Attributes of drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene associated with microbiological water quality of stored drinking water in rural schools in Mozambique and Uganda.
Children's environmental health exposure
Compartment bag test
Escherichia coli
Evaluation and monitoring
WaSH in schools (WiS)
sustainable Development goals (SDGs)
Journal
International journal of hygiene and environmental health
ISSN: 1618-131X
Titre abrégé: Int J Hyg Environ Health
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 100898843
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2021
07 2021
Historique:
received:
10
12
2020
revised:
01
07
2021
accepted:
03
07
2021
pubmed:
10
7
2021
medline:
26
10
2021
entrez:
9
7
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Contaminated drinking water causes morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Drinking water quality has been studied extensively in household settings, but little research is available on drinking water quality in schools. School settings are of particular importance, because children are more susceptible than adults to a variety of diseases from contaminated drinking water. Many school water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) interventions have been studied for their efficacy to reduce diarrheal disease incidence, but few have evaluated drinking water quality, which reflects an important exposure pathway between WaSH services and health outcomes. Using school surveys developed from internationally established WaSH indicators and field microbiological water quality tests, we studied 374 rural schools in Mozambique and Uganda to understand the association between specific WaSH services and drinking water microbiological contamination, specifically testing most probable number (MPN) of Escherichia coli, an indicator of fecal contamination, per 100 mL. In Mozambique and Uganda, 71% and 83% respectively of rural schools had low risk drinking water quality (<1 E. coli/100 mL); thirteen percent and seven percent had very high-risk water quality (≥100 E. coli/100 mL). When accounting for all WaSH services studied, schools that used an improved-type water source had 0.22 times less E. coli in stored drinking water in Mozambique (95% CI: 0.07, 0.65) and 0.12 times less E. coli in Uganda (95% CI: 0.02, 0.80). In Mozambique, use of a water source within 30 minutes for travel and collection and the presence of water and soap/ash for handwashing were also significantly associated with less E. coli in drinking water. The findings of this study provide public health practitioners with implementable WaSH services to improve school drinking water quality, which has implications for the health, learning environment, and cognitive development of school children in rural Mozambique and Uganda.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34242999
pii: S1438-4639(21)00119-X
doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113804
pmc: PMC8363166
mid: NIHMS1730132
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Drinking Water
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
113804Subventions
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : K01 ES031697
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier GmbH.
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