35% of college students report having been drunk in the past month, and greater alcohol use and alcohol-related problems are associated with a positive attitude toward heavy drinking. One serious consequence of heavy drinking is alcohol-induced blackout. When they occur, alcohol-induced blackouts present a unique opportunity to increase motivation to change drinking. However, it is unclear under what conditions an alcohol-related heavy drinking attitude and experiencing a blackout represent an opportunity to change and how experiencing a blackout(s) influences an individual's motivation to reduce drinking and actual behavior.
METHODS
This study tested the interplay between one's positive attitude toward heavy drinking and experiencing a blackout in the past year in predicting motivation to reduce drinking (Study 1) and its impact on drinking over time (Study 2). Data were derived from complementary datasets collected at two universities (Study 1 n = 703, mean age = 20.63 years, 44% male, 52% White; Study 2 n = 568, mean age = 19.18 years, 72% male, 84% White). Drinking behavior was measured using a modified Daily Drinking Questionnaire, the Drinking Norms Rating Form, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Regression analyses were conducted to determine whether a blackout would moderate the association between attitude and motivation to reduce drinking (Study 1) and drinking over time (Study 2).
RESULTS
Results revealed a significant interaction between attitude and blackout, such that individuals who experience a blackout (vs. those who do not) and positively evaluate heavy drinking evidenced lower motivation to reduce drinking (Study 1) and higher levels of estimated peak BAC (Study 2).
CONCLUSIONS
Drinkers with a negative attitude toward heavy drinking who have experienced a blackout have the strongest motivation to reduce drinking and the greatest reductions in peak drinking behavior over time. These effects are over and above that related to the level of alcohol consumed. For young adults who do not positively endorse heavy drinking, blackouts may present a "moment of opportunity" for intervention.
Substances chimiques
Blood Alcohol Content
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1494-1503Subventions
Organisme : NIAAA NIH HHS
ID : R01AA025043
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAAA NIH HHS
ID : R21AA025676
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2021 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.
Références
American College Health Association (2012) American college health association-national college health assessment II: Undergraduate reference group executive summary spring 2012. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.
Barnett, N.P., Clerkin, E.M., Wood, M., Monti, P.M., O'Leary Tevyaw, T., Corriveau, D. et al. (2014) Description and predictors of positive and negative alcohol-related consequences in the first year of college. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75, 103-114.
Barnett, N.P., Merrill, J.E., Kahler, C.W. & Colby, S.M. (2015) Negative evaluations of negative alcohol consequences lead to subsequent reductions in alcohol use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 992.
Bem, D.J. (1967) Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200.
Burden, J.L. & Maisto, S.A. (2000) Expectancies, evaluations and attitudes: Prediction of college student drinking behavior. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 323-331.
Carey, K.B., Walsh, J.L., Merrill, J.E., Lust, S.A., Kalichman, S.C. & Carey, M.P. (2018) Using email boosters to maintain change after brief alcohol interventions for mandated college students: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(9), 787.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G. & Aiken, L.S. (2003) Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 3rd edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Collins, R.L., Parks, G.A. & Marlatt, G.A. (1985) Social determinants of alcohol consumption: The effects of social interaction and model status on the self-administration of alcohol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 189-200.
Collins, S.E. & Carey, K.B. (2007) The theory of planned behavior as a model of heavy episodic drinking among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 498-507.
Collins, S.E., Witkiewitz, K. & Larimer, M.E. (2011) The theory of planned behavior as a predictor of growth in risky college drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72, 322-332.
DiBello, A.M., Carey, K.B. & Cushing, V. (2018b) Using counterattitudinal advocacy to change drinking: A pilot study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32, 244-248.
DiBello, A.M., Miller, M.B., Neighbors, C., Reid, A. & Carey, K.B. (2018a) The relative strength of attitudes versus perceived drinking norms as predictors of alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 80, 39-46.
DiBello, A.M., Miller, M.B. & Carey, K.B. (2019) Self-efficacy to limit drinking mediates the association between attitudes and alcohol-related outcomes. Substance Use and Misuse, 54, 2400-2408.
Fairlie, A.M., Ramirez, J.J., Patrick, M.E. & Lee, C.M. (2016) When do college students have less favorable views of drinking? Evaluations of alcohol experiences and positive and negative consequences. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30, 555-565.
Guo, J., Hawkins, J.D., Hill, K.G. & Abbott, R.D. (2001) Childhood and adolescent predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence in young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 754-762.
Hartzler, B. & Fromme, K. (2003) Fragmentary and en bloc blackouts: Similarity and distinction among episodes of alcohol-induced memory loss. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 547-550.
Heather, N., Gold, R. & Rollnick, S. (2000) Readiness to change questionnaire: User's manual. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
Hingson, R.W., Zha, W. & Weitzman, E.R. (2009) Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. College students ages 18-24, 1998-2005. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement, (16), 12-20.
Johnson, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G. & Schulenberg, J.E. (2012) Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2011: Volume II. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
Kenney, S.R., LaBrie, J.W. & Lac, A. (2013) Injunctive peer misperceptions and the mediation of self-approval on risk for driving after drinking among college students. Journal of Health Communication, 18, 459-477.
Kline, R.B. (2011) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd edition. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Krieger, H., Neighbors, C., Lewis, M.A., LaBrie, J.W., Foster, D.W. & Larimer, M.E. (2016) Injunctive norms and alcohol consumption: A revised conceptualization. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40, 1083-1092.
Krieger, H., Pedersen, E.R. & Neighbors, C. (2017) The impact of normative perceptions on alcohol consumption in military veterans. Addiction, 112, 1765-1772.
