The epidemic burden on prisons in Lombardy (Italy) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: the transmission and measures of prevention in detention facilities.
COVID-19
Custodial staff
Epidemic burden
Italy
Measures of prevention
Outbreak
Prisoners
Journal
International journal of prisoner health
ISSN: 1744-9219
Titre abrégé: Int J Prison Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101255940
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
17 Jun 2021
17 Jun 2021
Historique:
entrez:
15
6
2021
pubmed:
16
6
2021
medline:
20
7
2021
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific community highlighted a potential risk of epidemics occurring inside prisons. Consequently, specific operational guidelines were promptly released, and containment measures were quickly implemented in prisons. This paper aims to describe the spread of COVID-19 in detention facilities within the Lombardy region of Italy during March to July 2020, and the impact of the prevention and control measures implemented. A descriptive retrospective analysis of case distribution was performed for all COVID-19 cases identified among people in detention (PiD) and prison officers (POs). A comparison of the epidemic burden affecting different populations and a correlation analysis between the number of cases that occurred and prevention measures implemented were also carried out. From this study, it emerged that POs were at a high risk of contracting COVID-19. This study observed a delay in the occurrence of cases among PiD and substantial heterogeneity in the size of outbreaks across different prisons. Correlation between reported cases among PiD and registered sick leave taken by POs suggested the latter contributed to introducing the infection into prison settings. Finally, number of cases among PiD inversely correlated with the capacity of each prison to identify and set up dedicated areas for medical isolation. Prevention and control measures when adopted in a timely manner were effective in protecting PiD. According to the findings, POs are a population at high risk for acquiring and transmitting COVID-19 and should be prioritized for testing, active case finding and vaccination. This study highlights the critical importance of including prison settings within emergency preparedness plans.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34128377
doi: 10.1108/IJPH-11-2020-0091
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© Emerald Publishing Limited.
Références
Aebi, M.F., Berger-Kolopp, L., Burkhardt, C. and Tiago, M.M. (2018), “Council of Europe annual penal statistics SPACE I – prison populations survey 2017”, Prisons in Europe 2005-2015 – Volume 1: Country profiles, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 148.
Agenzia regionale di sanità della Toscana (2015), “La salute dei detenuti in italia: i risultati di uno studio multicentrico”
Beaudry, G., Zhong, S., Whiting, D., Javid, B., Frater, J. and Fazel, S. (2020), “Managing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prisons: a systematic review”, BMJ Global Health, Vol. 5 No. 11, doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003201.
Fazel, S. and Seewald, K. (2012), “Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis”, British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 200 No. 5, pp. 364-373, doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096370.
Hofstraat, S.H.I., Falla, A.M., Duffell, E.F., Hahné, S.J.M., Amato-Gauci, A.J., Veldhuijzen, I.K. and Tavoschi, L. (2017), “Current prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection in the general population, blood donors and pregnant women in the EU/EEA: a systematic review”, Epidemiology and Infection, Vol. 145 No. 14, pp. 2873-2885, doi: 10.1017/S0950268817001947.
I.Stat (2020), “Popolazione residente al 1° gennaio: lombardia”, available at: http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=18548 (accessed 3 November 2020).
Istituto Superiore di Sanità (2020), “Epidemia COVID-19 aggiornamento nazionale 12 marzo 2020 – ore 16:00”, available at: www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_12-marzo-2020.pdf
Kinner, S.A., Young, J.T., Snow, K., Southalan, L., Lopez-Acuña, D., Ferreira-Borges, C. and O’Moorek, E. (2020), “Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response to COVID-19”, The Lancet Public Health, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. e188-e189, doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30058-X.
Ministero della Giustizia (2020a), “Detenuti italiani e stranieri presenti e capienze per istituto - aggiornamento al 31 gennaio 2020”, available at: www.giustizia.it/giustizia/it/mg_1_14_1.page?contentId=SST245520&previsiousPage=mg_1_14 (accessed 3 November 2020).
Ministero della Giustizia (2020b), “Nota 13 marzo 2020 - Ulteriori indicazioni operative per la prevenzione del contagio da coronavirus negli istituti penitenziari - AMMINISTRAZIONE PENITENZIARIA”.
Ministero della Giustizia (2020c), “Nota 22 febbraio 2020 - Raccomandazioni organizzative per la prevenzione del contagio del coronavirus - AMMINISTRAZIONE PENITENZIARIA”, available at: www.giustizia.it/giustizia/it/mg_1_8_1.page?facetNode_1=0_62&contentId=SDC248986&previsiousPage=mg_1_8 (accessed 3 November 2020).
