Sarcopenia in rheumatic disorders: what the radiologist and rheumatologist should know.
Frailty
Muscle
Myosteatosis
Opportunistic imaging
Rheumatology
Sarcopenia
Journal
Skeletal radiology
ISSN: 1432-2161
Titre abrégé: Skeletal Radiol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 7701953
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Mar 2022
Mar 2022
Historique:
received:
16
02
2021
accepted:
04
07
2021
revised:
03
07
2021
pubmed:
17
7
2021
medline:
20
1
2022
entrez:
16
7
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. Increasing evidence shows that sarcopenia is common in patients with rheumatic disorders. Although sarcopenia can be diagnosed using bioelectrical impedance analysis or DXA, increasingly it is diagnosed using CT, MRI, and ultrasound. In rheumatic patients, CT and MRI allow "opportunistic" measurement of body composition, including surrogate markers of sarcopenia, from studies obtained during routine patient care. Recognition of sarcopenia is important in rheumatic patients because sarcopenia can be associated with disease progression and poor outcomes. This article reviews how opportunistic evaluation of sarcopenia in rheumatic patients can be accomplished and potentially contribute to improved patient care.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34268590
doi: 10.1007/s00256-021-03863-z
pii: 10.1007/s00256-021-03863-z
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
513-524Informations de copyright
© 2021. ISS.
Références
Narici MV, Maffulli N. Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance. Br Med Bull. 2010;95(1):139–59.
pubmed: 20200012
Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249–56.
pubmed: 21527165
Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Schwartz AV, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(10):1059–64.
pubmed: 17077199
Anker SD, Morley JE, von Haehling S. Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(5):512–4.
pubmed: 27891296
pmcid: 5114626
United Nations. World Population Prospects. 2019. Available at population.un.org/wpp/Graphs//DemographicProfiles/Line/900. Accessed January 18, 2021.
Mankhong S, Kim S, Moon S, Kwak H-B, Park D-H, Kang J-H. Experimental models of sarcopenia: bridging molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategy. Cells. 2020;9(6):1385.
pmcid: 7348939
Gupta S, Dhillon RJ, Hasni S. Sarcopenia: a rheumatic disease? Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2018;44(3):393–404.
pubmed: 30001782
pmcid: 6047534
Lavrishcheva Y, Jakovenko A. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with rheumatological diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:1779.
Corallo C, Fioravanti A, Tenti S, Pecetti G, Nuti R, Giordano N. Sarcopenia in systemic sclerosis: the impact of nutritional, clinical, and laboratory features. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(10):1767–75.
pubmed: 31372720
Bok DH, Kim J, Kim T-H. Comparison of MRI-defined back muscles volume between patients with ankylosing spondylitis and control patients with chronic back pain: age and spinopelvic alignment matched study. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(2):528–37.
pubmed: 27885474
Giles JT, Bartlett SJ, Andersen RE, Fontaine KR, Bathon JM. Association of body composition with disability in rheumatoid arthritis: impact of appendicular fat and lean tissue mass. Arthritis Care Res. 2008;59(10):1407–15.
Godziuk K, Prado CM, Woodhouse LJ, Forhan M. The impact of sarcopenic obesity on knee and hip osteoarthritis: a scoping review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19(1):271.
pubmed: 30055599
pmcid: 6064616
Boutin RD, Lenchik L. Value-added, “opportunistic” CT: insights into osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(3):582–94.
Quispe SKJF, Cavaliere A, Weber M, Stramare R, Zuliani M, Quaia E, et al. Sarcopenia in juvenile localized scleroderma: new insights on deep involvement. Eur Radiol. 2020;30:4091–7.
Amini B, Boyle SP, Boutin RD, Lenchik L. Approaches to assessment of muscle mass and myosteatosis on computed tomography: a systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(10):1671–8.
pubmed: 30726878
pmcid: 7357454
Boutin RD, Bamrungchart S, Bateni CP, Beavers DP, Beavers KM, Meehan JP, et al. CT of patients with hip fracture: muscle size and attenuation help predict mortality. Am J Roentgenol. 2017;208(6):W208–15.
Lenchik L, Lenoir KM, Tan J, Boutin RD, Callahan KE, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Opportunistic measurement of skeletal muscle size and muscle attenuation on computed tomography predicts 1-year mortality in Medicare patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(7):1063–9.
pubmed: 30124775
Rosenberg IH. Summary comments. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50(5):1231–3.
