Acute or chronic pulmonary emphysema? Or both?-A contribution to the diagnosis of death due to violent asphyxiation in cases with pre-existing chronic emphysema.
Acute versus chronic pulmonary emphysema
Aquaporin 5
Surfactant protein A1
Transmission electron microscopy
Violent asphyxiation
Journal
International journal of legal medicine
ISSN: 1437-1596
Titre abrégé: Int J Legal Med
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9101456
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jan 2022
Jan 2022
Historique:
received:
28
12
2020
accepted:
30
04
2021
pubmed:
29
6
2021
medline:
7
4
2022
entrez:
28
6
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The diagnosis of death due to violent asphyxiation may be challenging if external injuries are missing, and a typical acute emphysema (AE) "disappears" in pre-existing chronic emphysema (CE). Eighty-four autopsy cases were systematically investigated to identify a (histo-) morphological or immunohistochemical marker combination that enables the diagnosis of violent asphyxiation in cases with a pre-existing CE ("AE in CE"). The cases comprised four diagnostic groups, namely "AE", "CE", "acute and chronic emphysema (AE + CE)", and "no emphysema (NE)". Samples from all pulmonary lobes were investigated by conventional histological methods as well as with the immunohistochemical markers Aquaporin 5 (AQP-5) and Surfactant protein A1 (SP-A). Particular attention was paid to alveolar septum ends ("dead-ends") suspected as rupture spots, which were additionally analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The findings in the four diagnostic groups were compared using multivariate analysis and 1-way ANOVA analysis. All morphological findings were found in all four groups. Based on histological and macroscopic findings, a multivariate analysis was able to predict the correct diagnosis "AE + CE" with a probability of 50%, and the diagnoses "AE" and "CE" with a probability of 86% each. Three types of "dead-ends" could be differentiated. One type ("fringed ends") was observed significantly more frequently in AE. The immunohistochemical markers AQP-5 and SP-A did not show significant differences among the examined groups. Though a reliable identification of AE in CE could not be achieved using the examined parameters, our findings suggest that considering many different findings from the macroscopical, histomorphological, and molecular level by multivariate analysis is an approach that should be followed.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34181078
doi: 10.1007/s00414-021-02619-7
pii: 10.1007/s00414-021-02619-7
pmc: PMC8813827
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
133-147Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s).
Références
Nasemann J (1982) Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage des akuten Emphysems bei Strangulation. Beitr Gerichtl Med 40:123–128
pubmed: 7165629
Koops E, Kleiber M, Brinkmann B (1982) Über Befundmuster und besondere Befunde bei homicidalem und suicidalem Erdrosseln. Beitr Gerichtl Med 40:129–133
pubmed: 7165630
Klysner A, Lynnerup N, Hougen HP (2011) Is acute alveolar dilation an indicator of strangulation homicide? Med Sci Law 51(2):102–105. https://doi.org/10.1258/msl.2011.010132
doi: 10.1258/msl.2011.010132
Geserick G, Kämpfe U (1990) Zur Bedeutung von Stauungsblutungen bei der gewaltsamen Asphyxie. In: Brinkmann B, Püschel K (eds) Ersticken. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, pp 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75757-0_11
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-75757-0_11
Dettmeyer R, Veit F, Verhoff MA (2019) Gewalt gegen den Hals. In: Dettmeyer R, Veit F, Verhoff MA (eds) Rechtsmedizin, 3 edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58658-7
Brinkmann B (2004) Ersticken. In: Brinkmann B, Madea B (eds) Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin, vol 1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 699–796
Keil W, Lunetta P, Vann R, Madea B (2014) Injuries due to Asphyxiation and Drowning. In: Madea B (ed) Handbook of forensic medicine. Wiley Blackwell, pp 367–450
Haarhoff K (1971) Autoptische Befunde beim Erwürgen und Erdrosseln. Beitr Gerichtl Med 28:137–142
Reay DT, Eisele JW (1982) Death from law enforcement neck holds. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 3(3):253–258. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198209000-00012
doi: 10.1097/00000433-198209000-00012
pubmed: 7148779
Maxeiner H, Schneider V (1985) Zum Erstickungstode beim Verschluß der Atemöffnungen durch Sand. Z Rechtsmed 94(3):173–189