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G. & Engels, R. (2005) Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 841-861.
Lindgren, K.P., Ramirez, J.J., Olin, C.C. & Neighbors, C. (2016) Not the same old thing: Establishing the unique contribution of drinking identity as a predictor of alcohol consumption and problems over time. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30, 659-671.
Mallett, K.A., Bachrach, R.L. & Turrisi, R. (2008) Are all negative consequences truly negative? Assessing variations among college students’ perceptions of alcohol related consequences. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1375-1381.
Marino, E.N. & Fromme, K. (2018) Alcohol-induced blackouts, subjective intoxication, and motivation to decrease drinking: Prospective examination of the transition out of college. Addictive Behaviors, 80, 89-94.
Matthews, D.B. & Miller, W.R. (1979) Estimating blood alcohol concentration: Two computer programs and their applications in therapy and research. Addictive Behaviors, 4, 55-60.
Merrill, J.E., Boyle, H.K., Jackson, K.M. & Carey, K.B. (2019) Event-level correlates of drinking events characterized by alcohol-induced blackouts. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43, 2599-2606.
Merrill, J.E., Carey, K.B., Lust, S.A., Kalichman, S.C. & Carey, M.P. (2014) Do students mandated to intervention for campus alcohol-related violations drink more than nonmandated students? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1265-1270.
Merrill, J.E., Read, J.P. & Barnett, N.P. (2013) The way one thinks affects the way one drinks: Subjective evaluations of alcohol consequences predict subsequent change in drinking behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 42-51.
Miller, M.B., DiBello, A.M., Carey, K.B. & Pedersen, E.R. (2018a) Blackouts as a moderator of young adult veteran response to personalized normative feedback for heavy drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 42, 1145-1153.
Miller, M.B., DiBello, A.M., Meier, E., Leavens, E.L., Merrill, J.E., Carey, K.B. et al. (2019a) Alcohol-induced amnesia and personalized drinking feedback: Blackouts predict intervention response. Behavior Therapy, 50, 25-35.
Miller, M.B., DiBello, A.M., Merrill, J.E. & Carey, K.B. (2019b) Development and initial validation of the alcohol-induced blackout measure. Addictive Behaviors, 99, 106079.
Miller, M.B., Dibello, A.M., Merrill, J.E., Neighbors, C. & Carey, K.B. (2020) The role of alcohol-induced blackouts in symptoms of depression among young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 211, 108027.
Miller, M.B., Merrill, J.E., Singh, S., DiBello, A.M. & Carey, K.B. (2018b) College student knowledge of blackouts and implications for alcohol intervention: A qualitative analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32, 933-943.
Miller, M.B., Merrill, J.E., DiBello, A.M. & Carey, K.B. (2018c) Distinctions in alcohol-induced memory impairment: A mixed methods study of en bloc versus fragmentary blackouts. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 42, 2000-2010.
Montano, D.E. & Kasprzyk, D. (2008) Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In: Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K. & Viswanath, K. (Eds.) Health behavior and health education, 4th edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 67-96.
Mundt, M.P., Zakletskaia, L.I., Brown, D.D. & Fleming, M.F. (2012) Alcohol-induced memory blackouts as an indicator of injury risk among college drinkers. Injury Prevention, 18, 44-49.
Neighbors, C., Lee, C.M., Lewis, M.A., Fossos, N. & Larimer, M.E. (2007) Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy-drinking college students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 556-565.
Rose, M.E. & Grant, J.E. (2010) Alcohol-induced blackout: Phenomenology, biological basis, and gender differences. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 4, 61-73.
Saunders, J.B., Aasland, O.G., Babor, T.F., de la Fuente, J.R. & Grant, M. (1993) Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Who collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88, 791-804.
Schulenberg, J., Johnston, L., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Miech, R. & Patrick, M. (2019) Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2018: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-60.
Stacy, A.W., Bentler, P.M. & Flay, B.R. (1994) Attitudes and health behavior in diverse populations - drunk driving, alcohol-use, binge-eating, marijuana use, and cigarette use. Health Psychology, 13, 73-85.
Studer, J., Gmel, G., Bertholet, N., Marmet, S. & Daeppen, J.B. (2019) Alcohol-induced blackouts at age 20 predict the incidence, maintenance and severity of alcohol dependence at age 25: A prospective study in a sample of young swiss men. Addiction, 114, 1556-1566.
Trafimow, D. (1996) The importance of attitudes in the prediction of college students’ intentions to drink. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 2167-2188.
Valenstein-Mah, H., Larimer, M., Zoellner, L. & Kaysen, D. (2015) Blackout drinking predicts sexual revictimization in a college sample of binge-drinking women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 484-488.
Wetherill, R.R. & Fromme, K. (2016) Alcohol-induced blackouts: A review of recent clinical research with practical implications and recommendations for future studies. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40, 922-935.
White, A.M. (2003) What happened? Alcohol, memory blackouts, and the brain. Alcohol Research & Health, 27, 186.
White, A.M. & Hingson, R. (2013) The burden of alcohol use: Excessive alcohol consumption and related consequences among college students. Alcohol Research-Current Reviews, 35, 201-218.
White, A.M., Signer, M.L., Kraus, C.L. & Swartzwelder, H.S. (2004) Experiential aspects of alcohol-induced blackouts among college students. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30, 205-224.
Wiers, R.W., Van Woerden, N., Smulders, F.T. & De Jong, P.J. (2002) Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 648-658.
Wilhite, E.R. & Fromme, K. (2015) Alcohol-induced blackouts and other negative outcomes during the transition out of college. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76, 516-524.