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.
pubmed: 20392703
pmcid: 2886201
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31.
pubmed: 30312372
Valido A, Crespo CL, Pimentel-Santos FM. Muscle evaluation in axial spondyloarthritis—the evidence for sarcopenia. Front Med. 2019;6:219.
Lee K, Shin Y, Huh J, Sung YS, Lee I-S, Yoon K-H, et al. Recent issues on body composition imaging for sarcopenia evaluation. Korean J Radiol. 2019;20(2):205–17.
pubmed: 30672160
Derstine BA, Holcombe SA, Ross BE, Wang NC, Su GL, Wang SC. Skeletal muscle cutoff values for sarcopenia diagnosis using T10 to L5 measurements in a healthy US population. Sci Rep. 2018;8:11369.
pubmed: 30054580
pmcid: 6063941
Derstine B, Holcombe S, Goulson R, Ross B, Wang N, Sullivan J, et al. Quantifying sarcopenia reference values using lumbar and thoracic muscle areas in a healthy population. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(1):180–5.
Morphomic Analysis Group. Reference Analytic Morphomic Population (RAMP). 2020. Available at med.umich.edu/surgery/morphomics/ramp.html. Accessed January 18, 2021.
Magudia K, Bridge CP, Bay CP, Babic A, Fintelmann FJ, Troschel FM, et al. Population-scale CT-based body composition analysis of a large outpatient population using deep learning to derive age-, sex-, and race-specific reference curves. Radiology. 2021;298(2):319–29.
Metzger GA, Sebastião YV, Carsel AC, Nishimura L, Fisher JG, Deans KJ, et al. Establishing reference values for lean muscle mass in the pediatric patient. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2021;72(2):316–23.
pubmed: 33003166
Baker JF, Mostoufi-Moab S, Long J, Zemel B, Ibrahim S, Taratuta E, et al. Intramuscular fat accumulation and associations with body composition, strength, and physical functioning in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(12):1727–34.
Khoja SS, Moore CG, Goodpaster BH, Delitto A, Piva SR. Skeletal muscle fat and its association with physical function in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(3):333–42.
Zopfs D, Bousabarah K, Lennartz S, Dos Santos DP, Schlaak M, Theurich S, et al. Evaluating body composition by combining quantitative spectral detector computed tomography and deep learning-based image segmentation. Eur J Radiol. 2020;130:109153.
pubmed: 32717577
Desai AD, Boutin RD, Tan J, Lenchik L, Chaudhari A. Automated body composition analysis from abdominal computed tomography scans using deep learning: towards understanding performance and variability. In: Proc. of Soc Abdom Imaging Virtual Meet. 2020.
Dong X, Dan X, Yawen A, Haibo X, Huan L, Mengqi T, et al. Identifying sarcopenia in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients using skeletal muscle CT radiomics and machine learning. Thoracic Cancer. 2020;11(9):2650–9.
pubmed: 32767522
pmcid: 7471037
Wang F-Z, Sun H, Zhou J, Sun L-L, Pan S-N. Reliability and validity of abdominal skeletal muscle area measurement using magnetic resonance imaging. Acad Radiol. 2020;S1076-6332(20)30552-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.09.013 .
Sinha U, Malis V, Chen J-S, Csapo R, Kinugasa R, Narici MV, et al. Role of the extracellular matrix in loss of muscle force with age and unloading using magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical analysis, and computational models. Front Physiol. 2020;11:626.
pubmed: 32625114
pmcid: 7315044
Smerilli G, Cipolletta E, Tanimura S, Di Battista J, Di Carlo M, Carotti M, et al. Ultrasound measurement of muscle thickness at the anterior thigh level in rheumatology setting: a reliability study. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(3):1055–60.
pubmed: 33040227
Ata AM, Kara M, Kaymak B, Gürçay E, Çakır B, Ünlü H, et al. Regional and total muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance: the potential use of ultrasound imaging for sarcopenia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;83:55–60.
pubmed: 30953961
Perkisas S, Bastijns S, Baudry S, Bauer J, Beaudart C, Beckwée D, et al. Application of ultrasound for muscle assessment in sarcopenia: 2020 SARCUS update. Eur Geriatr Med. 2021;12:45–59.
pubmed: 33387359
Ivanoski S, Nikodinovska VV. Future ultrasound biomarkers for sarcopenia: elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and speed of sound ultrasound imaging. Semin Musculoskel Radiol. 2020;24(2):194–200.
