Analytical survey of tattoo inks-A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances.
allergic contact dermatitis
hazardous substances
metals
regulation
tattoo inks
Journal
Contact dermatitis
ISSN: 1600-0536
Titre abrégé: Contact Dermatitis
Pays: England
ID NLM: 7604950
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2021
Sep 2021
Historique:
revised:
28
05
2021
received:
15
03
2021
accepted:
02
06
2021
pubmed:
6
6
2021
medline:
17
12
2021
entrez:
5
6
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Tattoo inks have been reported to elicit allergic contact dermatitis. To investigate the labels and the contents of metals and pigments in tattoo inks, considering restrictions within the European Union. Seventy-three tattoo inks currently available on the market, either bought or donated (already used), were investigated for trace metals and pigments by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. Ninety-three percent of the bought tattoo inks violated European, legal requirements on labeling. Fifty percent of the tattoo inks declared at least one pigment ingredient incorrectly. Sixty-one percent of the inks contained pigments of concern, especially red inks. Iron, aluminium, titanium, and copper (most in green/blue inks) were the main metals detected in the inks. The level of metal impurities exceeded current restriction limits in only a few cases. Total chromium (0.35-139 μg/g) and nickel (0.1-41 μg/g) were found in almost all samples. The levels of iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, and arsenic were found to covary significantly. To prevent contact allergy and toxic reactions among users it is important for tattoo ink manufacturers to follow the regulations and decrease nickel and chromium impurities.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Tattoo inks have been reported to elicit allergic contact dermatitis.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the labels and the contents of metals and pigments in tattoo inks, considering restrictions within the European Union.
METHODS
METHODS
Seventy-three tattoo inks currently available on the market, either bought or donated (already used), were investigated for trace metals and pigments by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Ninety-three percent of the bought tattoo inks violated European, legal requirements on labeling. Fifty percent of the tattoo inks declared at least one pigment ingredient incorrectly. Sixty-one percent of the inks contained pigments of concern, especially red inks. Iron, aluminium, titanium, and copper (most in green/blue inks) were the main metals detected in the inks. The level of metal impurities exceeded current restriction limits in only a few cases. Total chromium (0.35-139 μg/g) and nickel (0.1-41 μg/g) were found in almost all samples. The levels of iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, and arsenic were found to covary significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
To prevent contact allergy and toxic reactions among users it is important for tattoo ink manufacturers to follow the regulations and decrease nickel and chromium impurities.
Substances chimiques
Coloring Agents
0
Metals
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
340-353Subventions
Organisme : Canada Research Chairs Program
ID : 950 - 233099
Organisme : Chinese Scholarship Council, Beijing, China
ID : 201700260221
Organisme : Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
ID : FFL18-0173
Organisme : Vinnova, Sweden
ID : 2017-03532
Organisme : Wolfe-Western fellowship, Canada
ID : 2020
Informations de copyright
© 2021 The Authors. Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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