SARS-CoV-2: An Overview of Virus Genetics, Transmission, and Immunopathogenesis.
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus
cross-species transmission
evolution
immune response
Journal
International journal of environmental research and public health
ISSN: 1660-4601
Titre abrégé: Int J Environ Res Public Health
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101238455
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 Jun 2021
10 Jun 2021
Historique:
received:
20
04
2021
revised:
27
05
2021
accepted:
04
06
2021
entrez:
2
7
2021
pubmed:
3
7
2021
medline:
8
7
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The human population is currently facing the third and possibly the worst pandemic caused by human coronaviruses (CoVs). The virus was first reported in Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019 and spread within a short time to almost all countries of the world. Genome analysis of the early virus isolates has revealed high similarity with SARS-CoV and hence the new virus was officially named SARS-CoV-2. Since CoVs have the largest genome among all RNA viruses, they can adapt to many point mutation and recombination events; particularly in the spike gene, which enable these viruses to rapidly change and evolve in nature. CoVs are known to cross the species boundaries by using different cellular receptors. Both animal reservoir and intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 are still unresolved and necessitate further investigation. In the current review, different aspects of SARS-CoV-2 biology and pathogenicity are discussed, including virus genetics and evolution, spike protein and its role in evolution and adaptation to novel hosts, and virus transmission and persistence in nature. In addition, the immune response developed during SARS-CoV-2 infection is demonstrated with special reference to the interplay between immune cells and their role in disease progression. We believe that the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak will not be the last and spillover of CoVs from bats will continue. Therefore, establishing intervention approaches to reduce the likelihood of future CoVs spillover from natural reservoirs is a priority.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34200934
pii: ijerph18126312
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126312
pmc: PMC8296125
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Références
Antiviral Res. 2013 Oct;100(1):246-54
pubmed: 23994189
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 May 26;117(21):11727-11734
pubmed: 32376634
Nat Commun. 2017 Apr 10;8:15092
pubmed: 28393837
Cell. 2020 May 14;181(4):894-904.e9
pubmed: 32275855
J Virol. 2005 Feb;79(3):1595-604
pubmed: 15650185
Clin Transl Immunology. 2019 Aug 05;8(8):e1073
pubmed: 31406574
PLoS One. 2017 Jul 20;12(7):e0181558
pubmed: 28727803
J Virol. 2008 Dec;82(24):12422-31
pubmed: 18842722
PLoS One. 2020 Jan 14;15(1):e0226997
pubmed: 31935226
J Virol. 2015 Dec;89(23):11820-33
pubmed: 26378163
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Apr 30;17(9):
pubmed: 32365891
Nature. 2020 Jul;583(7815):286-289
pubmed: 32380510
Pathogens. 2020 Mar 23;9(3):
pubmed: 32210130
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005 Dec;69(4):635-64
pubmed: 16339739
Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-574
pubmed: 32007145
Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 11;8(1):15177
pubmed: 30310104
Lancet. 2020 May 9;395(10235):1517-1520
pubmed: 32311318
Nature. 1992 Jun 4;357(6377):417-20
pubmed: 1350661
Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):420-422
pubmed: 32085846
Mil Med Res. 2020 Mar 13;7(1):11
pubmed: 32169119
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):221-236
pubmed: 31987001
Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):276-8
pubmed: 12958366
Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;14(2):140-5
pubmed: 24355866
Lancet. 1998 Feb 14;351(9101):472-7
pubmed: 9482438
Cell. 2021 Apr 29;184(9):2384-2393.e12
pubmed: 33794143
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Sep 1;202(5):756-759