Kolb M, Peisen F, Ekert K, Xenitidis T, Fritz J, Ioanoviciu SD, et al. Shear wave elastography for assessment of muscular abnormalities related to systemic sclerosis. Acad Radiol. 2020;S1076-6332(20)30278-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.043 .
Alfuraih AM, O’Connor P, Tan AL, Hensor EM, Ladas A, Emery P, et al. Muscle shear wave elastography in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a case–control study with MRI correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(8):1209–19.
pubmed: 30810778
pmcid: 6584706
Ponti F, De Cinque A, Fazio N, Napoli A, Guglielmi G, Bazzocchi A. Ultrasound imaging, a stethoscope for body composition assessment. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2020;10(8):1699.
pubmed: 32742962
pmcid: 7378096
Ticinesi A, Meschi T, Narici MV, Lauretani F, Maggio M. Muscle ultrasound and sarcopenia in older individuals: a clinical perspective. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(4):290–300.
pubmed: 28202349
Rustani K, Kundisova L, Capecchi PL, Nante N, Bicchi M. Ultrasound measurement of rectus femoris muscle thickness as a quick screening test for sarcopenia assessment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;83:151–4.
pubmed: 31029040
Kara M, Kaymak B, Ata AM, Özkal Ö, Kara Ö, Baki A, et al. STAR–sonographic thigh adjustment ratio: a golden formula for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99(10):902–8.
pubmed: 32941253
Sari A, Esme M, Aycicek GS, Armagan B, Kilic L, Ertenli AI, et al. Evaluating skeletal muscle mass with ultrasound in patients with systemic sclerosis. Nutrition. 2021:84;110999.
Kitsuda Y, Tanimura C, Inoue K, Park D, Osaki M, Hagino H. Effectiveness of ultrasonographic skeletal muscle assessment in patients after total knee arthroplasty. Osteopor Sarcopenia. 2019;5(3):94–101.
Albano D, Messina C, Vitale J, Sconfienza LM. Imaging of sarcopenia: old evidence and new insights. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(4):2199–208.
pubmed: 31834509
Gomarasca M, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Myokines: the endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone. Adv Clin Chem. 2020:94;155–218.
Hirschfeld H, Kinsella R, Duque G. Osteosarcopenia: where bone, muscle, and fat collide. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(10):2781–90.
pubmed: 28733716
Sepúlveda-Loyola W, Phu S, Hassan EB, Brennan-Olsen SL, Zanker J, Vogrin S, et al. The joint occurrence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia (osteosarcopenia): definitions and characteristics. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(2):220–5.
pubmed: 31669290
Tournadre A, Pereira B, Dutheil F, Giraud C, Courteix D, Sapin V, et al. Changes in body composition and metabolic profile during interleukin 6 inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017;8(4):639–46.
pubmed: 28316139
pmcid: 5566648
Ma Y, Zhang W, Han P, Kohzuki M, Guo Q. Osteosarcopenic obesity associated with poor physical performance in the elderly Chinese community. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1343.
pubmed: 32848375
pmcid: 7429206
Karlsson MK, Karlsson C, Magnusson H, Cöster M, von Schewelov T, Nilsson JÅ, et al. Individuals with primary osteoarthritis have different phenotypes depending on the affected joint-a case control study from southern Sweden including 514 participants. Open Orthop J. 2014;8:450.
pubmed: 25614774
pmcid: 4298037
Yamauchi K, Suzuki S, Kato C, Kato T. Atrophy of individual thigh muscles measured by MRI in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2020;63(1):38–45.
pubmed: 31386911
Kim HJ, Park HJ, Oh JB, Chang MJ, Kang S-B, Kim YK, et al. Retrospective study of relationship between vastus medialis volume on SPECT-CT and outcome of unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Medicine. 2021;100(1):e24138.
pubmed: 33429788
pmcid: 7793406
Wang Y, Wluka AE, Berry PA, Siew T, Teichtahl AJ, Urquhart DM, et al. Increase in vastus medialis cross-sectional area is associated with reduced pain, cartilage loss, and joint replacement risk in knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(12):3917–25.
pubmed: 23192791
Elias JJ, Kilambi S, Goerke DR, Cosgarea AJ. Improving vastus medialis obliquus function reduces pressure applied to lateral patellofemoral cartilage. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(5):578–83.
pubmed: 18985700
pmcid: 2669691
Zhao G, Liu C, Chen K, Chen F, Lyu J, Chen J, et al. Predictive value of adipose to muscle area ratio based on MRI at knee joint for postoperative functional outcomes in elderly osteoarthritis patients following total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):1–9.