Miravalle, M., Scandurra, A., Antonucci, C., Brioschi, F., De Caro, E., Gonnella, P., Marietti, S., Monacelli, A., Paterniti Martello, C., Oleandri, A., Parisi, G., Allegri, P.A., Altopiedi, R., Cancellaro, F., Di Cecca, D., Fabini, G., Ferraris, V., Franchina, A., Maculan, A., Prina, F., Ronco, D., Sarzotti, C. and Torrente, G. (2019), “Il carcere secondo la costituzione. XV rapporto di antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione”, Spaccio, Traffico e Dipendenze, available at: www.antigone.it/quindicesimo-rapporto-sulle-condizioni-di-detenzione/
Munday, D., Leaman, J., O’Moore, E. and Plugge, E. (2019), “The prevalence of non-communicable disease in older people in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis”, Age and Ageing, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 204-212, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy186.
Onder, G., Rezza, G. and Brusaferro, S. (2020), “Case-Fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy”, Jama, Vol. 323 No. 18, pp. 1775-1776, doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4683.
Presidente della Repubblica Italiana (2020), “DECRETO-LEGGE 17 marzo 2020, n. 18 misure di potenziamento del servizio sanitario nazionale e di sostegno economico per famiglie, lavoratori e imprese connesse all’emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19”, Gazzetta della Repubblica Italiana.
Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (2020), “Covid-19”, available at: https://github.com/pcm-dpc
Rahmandad, H., Lim, T.Y. and Sterman, J. (2020), “Estimating COVID-19 under-reporting across 86 nations: implications for projections and control”, medRxiv, available at: www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.20139451v2.full.pdf
Razzini, K., Castrica, M., Menichetti, L., Maggi, L., Negroni, L., Orfeo, N.V., Pizzoccheri, A., Stocco, M., Muttini, S. and Balzaretti, C.M. (2020), “SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in the air and on surfaces in the COVID-19 ward of a hospital in Milan, Italy”, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 742, p. 140540, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140540.
Riccardo, F. Ajelli, M., Andrianou, X. D., Bella, A., Del Manso, M., Fabiani, M., Bellino, S., Boros, S., Urdiales, A.M., Marziano, V., Rota, M.C., Filia, A., D’Ancona, F., Siddu, A., Punzo, O., Trentini, F., Guzzetta, G., , Poletti, P., Stefanelli, P., Castrucci, M.R., Ciervo, A., Di Benedetto, C., Tallon, M., Piccioli, A., Rezza, G., Merler, S. and Pezzotti, P. (2020), “Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in Italy and estimates of the reproductive numbers one month into the epidemic”.
Tavoschi, L., Monarca, R., Giuliani, R., Saponaro, A., Petrella, S., Ranieri, R., Alves da Costa, F., Ferreira-Borges, C. and Montanari, L. (2020), “Prevention and control of COVID-19 in Italian prisons: stringent measures and unintended consequences”, Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 8, pp. 17-19, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.559135.
Wang, X., Zhou, Q., He, Y., Liu, L., Ma, X., Wei, X., Jiang, N., Liang, L., Zheng, Y., Ma, L., Xu, Y., Yang, D., Zhang, J., Yang, B., Jiang, N., Deng, T., Zhai, B., Gao, Y., Liu, W., Bai, X., Pan, T., Wang, G., Chang, Y., Zhang, Z., Shi, H., Ma, W. and Gao, Z. (2020), “Nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China”, European Respiratory Journal, Vol. 55 No. 6, doi: 10.1183/13993003.00544-2020.
WHO (2020), “WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19”, available at: www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19–−11-march-2020 (accessed 3 November 2020).
Williamson, E.J., Walker, A.J., Bhaskaran, K., Bacon, S., Bates, C., Morton, C.E., Curtis, H.J., Mehrkar, A., Evans, D., Inglesby, P., Cockburn, J., McDonald, H.I., MacKenna, B., Tomlinson, L., Douglas, I.J., Rentsch, C.T., Mathur, R., Wong, A.Y.S., Grieve, R., Harrison, D., Forbes, H., Schultze, A., Croker, R., Parry, J., Hester, F., Harper, S., Perera, R., Evans, S.J.E., Smeeth, L. and Goldacre, B. (2020), “Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY”, Nature, Vol. 584 No. 7821, pp. 430-436, doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4.
World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2013), “Good governance for prison health in the 21st century. A policy brief on the organization of prison health”, available at: www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/231506/Good-governance-for-prison-health-in-the-21st-century.pdf