pubmed: 4024749
Banaschak S, Schmidt P, Madea B (2003) Smothering of children older than 1 year of age—diagnostic significance of morphological findings. Forensic Sci Int 134(2–3):163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00135-x
doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00135-x
pubmed: 12850412
Buschmann CT, Rosenbaum F, Tsokos M (2008) Ein Fall von überlebter Thoraxkompression durch Beknien-“Burking.” Arch Kriminol 222(128):e32
Prasad DD (2014) Burking: a case report. J Evol Med Dent Sci 3(39):9959–9964
doi: 10.14260/jemds/2014/3291
Berzlanovich AM, Schöpfer J, Keil W (2012) Deaths due to physical restraint. Dtsch Arztebl Int 109(3):27–32. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2012.0027
doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0027
pubmed: 22334818
pmcid: 3272587
Janssen W (1969) Der forensische Beweiswert histologischer Untersuchungen. Beitr Gerichtl Med 25:51–60
pubmed: 5821396
Reh H (1979) Vitale Reaktionen der Atmungsorgane. Beitr Gerichtl Med 37:121–126
pubmed: 518477
Brinkmann B, Fechner G, Puschel K (1984) Identification of mechanical asphyxiation in cases of attempted masking of the homicide. Forensic Sci Int 26(4):235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(84)90028-8
doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(84)90028-8
pubmed: 6519613
Sadler DW (1994) Concealed homicidal strangulation first discovered at necropsy. J Clin Pathol 47(7):679–680. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.47.7.679
doi: 10.1136/jcp.47.7.679
pubmed: 8089233
pmcid: 502125
Schmeling A, Fracasso T, Pragst F, Tsokos M, Wirth I (2009) Unassisted smothering in a pillow. Int J Legal Med 123(6):517–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-009-0362-7
doi: 10.1007/s00414-009-0362-7
pubmed: 19621234
Brinkmann B (1978) Vital reactions of the pulmonary circulation in fatal strangulation (author’s transl). Zeitschrift fur Rechtsmedizin Journal of legal medicine 81(2):133–146
Brinkmann B, Puschel K (1981) Histomorphological alterations of lung after strangulation. A comparative experimental study (author’s transl). Zeitschrift fur Rechtsmedizin J Legal Med 86(3):175–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203794
doi: 10.1007/BF00203794
Grellner W, Madea B (2021) Histopathology of the lung in asphyxiation, suffocation and pressure to the neck. In: Madea B (ed) Asphyxiation, suffocation, and neck pressure deaths. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 120–123
Keil W, Berzlanovich A (2010) Ersticken durch weiche Bedeckung. Rechtsmedizin 20(6):519–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00194-010-0714-0
doi: 10.1007/s00194-010-0714-0
Pollak S (1975) Über die Häufigkeit des Lungenödems beim Erhängungstod. Beitr Gerichtl Med 33:134–138
pubmed: 1222025
Wiese J, Maxeiner H, Schneider V (1990) Histologische Lungenbefunde beim Würgen und Drosseln. In: Brinkmann B, Püschel K (eds) Ersticken. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, pp 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75757-0_20
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-75757-0_20
Grellner W, Madea B (1994) Pulmonary micromorphology in fatal strangulations. Forensic Sci Int 67(2):109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(94)90326-3
doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(94)90326-3
pubmed: 7927093
Gutjahr E, Madea B (2019) Inflammatory reaction patterns of the lung as a response to alveolar hypoxia and their significance for the diagnosis of asphyxiation. Forensic Sci Int 297:315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.026
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.026
pubmed: 30852415
Brinkmann B (1978) Zur Pathophysiologie und Pathomorphologie bei Tod durch Druckstauung. Z Rechtsmed 81(2):79–96
pubmed: 352022
Du Chesne A, Cecchi-Mureani R, Puschel K, Brinkmann B (1996) Macrophage subtype patterns in protracted asphyxiation. Int J Legal Med 109(4):163–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01225512
doi: 10.1007/BF01225512
pubmed: 9007629
Vacchiano G, D’Armiento F, Torino R (2001) Is the appearance of macrophages in pulmonary tissue related to time of asphyxia? Forensic Sci Int 115(1–2):9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00301-7
doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00301-7
pubmed: 11056266
Strunk T, Hamacher D, Schulz R, Brinkmann B (2010) Reaction patterns of pulmonary macrophages in protracted asphyxiation. Int J Legal Med 124(6):559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-009-0410-3