Núñez M, Nuñez E, Moreno J, Segura V, Lozano L, Maurits N, et al. Quadriceps muscle characteristics and subcutaneous fat assessed by ultrasound and relationship with function in patients with knee osteoarthritis awaiting knee arthroplasty. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2019;10(1):102–6.
pubmed: 30705541
Doğan SC, Hizmetli S, Hayta E, Kaptanoğlu E, Erselcan T, Güler E. Sarcopenia in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2015;2(2):57.
pubmed: 27708927
pmcid: 5047263
Mochizuki T, Yano K, Ikari K, Okazaki K. Sarcopenia-associated factors in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019;19(9):907–12.
pubmed: 31342647
Santillán-Díaz C, Ramírez-Sánchez N, Espinosa-Morales R, Orea-Tejeda A, Llorente L, Rodríguez-Guevara G, et al. Prevalence of rheumatoid cachexia assessed by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis and its relation with physical function. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(3):607–14.
pubmed: 29119481
Challal S, Minichiello E, Boissier M-C, Semerano L. Cachexia and adiposity in rheumatoid arthritis. Relevance for disease management and clinical outcomes. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83(2):127–33.
pubmed: 26184539
Ngeuleu A, Allali F, Medrare L, Madhi A, Rkain H, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. Sarcopenia in rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence, influence of disease activity and associated factors. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(6):1015–20.
pubmed: 28258473
Lanchais K, Capel F, Tournadre A. Could omega 3 fatty acids preserve muscle health in rheumatoid arthritis? Nutrients. 2020;12(1):223.
pmcid: 7019846
Farrow M, Biglands J, Tanner S, Hensor E, Buch M, Emery P, et al. Muscle deterioration due to rheumatoid arthritis: assessment by quantitative MRI and strength testing. Rheumatology. 2021:60(3);1216–25.
Kramer HR, Fontaine KR, Bathon JM, Giles JT. Muscle density in rheumatoid arthritis: associations with disease features and functional outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2438–50.
pubmed: 22391952
pmcid: 3521589
Khoja SS, Patterson CG, Goodpaster BH, Delitto A, Piva SR. Skeletal muscle fat in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis compared to healthy adults. Exp Gerontol. 2020;129:110768.
pubmed: 31678218
Matschke V, Murphy P, Lemmey AB, Maddison PJ, Thom JM. Muscle quality, architecture, and activation in cachectic patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(2):282–4.
pubmed: 20008916
Blum D, Rodrigues R, Geremia JM, Brenol CV, Vaz MA, Xavier RM. Quadriceps muscle properties in rheumatoid arthritis: insights about muscle morphology, activation and functional capacity. Adv Rheumatol. 2020;60:28.
Cooper R, Freemont A, Fitzmaurice R, Alani S, Jayson M. Paraspinal muscle fibrosis: a specific pathological component in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991;50(11):755–9.
pubmed: 1837705
pmcid: 1004551
Zhang Y, Xu H, Hu X, Zhang C, Chu T, Zhou Y. Histopathological changes in supraspinous ligaments, ligamentum flava and paraspinal muscle tissues of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(4):420–9.
pubmed: 24597761
Ozturk EC, Yagci I. The structural, functional and electrophysiological assessment of paraspinal musculature of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthropathy. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(3):595–603.
pubmed: 33502552
Siegert E, March C, Otten L, Makowka A, Preis E, Buttgereit F, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in systemic sclerosis: assessing body composition and functional disability in patients with systemic sclerosis. Nutrition. 2018;55:51–5.
pubmed: 29960157
Marighela TF, Genaro PdS, Pinheiro MM, Szejnfeld VL, Kayser C. Risk factors for body composition abnormalities in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(7):1037–44.
pubmed: 23549639
Caimmi C, Caramaschi P, Venturini A, Bertoldo E, Vantaggiato E, Viapiana O, et al. Malnutrition and sarcopenia in a large cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(4):987–97.