pubmed: 32663409
J Virol. 2015 Jun;89(11):6121-5
pubmed: 25787280
Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):281-292.e6
pubmed: 32155444
Annu Rev Virol. 2016 Sep 29;3(1):237-261
pubmed: 27578435
J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 30;279(5):3197-201
pubmed: 14670965
Nature. 2003 Nov 27;426(6965):450-4
pubmed: 14647384
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):762-768
pubmed: 32161940
Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 26;5:17155
pubmed: 26607834
J Virol. 2013 Sep;87(17):9939-42
pubmed: 23824801
Viruses. 2019 Oct 22;11(10):
pubmed: 31652591
Lancet Public Health. 2021 May;6(5):e267-e268
pubmed: 33857454
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 1;88(13):5533-6
pubmed: 1648219
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 31;102(22):7988-93
pubmed: 15897467
Nature. 2013 Mar 14;495(7440):251-4
pubmed: 23486063
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Sep 19;20(18):
pubmed: 31546962
Nature. 2020 May;581(7807):221-224
pubmed: 32225175
J Virol. 2006 Sep;80(17):8639-52
pubmed: 16912312
Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Sep;13(9):752-61
pubmed: 23891402
Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018 Jan 26;7:16
pubmed: 29423191
Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020 Apr 21;22(5):32
pubmed: 32318865
Eur J Immunol. 2008 Jun;38(6):1610-20
pubmed: 18465770
J Virol. 1991 Nov;65(11):6232-7
pubmed: 1920630
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1993;342:293-8
pubmed: 7911642
Viruses. 2019 Sep 09;11(9):
pubmed: 31505793
Curr Biol. 2020 Apr 6;30(7):1346-1351.e2
pubmed: 32197085
JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1848-1849
pubmed: 32215589
Med Hypotheses. 2020 Aug;141:109781
pubmed: 32361528
J Virol. 2006 Jul;80(14):7270-4
pubmed: 16809333
ScientificWorldJournal. 2014 Jan 14;2014:603409
pubmed: 24558317
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021 Apr;20(4):365-373
pubmed: 33851875
Cell Microbiol. 2006 Aug;8(8):1211-8
pubmed: 16803585
Clin Immunol. 2020 Jun;215:108448
pubmed: 32353634
J Virol. 2009 Sep;83(17):8744-58
pubmed: 19553314
Lancet. 2021 Feb 6;397(10273):462
pubmed: 33549181
Clin Immunol. 2020 Jun;215:108427
pubmed: 32325252
Sci Adv. 2017 Nov 15;3(11):eaao4966
pubmed: 29152574
Science. 2020 May 29;368(6494):1016-1020
pubmed: 32269068
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):523-34
pubmed: 27344959
J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(12):6346-55
pubmed: 17428862
Viruses. 2019 Jan 14;11(1):
pubmed: 30646565
Lancet Microbe. 2020 May;1(1):e10
pubmed: 32835322
Lancet. 2020 Aug 29;396(10251):603-611
pubmed: 32822564
Autoimmun Rev. 2020 Jul;19(7):102554
pubmed: 32380316
Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Mar 11;27(3):325-328
pubmed: 32035028
Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506
pubmed: 31986264
JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Jul 1;174(7):722-725
pubmed: 32215598
Virology. 1992 Aug;189(2):792-4
pubmed: 1322604
J Virol. 2020 Jul 1;94(14):
pubmed: 32357959
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 10;69(14):411-415
pubmed: 32271722
Infect Genet Evol. 2020 Apr;79:104212
pubmed: 32004758
Infection. 2020 Oct;48(5):665-669
pubmed: 32737833
mBio. 2021 Feb 9;12(1):
pubmed: 33563817
N Engl J Med. 2020 May 21;382(21):2063
pubmed: 32294374
Front Med. 2020 Apr;14(2):126-135
pubmed: 32240462
mBio. 2020 Jul 21;11(4):
pubmed: 32694143
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):473-475
pubmed: 32048740
JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1843-1844
pubmed: 32159775
Rev Med Virol. 2020 May;30(3):e2107
pubmed: 32267987
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;39(9):1629-1635
pubmed: 32333222
Intervirology. 2016;59(3):163-169
pubmed: 28103598
Lancet. 2021 Apr 3;397(10281):1263-1264
pubmed: 33765410
Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;15(9):1377-84
pubmed: 19788804
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020 Mar;38(1):1-9
pubmed: 32105090
Lancet Microbe. 2020 Nov;1(7):e283-e289
pubmed: 33015652
Crit Care. 2020 Apr 16;24(1):155
pubmed: 32299479