doi: 10.1007/s00414-009-0410-3
pubmed: 20151144
Betz P, Nerlich A, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993) Pulmonary giant cells and their significance for the diagnosis of asphyxiation. Int J Legal Med 106(3):156–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01225239
doi: 10.1007/BF01225239
pubmed: 8117595
Betz P, Beier G, Eisenmenger W (1994) Pulmonary giant cells and traumatic asphyxia. Int J Legal Med 106(5):258–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01225416
doi: 10.1007/BF01225416
pubmed: 8068571
Grellner W, Madea B (1996) Immunohistochemical characterization of alveolar macrophages and pulmonary giant cells in fatal asphyxia. Forensic Sci Int 79(3):205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(96)01913-5
doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(96)01913-5
pubmed: 8682416
Gutjahr E, Madea B (2020) Diagnose einer gewaltsamen Erstickung: Teil 1: Reevaluation der Spezifität makroskopischer und histomorphologischer Befunde. Rechtsmedizin 30(1):55–63
doi: 10.1007/s00194-019-00369-w
Püschel K, Lach H (2004) Gewaltsames Ersticken. In: Madea B, Bratzke H, Pollak S, Püschel K, Rothschild M (eds) 100 Jahre Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gerichtliche Medizin/Rechtsmedizin: vom Gründungsbeschluss 1904 zur Rechtsmedizin des 21. Jahrhunderts. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rechtsmedizin, Essen, pp 800–815
Witschel H, Schulz E (1970) Lungenveränderungen bei künstlicher Beatmung. Z Rechtsmed 67(6):329–341
doi: 10.1007/BF02083040
Houston JC, De Navasquez S, Trounce JR (1953) A clinical and pathological study of fatal cases of status asthmaticus. Thorax 8(3):207–213. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.8.3.207
doi: 10.1136/thx.8.3.207
pubmed: 13102418
pmcid: 1019266
Heinen M, Dotzauer G (1973) Problemfall:“Ertrinkungslunge.” Beitr Gerichtl Med 30:133
pubmed: 4702741
Giorgetti R, Bellero R, Giacomelli L, Tagliabracci A (2009) Morphometric investigation of death by asphyxia. J Forensic Sci 54(3):672–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01023.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01023.x
pubmed: 19445027
Kohlhase C, Maxeiner H (2003) Morphometric investigation of emphysema aquosum in the elderly. Forensic Sci Int 134(2–3):93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00136-1
doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00136-1
pubmed: 12850401
Zhu BL, Maeda H, Fukita K, Sakurai M, Kobayashi Y (1996) Immunohistochemical investigation of pulmonary surfactant in perinatal fatalities. Forensic Sci Int 83(3):219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(96)02040-3
doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(96)02040-3
pubmed: 9032955
Zhu BL, Ishida K, Quan L, Fujita MQ, Maeda H (2000) Immunohistochemistry of pulmonary surfactant apoprotein A in forensic autopsy: reassessment in relation to the causes of death. Forensic Sci Int 113(1–3):193–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00264-4
doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00264-4
pubmed: 10978624
Zhu BL, Ishida K, Fujita MQ, Maeda H (2000) Immunohistochemical investigation of a pulmonary surfactant in fatal mechanical asphyxia. Int J Legal Med 113(5):268–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004149900109
doi: 10.1007/s004149900109
pubmed: 11009061
Zhu BL, Ishida K, Quan L, Li DR, Taniguchi M, Fujita MQ, Maeda H, Tsuji T (2002) Pulmonary immunohistochemistry and serum levels of a surfactant-associated protein A in fatal drowning. Leg Med (Tokyo) 4(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00051-7
doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00051-7
Ishida K, Zhu BL, Maeda H (2002) A quantitative RT-PCR assay of surfactant-associated protein A1 and A2 mRNA transcripts as a diagnostic tool for acute asphyxial death. Leg Med (Tokyo) 4(1):7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00056-6
doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00056-6
Maeda H, Fujita MQ, Zhu B-L, Ishida K, Quan L, Oritani S, Taniguchi M (2003) Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A as a marker of respiratory distress in forensic pathology: assessment of the immunohistochemical and biochemical findings. Leg Med 5:S318–S321. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1344-6223(02)00160-8
doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(02)00160-8
