Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care.
fetal growth restriction
miscarriage
placenta
preeclampsia
pregnancy complications
prenatal diagnosis
preterm birth
sex as a biological variable
sex differences
Journal
Journal of clinical medicine
ISSN: 2077-0383
Titre abrégé: J Clin Med
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101606588
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 Jul 2021
05 Jul 2021
Historique:
received:
22
06
2021
accepted:
02
07
2021
entrez:
19
7
2021
pubmed:
20
7
2021
medline:
20
7
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Sex differences exist in the incidence and presentation of many pregnancy complications, including but not limited to pregnancy loss, spontaneous preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. Sex differences arise very early in development due to differential gene expression from the X and Y chromosomes, and later may also be influenced by the action of gonadal steroid hormones. Though offspring sex is not considered in most prenatal diagnostic or therapeutic strategies currently in use, it may be beneficial to consider sex differences and the associated mechanisms underlying pregnancy complications. This review will cover (i) the prevalence and presentation of sex differences that occur in perinatal complications, particularly with a focus on the placenta; (ii) possible mechanisms underlying the development of sex differences in placental function and pregnancy phenotypes; and (iii) knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the development of diagnostic or risk prediction tools for such complications, with an emphasis on those for which it would be important to consider sex.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34279482
pii: jcm10133000
doi: 10.3390/jcm10133000
pmc: PMC8268816
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
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