Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of COVID-19 Among Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Web-Based Survey.

Adult Africa South of the Sahara / epidemiology COVID-19 / epidemiology Communicable Disease Control Cross-Sectional Studies Female Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Health Personnel / psychology Humans Internet Male Middle Aged Perception Surveys and Questionnaires
COVID-19 Frontline workers Lockdown Public health preparedness/response Risk perception

Journal

Health security
ISSN: 2326-5108
Titre abrégé: Health Secur
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101654694

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
Historique:
pubmed: 7 7 2021
medline: 7 9 2021
entrez: 6 7 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic and associated high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, there is panic among healthcare workers because of the higher risk of being infected. This study compared knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of COVID-19 among healthcare workers (HCWs) and non-healthcare workers (non-HCWs) and examined common associated factors. A web-based cross-sectional study of 1,871 respondents (430 HCWs and 1,441 non-HCWs) was conducted while lockdown measures were in place in 4 regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Data were obtained using a validated self-administered questionnaire via an online survey platform. Mean scores were calculated and summarized using a

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1089/hs.2020.0208 PMID: 34227870
pubmed: 34227870
doi: 10.1089/hs.2020.0208
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

393-404

Auteurs

Bernadine N Ekpenyong (BN)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Uchechukwu L Osuagwu (UL)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Chundung Asabe Miner (CA)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Godwin O Ovenseri-Ogbomo (GO)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Emmanuel Kwasi Abu (EK)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Piwuna Christopher Goson (PC)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Raymond Langsi (R)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Obinna Nwaeze (O)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Timothy G Chikasirimobi (TG)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Deborah Donald Charwe (DD)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Khathutshelo Percy Mashige (KP)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Richard Oloruntoba (R)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Tanko Ishaya (T)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

Kingsley Emwinyore Agho (KE)

Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, PhD, is Head, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, PhD, is a Research Fellow, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Translational Research Unit, School of Medicine; and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences; both at Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia. Chundung A. Miner, FWACP, is an Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences; Piwuna Christopher Goson, MBBS, MSc, is a Reader and Head, Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences; and Tanko Ishaya, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Computer Science; all at the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, PhD, is Dean, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Raymond Langsi, MBBS, is Head, Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon. Obinna Nwaeze, MSc, DM, is a Practicing Physician, County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service Foundation, United Kingdom. Timothy G. Chikasirimobi, OD, is a Master's Student, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. Deborah Donald Charwe, MSc, is Senior Research Nutritionist, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Khathutshelo Percy Mashige, PhD, is a Professor, Discipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Richard Oloruntoba, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, School of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia. Bernadine Ekpenyong, Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu, Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho are also Affiliates, African Vision Research Institute, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. *Co-first authors.

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