The spread of breathing air from wind instruments and singers using schlieren techniques.
COVID-19 pandemic
airborne infection
background-oriented schlieren
schlieren imaging
singers
wind instruments
Journal
Indoor air
ISSN: 1600-0668
Titre abrégé: Indoor Air
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9423515
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
11 2021
11 2021
Historique:
revised:
28
04
2021
received:
24
11
2020
accepted:
23
05
2021
pubmed:
15
6
2021
medline:
28
10
2021
entrez:
14
6
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The spread of breathing air when playing wind instruments and singing was investigated and visualized using two methods: (1) schlieren imaging with a schlieren mirror and (2) background-oriented schlieren (BOS). These methods visualize airflow by visualizing density gradients in transparent media. The playing of professional woodwind and brass instrument players, as well as professional classical trained singers were investigated to estimate the spread distances of the breathing air. For a better comparison and consistent measurement series, a single high note, a single low note, and an extract of a musical piece were investigated. Additionally, anemometry was used to determine the velocity of the spreading breathing air and the extent to which it was quantifiable. The results showed that the ejected airflow from the examined instruments and singers did not exceed a spreading range of 1.2 m into the room. However, differences in the various instruments have to be considered to assess properly the spread of the breathing air. The findings discussed below help to estimate the risk of cross-infection for wind instrument players and singers and to develop efficacious safety precautions, which is essential during critical health periods such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1798-1814Subventions
Organisme : German Research Foundation DFG
ID : 444059583
Informations de copyright
© 2021 The Authors. Indoor Air published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Charlotte N. High rate of SARS-CoV-2 transmission due to choir practice in France at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Voice. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.11.029
Naunheim MR, Bock J, Doucette PA, et al. Safer singing during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: what we know and what we don't. J Voice. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.06.028
Muerbe D, Fleischer M, Lange J, Rotheudt H, Kriegel M. Aerosol emission is increased in professional singing. [DepositOnce Preprint]; 2020.
Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Sci Rep. 2019;9:2348.
Echternach M, Gantner S, Peters G, et al. Impulse dispersion of aerosols during singing and speaking; [MedRxive Preprint] 2020.
Mürbe D, Kriegel M, Lange J, Schumann L, Hartmann A, Fleischer M. Aerosol emission of adolescents voices during speaking, singing and shouting. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246819.
Ji Y, Qian H, Ye J, Zheng X. The impact of ambient humidity on the evaporation and dispersion of exhaled breathing droplets: a numerical investigation. J Aerosol Sci. 2018;115:164-172.
Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:11875-11877.
Wei J, Li Y. Enhanced spread of expiratory droplets by turbulence in a cough jet. Build Environ. 2015;93:86-96.
Wilson NM, Norton A, Young FP, Collins DW. Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 to healthcare workers: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2020;75:1086-1095.
Kaehler CJ, Hain R. Singing in choirs and making music with wind instruments - Is that safe during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany; 2020.
Richter B, Echternach M, Traser L, Burdumy M, Spahn C. The Voice - Insights into the Physiology of Singing and Speaking [DVD-ROM and App]. Esslingen am Neckar: Helbling; 2017.
Spahn C, Hipp A, Schubert B, et al. Airflow and air velocity measurements while playing wind instruments, with respect to risk assessment of a SARS-CoV-2 infection; [MedRxive Preprint] 2020.
Nusseck M, Richter B, Holtmeier L, Skala D, Spahn C. CO2 measurements in instrumental and vocal closed room settings as a risk reducing measure for a Coronavirus infection; [MedRxive Preprint] 2020.
Alsaad H, Voelker C. Qualitative evaluation of the flow supplied by personalized ventilation using schlieren imaging and thermography. Build Environ. 2020;167:106450.
Tang JW, Liebner TJ, Craven BA, Settles GS. A schlieren optical study of the human cough with and without wearing masks for aerosol infection control. J R Soc Interface. 2009;6(Suppl 6):727-736.
Tang JW, Nicolle AD, Klettner CA, et al. Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing - potential sources of infectious aerosols. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59970.
Xu C, Nielsen PV, Liu L, Jensen RL, Gong G. Human exhalation characterization with the aid of schlieren imaging technique. Build Environ. 2017;112:190-199.
Tang JW, Noakes CJ, Nielsen PV, et al. Observing and quantifying airflows in the infection control of aerosol- and airborne-transmitted diseases: an overview of approaches. J Hosp Infect. 2011;77:213-222.
Gena AW, Voelker C, Settles GS. Qualitative and quantitative schlieren optical measurement of the human thermal plume. Indoor Air. 2020;30(4):757-766.
Meier GEA, inventor. Hintergrund-Schlierenmeßverfahren. DE 19942856 A1.
Mizukaki T, Wakabayashi K, Matsumura T, Nakayama K. Background-oriented schlieren with natural background for quantitative visualization of open-air explosions. Shock Waves. 2014;24:69-78.
Bauknecht A, Ewers B, Wolf C, Leopold F, Yin J, Raffel M. Three-dimensional reconstruction of helicopter blade-tip vortices using a multi-camera BOS system. Exp Fluids. 2015;56:381.
Nicolas F, Todoroff V, Plyer A, et al. A direct approach for instantaneous 3D density field reconstruction from background-oriented Schlieren (BOS) measurements. Exp Fluids. 2016;57:1.
Mazumdar A. Principles and Techniques of Schlieren Imaging Systems. Columbia University Computer Science Technical Reports; 2013.
Settles GS. Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques: Visualizing Phenomena in Transparent Media. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2001.
Becher L, Voelker C, Rodehorst V, Kuhne M. Background-oriented schlieren technique for two-dimensional visualization of convective indoor air flows. Opt Lasers Eng. 2020;134:106282.
Spahn C, Richter B, Poeppe J, Echternach M. Physiological Insights for Players of Wind Instruments [DVD-ROM]. Innsbruck - Esslingen - Bern-Belp: Helbling; 2013.