Perez-Carceles MD, Sibon A, Vizcaya MA, Osuna E, Gomez-Zapata M, Luna A, Martinez-Diaz F (2008) Histological findings and immunohistochemical surfactant protein A (SP-A) expression in asphyxia: its application in the diagnosis of drowning. Histol Histopathol 23(9):1061–1068. https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-23.1061
doi: 10.14670/HH-23.1061
pubmed: 18581277
Wang Q, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Zhu BL, Guan DW, Maeda H (2012) Intrapulmonary aquaporin-5 expression as a possible biomarker for discriminating smothering and choking from sudden cardiac death: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 220(1–3):154–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.013
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.013
pubmed: 22421325
Cecchi R, Sestili C, Prosperini G, Cecchetto G, Vicini E, Viel G, Muciaccia B (2014) Markers of mechanical asphyxia: immunohistochemical study on autoptic lung tissues. Int J Legal Med 128(1):117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-013-0876-x
doi: 10.1007/s00414-013-0876-x
pubmed: 23716025
Barranco R, Castiglioni C, Ventura F, Fracasso T (2019) Immunohistochemical expression of P-selectin, SP-A, HSP70, aquaporin 5, and fibronectin in saltwater drowning and freshwater drowning. Int J Legal Med 133(5):1461–1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02105-1
doi: 10.1007/s00414-019-02105-1
pubmed: 31222534
Brinkmann B, Püschel K, Bause H-W, Doehn M (1981) Zur Pathophysiologie der Atmung und des Kreislaufs bei Tod durch obstruktive Asphyxie. Zeitschrift fuer Rechtsmedizin 87–87(1–2):103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00201215
doi: 10.1007/bf00201215
Verbeken EK, Cauberghs M, Mertens I, Clement J, Lauweryns JM, Van de Woestijne KP (1992) The senile lung. Comparison with normal and emphysematous lungs. 1. Structural aspects. Chest 101(3):793–799. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.101.3.793
doi: 10.1378/chest.101.3.793
pubmed: 1541148
Janssens JP, Pache JC, Nicod LP (1999) Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing. Eur Respir J 13(1):197–205. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13a36.x
doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13a36.x
pubmed: 10836348
Fukuchi Y (2009) The aging lung and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: similarity and difference. Proc Am Thorac Soc 6(7):570–572. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200909-099RM
doi: 10.1513/pats.200909-099RM
pubmed: 19934351
Brashier BB, Kodgule R (2012) Risk factors and pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Assoc Physicians India 60 Suppl(Suppl):17–21
pubmed: 23155808
Fregonese L, Stolk J (2008) Hereditary alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and its clinical consequences. Orphanet J Rare Dis 3(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-3-16
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-16
pubmed: 18565211
pmcid: 2441617
Hartung W (1966) Zur pathologischen Anatomie des Lungenemphysems. Beitr Klin Erforsch Tuberk Lungenkr 133(3):225–236
doi: 10.1007/BF02116599
Finlay GA, O’Donnell MD, O’Connor CM, Hayes JP, FitzGerald MX (1996) Elastin and collagen remodeling in emphysema. A scanning electron microscopy study. Am J Pathol 149(4):1405–1415
pubmed: 8863687
pmcid: 1865175
Vlahovic G, Russell ML, Mercer RR, Crapo JD (1999) Cellular and connective tissue changes in alveolar septal walls in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160(6):2086–2092. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9706031
doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9706031
pubmed: 10588633
O’Donnell MD, O’Connor CM, FitzGerald MX, Lungarella G, Cavarra E, Martorana PA (1999) Ultrastructure of lung elastin and collagen in mouse models of spontaneous emphysema. Matrix Biol 18(4):357–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0945-053x(99)00031-1
doi: 10.1016/s0945-053x(99)00031-1
pubmed: 10517182
Lee SY, Woo SK, Lee SM, Ha EJ, Lim KH, Choi KH, Roh YH, Eom YB (2017) Microbiota composition and pulmonary surfactant protein expression as markers of death by drowning. J Forensic Sci 62(4):1080–1088. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13347
doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13347
pubmed: 28097647
Mulisch M, Welsch U (2010) Färbungen. Romeis Mikroskopische Technik, 18th edn. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 181–297
Kellner U (2019) Adaptive/regressive Erkrankungen des Herzens. In: Kellner U, Frahm S, Mawrin C, Krams M (eds) Kurzlehrbuch Pathologie, 3 edn. Thieme Stuttgart, pp 101–103. https://doi.org/10.1055/b-007-167433
