Genetic, Clinical, and Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Stimulant Treatment Outcomes in ADHD.

Adolescent Adult Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / complications Central Nervous System Stimulants / therapeutic use Child Child, Preschool Comorbidity Demography Female Genome-Wide Association Study Humans Male Mental Disorders / complications Multifactorial Inheritance Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Risk Factors Social Factors Treatment Outcome Young Adult
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Electronic Health Records Neurodevelopmental Disorders Pharmacogenetics Polygenic Risk Scores Treatment Discontinuation

Journal

The American journal of psychiatry
ISSN: 1535-7228
Titre abrégé: Am J Psychiatry
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0370512

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 09 2021
Historique:
pubmed: 23 6 2021
medline: 29 9 2021
entrez: 22 6 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Stimulant medications are effective for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet discontinuation and switch to nonstimulant ADHD medications are common. This study aimed to identify genetic, clinical, and sociodemographic factors influencing stimulant treatment initiation, discontinuation, and switch to nonstimulants in individuals with ADHD. The authors obtained genetic and national register data for 9,133 individuals with ADHD from the Danish iPSYCH2012 sample and defined stimulant treatment initiation, discontinuation, and switch from prescriptions. For each stimulant treatment outcome, they examined associations with polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for psychiatric disorders and clinical and sociodemographic factors using survival analyses, and conducted genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and estimated single-nucleotide polymorphism heritability (h Eighty-one percent of the sample initiated stimulant treatment. Within 2 years, 45% discontinued stimulants and 15% switched to nonstimulants. Bipolar disorder PRS (hazard ratio=1.05, 95% CI=1.02, 1.09) and schizophrenia PRS (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% CI=1.03, 1.11) were associated with discontinuation. Depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia PRSs were marginally but not significantly associated with switch (hazard ratio range, 1.05-1.07). No associations were observed for ADHD and autism PRSs. Individuals diagnosed with ADHD at age 13 or older had higher rates of stimulant initiation, discontinuation, and switch (hazard ratio range, 1.27-2.01). Psychiatric comorbidities generally reduced rates of initiation (hazard ratio range, 0.84-0.88) and increased rates of discontinuation (hazard ratio range, 1.19-1.45) and switch (hazard ratio range, 1.40-2.08). h The study findings suggest that individuals with ADHD with higher polygenic liability for mood and/or psychotic disorders, delayed ADHD diagnosis, and psychiatric comorbidities have a higher risk for stimulant treatment discontinuation and switch to nonstimulants. Despite the study's limited sample size, one putative GWAS hit for switch was identified, illustrating the potential of utilizing genomics linked to prescription databases to advance ADHD pharmacogenomics.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20121686 PMID: 34154395 PMC: PMC10951468
pubmed: 34154395
doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20121686
pmc: PMC10951468
mid: NIHMS1957352
doi:

Substances chimiques

Central Nervous System Stimulants 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

854-864

Subventions

Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 204895/Z/16/Z
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : U01 MH109514
Pays : United States

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

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Auteurs

Isabell Brikell (I)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
ORCID: 0000-0002-3800-6665

Theresa Wimberley (T)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Clara Albiñana (C)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Emil Michael Pedersen (EM)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Bjarni Jóhann Vilhjálmsson (BJ)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Esben Agerbo (E)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Ditte Demontis (D)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Anders D Børglum (AD)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Andrew J Schork (AJ)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Sonja LaBianca (S)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Thomas Werge (T)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Ole Mors (O)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

David M Hougaard (DM)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Anita Thapar (A)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Preben Bo Mortensen (PB)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

Søren Dalsgaard (S)

Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).

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