The phosphoproteome of rice leaves responds to water and nitrogen supply.

The scarcity of freshwater is an increasing concern in flood-irrigated rice, whilst excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers is costly and contributes to environmental pollution. To co-ordinate growth adaptation under prolonged exposure to limited water or excess nitrogen supply, plants employ complex systems for signalling and regulation of metabolic processes. There is limited information on the involvement of one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTMs), protein phosphorylation, in plant adaptation to long-term changes in resource supply.