Application of the Bethesda system of reporting for cervical cytology to evaluate human papilloma virus induced changes in oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A cytomorphological and genetic study.
Adult
Aged
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
/ pathology
Female
Human papillomavirus 16
/ genetics
Humans
Leukoplakia
/ pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Mouth Neoplasms
/ pathology
Papanicolaou Test
/ methods
Papillomavirus Infections
/ pathology
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
/ pathology
Sensitivity and Specificity
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
/ pathology
HPV16
leukoplakia
liquid based cytology
oral squamous cell carcinoma
oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Journal
Diagnostic cytopathology
ISSN: 1097-0339
Titre abrégé: Diagn Cytopathol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8506895
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2021
Sep 2021
Historique:
revised:
10
05
2021
received:
21
01
2021
accepted:
16
06
2021
pubmed:
25
6
2021
medline:
4
1
2022
entrez:
24
6
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has a well-established carcinogenic role in certain head and neck cancers. These HPV associated cancers possess unique clinicopathological behavior and exhibits better prognosis than their negative counterparts. Detection through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been considered as the "gold standard" but imposes burden in low resource settings. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the validity of cytomorphological features for the detection of HPV in oral leukoplakia (OL), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). This study included 63 subjects comprising of 25 OL, 26 OSCC, and 12 OPSCC cases. Exfoliated cells were collected and processed for PCR followed by Papanicolaou staining and subsequent grading. Additionally the non-classical signs were evaluated and statistical analysis included Chi-square and Spearman's test. 23/63 (36.5%) cases showed PCR positivity for HPV16. Most of the cytomorphological features showed significant correlation for the presence of HPV. A greater sensitivity and specificity was observed in the Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology (TBS) than the Papanicolaou grading system. We conclude that the non-classic cytological features could be employed in the detection of HPV in low resource settings with improved sensitivity. Liquid based cytology graded using TBS could be suitable for oral cytology in the detection of early atypical changes.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has a well-established carcinogenic role in certain head and neck cancers. These HPV associated cancers possess unique clinicopathological behavior and exhibits better prognosis than their negative counterparts. Detection through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been considered as the "gold standard" but imposes burden in low resource settings. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the validity of cytomorphological features for the detection of HPV in oral leukoplakia (OL), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).
METHODOLOGY
METHODS
This study included 63 subjects comprising of 25 OL, 26 OSCC, and 12 OPSCC cases. Exfoliated cells were collected and processed for PCR followed by Papanicolaou staining and subsequent grading. Additionally the non-classical signs were evaluated and statistical analysis included Chi-square and Spearman's test.
RESULT
RESULTS
23/63 (36.5%) cases showed PCR positivity for HPV16. Most of the cytomorphological features showed significant correlation for the presence of HPV. A greater sensitivity and specificity was observed in the Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology (TBS) than the Papanicolaou grading system.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the non-classic cytological features could be employed in the detection of HPV in low resource settings with improved sensitivity. Liquid based cytology graded using TBS could be suitable for oral cytology in the detection of early atypical changes.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1036-1044Informations de copyright
© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PJ. WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. 4th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); 2017.
Kim YJ, Kim JH. Increasing incidence and improving survival of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):7877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64748-0
Tota JE, Anderson WF, Coffey C, et al. Rising incidence of oral tongue cancer among white men and women in the United States, 1973-2012. Oral Oncol. 2017;67:146-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.02.019
Stein AP, Saha S, Kraninger JL, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal cancer: a systematic review. Cancer J. 2015;21(3):138-146. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000115
Nijhawan R, Mittal N, Suri V, Rajwanshi A. Enhancing the scope of conventional cervical cytology for detecting HPV infection. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010;38(9):645-651. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.21278
Banerjee A, Kamath V. Evaluation and comparison of conventional brush-based and centrifugation liquid-based cytopathology. Clin Cancer Investig J. 2018;7(3):104-109. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccij.ccij_32_18
Bollmann M, Bánkfalvi A, Trosic A, Speich N, Schmittt C, Bollmann R. Can we detect cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by cytomorphology alone? Diagnostic value of non-classic cytological signs of HPV effect in minimally abnormal pap tests. Cytopathology. 2005;16(1):13-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2303.2004.00179.x
Schneider A, Meinhardt G, De-Villiers EM, Gissmann L. Sensitivity of the cytologic diagnosis of cervical condyloma in comparison with HPV-DNA hybridization studies. Diagn Cytopathol. 1987;3(3):250-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.2840030315
Rachmadi L, Jordanova ES, Kolkman-Uljee S, et al. Cytomorphological analysis of uterine cervical pap smears in relation to human papillomavirus infection in Indonesian women. Acta Cytol. 2012;56(2):171-176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335562
Deuerling L, Gaida K, Neumann H, Remmerbach TW. Evaluation of the accuracy of liquid-based oral brush cytology in screening for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers. 2019;11(11):1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111813
Alsarraf A, Kujan O, Farah CS. Liquid-based oral brush cytology in the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia using a modified Bethesda cytology system. Jpn J Oral Diag/Oral Med. 2016;29:28-35.