Zhu BL, Ishida K, Oritani S, Quan L, Taniguchi M, Li DR, Fujita MQ, Maeda H (2001) Immunohistochemical investigation of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A in fire victims. Leg Med (Tokyo) 3(1):23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00006-2
doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00006-2
Reynolds ES (1963) The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17(1):208–212. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.17.1.208
doi: 10.1083/jcb.17.1.208
pubmed: 13986422
pmcid: 2106263
Barnes PJ (2004) Alveolar macrophages as orchestrators of COPD. COPD 1(1):59–70
doi: 10.1081/COPD-120028701
Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott WM, Buzatu L, Cherniack RM, Rogers RM, Sciurba FC, Coxson HO, Pare PD (2004) The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 350(26):2645–2653. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032158
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032158
pubmed: 15215480
Ponsold A, Berg S (1967) Die Erstickung im Allgemeinen. In: Ponsold A (ed) Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Medizin. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 313–319
Zeng Y, Lv Y, Tao L, Ma J, Zhang H, Xu H, Xiao B, Shi Q, Ma K, Chen L (2016) G6PC3, ALDOA and CS induction accompanies mir-122 down-regulation in the mechanical asphyxia and can serve as hypoxia biomarkers. Oncotarget 7(46):74526–74536. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.12931
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12931
pubmed: 27793029
pmcid: 5342684
Han L, Zhang H, Zeng Y, Lv Y, Tao L, Ma J, Xu H, Ma K, Shi Q, Xiao B, Chen L (2020) Identification of the miRNA-3185/CYP4A11 axis in cardiac tissue as a biomarker for mechanical asphyxia. Forensic Sci Int 311:110293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110293
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110293
pubmed: 32320934
Chao J, Wood JG, Blanco VG, Gonzalez NC (2009) The systemic inflammation of alveolar hypoxia is initiated by alveolar macrophage-borne mediator(s). Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 41(5):573–582. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2008-0417OC
doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0417OC
pubmed: 19244200
pmcid: 2778164
Chao J, Wood JG, Gonzalez NC (2009) Alveolar hypoxia, alveolar macrophages, and systemic inflammation. Respir Res 10(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-10-54
doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-54
pubmed: 19545431
pmcid: 2705912
Chao J, Donham P, van Rooijen N, Wood JG, Gonzalez NC (2011) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 released from alveolar macrophages mediates the systemic inflammation of acute alveolar hypoxia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 45(1):53–61. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2010-0264OC
doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0264OC
pubmed: 20813992
Cummings PM, Trelka DP, Springer KM (2011) Sudden death. In: Atlas of forensic histopathology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 92–152
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511920905.009
Thomas C (2004) Lunge. Histopathologie kompakt: Kursbuch der allgemeinen und speziellen Histopathologie. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 16–33
Rapello GV, Antoniolli A, Pereira DM, Facco G, Pego-Fernandes PM, Pazetti R (2015) Pulmonary emphysema induced by methylphenidate: experimental study. Sao Paulo Med J 133(2):131–134. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014.8470910
doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.2014.8470910
pubmed: 26018883
Schmitz F (2020) Atmungsorgane und Pleura. In: Aumueller G, Aust G, Conrad A et al. (eds) Duale Reihe Anatomie, 5 edn. Thieme Stuttgart, pp 541–577. https://doi.org/10.1055/b-007-170976
Wang H, Nugent WC (2010) Cough-induced bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 90(4):1363–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.04.024
doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.04.024
pubmed: 20868851
Riede UN, Kayser G, Freudenberg N, Matthys H (2017) Lunge. In: Riede U-N, Werner M (eds) Allgemeine und spezielle Pathologie, 2 edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 411–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48725-9
Borgnia M, Nielsen S, Engel A, Agre P (1999) Cellular and molecular biology of the aquaporin water channels. Annu Rev Biochem 68(1):425–458. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.425
doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.425
pubmed: 10872456
Verkman AS, Matthay MA, Song Y (2000) Aquaporin water channels and lung physiology. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278(5):L867-879. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.5.L867
doi: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.5.L867
pubmed: 10781416
Verkman AS, Mitra AK (2000) Structure and function of aquaporin water channels. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278(1):F13-28. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.1.F13
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.1.F13
pubmed: 10644652
Verkman AS (2002) Aquaporin water channels and endothelial cell function. J Anat 200(6):617–627. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00058.x
doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00058.x
pubmed: 12162729
pmcid: 1570747
King LS, Kozono D, Agre P (2004) From structure to disease: the evolving tale of aquaporin biology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5(9):687–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm1469
doi: 10.1038/nrm1469
pubmed: 15340377
Benga G (2009) Water channel proteins (later called aquaporins) and relatives: past, present, and future. IUBMB Life 61(2):112–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.156
doi: 10.1002/iub.156
pubmed: 19165894
Hayashi T, Ishida Y, Mizunuma S, Kimura A, Kondo T (2009) Differential diagnosis between freshwater drowning and saltwater drowning based on intrapulmonary aquaporin-5 expression. Int J Legal Med 123(1):7–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-008-0235-5
doi: 10.1007/s00414-008-0235-5
pubmed: 18458931
Lee SY, Ha EJ, Cho HW, Kim HR, Lee D, Eom YB (2019) Potential forensic application of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) as novel biomarkers for diagnosis of drowning. J Forensic Leg Med 62:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.01.007
doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.01.007
pubmed: 30677703
Phelps DS, Floros J (1988) Localization of surfactant protein synthesis in human lung by in situ hybridization. Am Rev Respir Dis 137(4):939–942. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/137.4.939
doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.4.939
pubmed: 3355002
Hawgood S, Clements JA (1990) Pulmonary surfactant and its apoproteins. J Clin Invest 86(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114670
doi: 10.1172/JCI114670
pubmed: 2195058
pmcid: 296681
Heinrich S, Hartl D, Griese M (2006) Surfactant protein A–from genes to human lung diseases. Curr Med Chem 13(27):3239–3252. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986706778773112
doi: 10.2174/092986706778773112
pubmed: 17168848
Towne JE, Harrod KS, Krane CM, Menon AG (2000) Decreased expression of aquaporin (AQP)1 and AQP5 in mouse lung after acute viral infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22(1):34–44. https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.22.1.3818
doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.1.3818
pubmed: 10615063
Gabazza EC, Kasper M, Ohta K, Keane M, D’Alessandro-Gabazza C, Fujimoto H, Nishii Y, Nakahara H, Takagi T, Menon AG, Adachi Y, Suzuki K, Taguchi O (2004) Decreased expression of aquaporin-5 in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in the mouse. Pathol Int 54(10):774–780. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.2004.01754.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2004.01754.x
pubmed: 15482567
Campobasso CP, Colonna MF, Zotti F, Sblano S, Dell’Erba AS (2012) An immunohistochemical study of pulmonary surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A) in forensic autopsy materials. Rom J Leg Med 20(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2012.1
doi: 10.4323/rjlm.2012.1
Durlacher SH, Banfield WG Jr, Bergner AD (1950) Post-mortem pulmonary edema. Yale J Biol Med 22(6):565–572
pubmed: 15431685
pmcid: 2599206
Vlachaki EM, Koutsopoulos AV, Tzanakis N, Neofytou E, Siganaki M, Drositis I, Moniakis A, Schiza S, Siafakas NM, Tzortzaki EG (2010) Altered surfactant protein-A expression in type II pneumocytes in COPD. Chest 137(1):37–45. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1029
doi: 10.1378/chest.09-1029
pubmed: 19741063
Sauvageau A, Boghossian E (2010) Classification of asphyxia: the need for standardization. J Forensic Sci 55(5):1259–1267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01459.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01459.x