pubmed: 29196890
Paolino S, Goegan F, Cimmino MA, Casabella A, Pizzorni C, Patanè M, et al. Advanced microvascular damage associated with occurrence of sarcopenia in systemic sclerosis patients: results from a retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38:65–72.
pubmed: 32167878
Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Placek W. Changes in body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with psoriatic arthritis. Reumatologia. 2017;55(5):215.
pubmed: 29332959
pmcid: 5746631
Santos M, Vinagre F, Silva J, Gil V, Fonseca J. Body composition phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study of Caucasian female patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29:470–6.
pubmed: 21640047
Kaya A, Kara M, Tiftik T, Tezcan ME, Özel S, Ersöz M, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the muscle architecture in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(8):1155–60.
pubmed: 23588880
Meng NH, Li CI, Liu CS, Lin CH, Lin WY, Chang CK, et al. Comparison of height-and weight-adjusted sarcopenia in a Taiwanese metropolitan older population. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15(1):45–53.
pubmed: 24397819
Elfishawi MM, Zleik N, Kvrgic Z, Michet CJ, Crowson CS, Matteson EL, et al. The rising incidence of gout and the increasing burden of comorbidities: a population-based study over 20 years. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(4):574–9.
pubmed: 29247151
Ferrando B, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Salvador-Pascual A, Puchades C, Derbré F, Gratas-Delamarche A, et al. Allopurinol partially prevents disuse muscle atrophy in mice and humans. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–12.
Campins L, Camps M, Riera A, Pleguezuelos E, Yebenes JC, Serra-Prat M. Oral drugs related with muscle wasting and sarcopenia A review. Pharmacology. 2017;99(1–2):1–8.
pubmed: 27578190
Sconfienza LM. Sarcopenia: ultrasound today, smartphones tomorrow? Eur Radiol. 2019;29(1):1–2.
pubmed: 30421017
Thomson EA, Nuss K, Comstock A, Reinwald S, Blake S, Pimentel RE, et al. Heart rate measures from the Apple Watch, Fitbit Charge HR 2, and electrocardiogram across different exercise intensities. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(12):1411–9.
pubmed: 30657025
Yao L, Petrosyan A, Fuangfa P, Lenchik L, Boutin RD. Diagnosing sarcopenia at the point of imaging care: analysis of clinical, functional, and opportunistic CT metrics. Skeletal Radiol. 2021;50:543–50.
pubmed: 32892227
Kang Y-J, Yoo J-I, Ha Y-c. Sarcopenia feature selection and risk prediction using machine learning: a cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2019;98(43):e17699.
pubmed: 31651901
pmcid: 6824801
Barnard R, Tan J, Roller B, Chiles C, Weaver AA, Boutin RD, et al. Machine learning for automatic paraspinous muscle area and attenuation measures on low-dose chest CT scans. Acad Radiol. 2019;26(12):1686–94.
pubmed: 31326311
pmcid: 6878160
Burns JE, Yao J, Chalhoub D, Chen JJ, Summers RM. A machine learning algorithm to estimate sarcopenia on abdominal CT. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(3):311–20.
pubmed: 31126808
Beckwée D, Delaere A, Aelbrecht S, Baert V, Beaudart C, Bruyère O, et al. Exercise interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. A systematic umbrella review. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(6):494–502.
pubmed: 31233069
Hall CC, Cook J, Maddocks M, Skipworth RJ, Fallon M, Laird BJ. Combined exercise and nutritional rehabilitation in outpatients with incurable cancer: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2019;27(7):2371–84.
Yamada Y, Tada M, Mandai K, Hidaka N, Inui K, Nakamura H. Glucocorticoid use is an independent risk factor for developing sarcopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: from the CHIKARA study. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39:1757–64.
pubmed: 31938882
Marcora SM, Chester KR, Mittal G, Lemmey AB, Maddison PJ. Randomized phase 2 trial of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for cachexia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(6):1463–72.
pubmed: 17158431
Engvall I-L, Tengstrand B, Brismar K, Hafström I. Infliximab therapy increases body fat mass in early rheumatoid arthritis independently of changes in disease activity and levels of leptin and adiponectin: a randomised study over 21 months. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(5):R197.
pubmed: 20964833
pmcid: 2991034