Sekine J, Nakatani E, Hideshima K, Iwahashi T, Sasaki H. Diagnostic accuracy of oral cancer cytology in a pilot study. Diagn Pathol. 2017;12(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-017-0618-3
Donmez HG, Tanacan A, Unal C, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and autoimmune disorders: a tertiary center experience. Pathog Dis. 2019;77(3):ftz028. https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftz028
Vidya S, Kiran MS, Rahul R. Exfoliative cytology in every day practice. JDOR. 2019;15(1):63-68.
Nayar R, Wilbur DC. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: Definitions, Criteria, and Explanatory Notes. 3rd ed. Bethesda: Springer International Publishing; 2015:321.
Paver EC, Currie AM, Gupta R, Dahlstrom JE. Human papilloma virus related squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: diagnosis, clinical implications and detection of HPV. Pathology. 2020;52(2):179-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2019.10.008
Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, et al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):24-35. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0912217
Kashyap V, Hedau S, Bhambhani S. Defining the validity of classical and non-classical cellular changes indicative of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion encompassing human papillomavirus infection in relation to human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing. J Cytol. 2011;28(4):159-164.
Khangura RK, Sengupta S, Sircar K, Sharma B, Singh S, Rastogi V. HPV involvement in OSCC: correlation of PCR results with light microscopic features. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2013;17(2):195-200. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.119756
Sugiyama M, Bhawal UK, Dohmen T, Ono S, Miyauchi M, Ishikawa T. Detection of human papillomavirus-16 and HPV-18 DNA in normal, dysplastic, and malignant oral epithelium. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;95(5):594-600. https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2003.36
Maroun CA, Al Feghali K, Traboulsi H, et al. HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer prevalence in a middle eastern population using E6/E7 PCR. Infect Agent Cancer. 2020;15:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-019-0268-z
Woo SB, Cashman EC, Lerman MA. Human papillomavirus-associated oral intraepithelial neoplasia. Mod Pathol. 2013;26(10):1288-1297. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2013.70
Krawczyk E, Suprynowicz FA, Liu X, et al. Koilocytosis: a cooperative interaction between the human papillomavirus E5 and E6 oncoproteins. Am J Pathol. 2008;173(3):682-688. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2008.080280
Washiya K, Motoi M, Kobayashi T, Yoshioka H, Watanabe J. Significance of binucleated cells with compression in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Acta Cytol. 2013;57(6):599-603. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353802
Miyahara GI, Simonato LE, Mattar NJ, Camilo DJ Jr, Biasoli ER. Correlation between koilocytes and human papillomavirus detection by PCR in oral and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma biopsies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011;106(2):166-169. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762011000200008
Cramer HM, Skinner-Wannemuehler SE, Brown DR, Katz BP, Fife KH. Cytomorphologic correlates of human papillomavirus infection in the "normal" cervicovaginal smear. Acta Cytol. 1997;41(2):261-268. https://doi.org/10.1159/000332452
Yamamoto LS, Alves VA, Maeda MY, Longatto-Filho A, Utagawa ML, Eluf NJ. A morphological protocol and guide-list on uterine cervix cytology associated to papillomavirus infection. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2004;46(4):189-193. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652004000400003
Cecchini S, Confortini M, Bonardi L, et al. "Nonclassic" cytologic signs of cervical condyloma. A case-control study. Acta Cytol. 1990;34(6):781-784.
Mishra S, Husain N, Awasthi NP, Pradeep Y, Roohi R, Saxena S. Liquid-based cytology: do ancillary techniques enhance detection of epithelial abnormalities? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2018;298(1):159-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-018-4763-z
Delavarian Z, Mohtasham N, Mosannen-Mozafari P, Pakfetrat A, Shakeri MT, Ghafoorian-Maddah R. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of a modified liquid-based cytology using OralCDx brush in early detection of oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(5):e671-e676. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.15.e671
Kondo Y, Oya K, Sakai M, et al. Accuracy of liquid-based cytology (LBC) in the oral mucosa according to novel diagnostic guidelines in Japan: classification of cytology for oral mucosal disease (JSCC, 2015). Oral Sci Int. 2020;17(1):22-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/osi2.1035