Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography of the Tongue during Selective Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

Currently, there is no established technique to directly measure extrinsic tongue muscle activation during selective hypoglossal stimulation therapy (sHNS) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in a simple, non-invasive clinical setting. Ultrasound shear-wave elastography (US-SWE) enables quantitative measurement of tissue stiffness. We investigated whether US-SWE is able to detect changes in muscle stiffness of the tongue during sHNS. Patients with OSAS treated with sHNS were prospectively enrolled. A standardized US-SWE protocol was used to selectively measure tissue stiffness of the geniohyoid muscle (GH) and genioglossus (GG) muscles on the side of stimulator implantation (sGH, sGG) and on the contralateral side (nGH, nGG) without and with sHNS. Eighteen patients were included (median age = 62 years, interquartile range: 56-65, 83.3% male). Median shear-wave velocity (SWV) increased during contraction with each patient's clinically prescribed therapeutic regimen in the sGH (+19%, p = 0.020) and sGG (+81%, p < 0.001) and decreased during contraction in the nGH (-8%, p = 0.107) and nGG (-8%, p = 0.396). Differences in SWV during contraction were significant only on the side of stimulation (sGG +81%, sGH +19%). SWE measurements had excellent reliability as reflected by a Cronbach α value ≥0.9 for all target muscles pre- and post-contraction and an item-total correlation ≥0.5. US-SWE allows reliable measurement of SWV as an indicator of muscle stiffness of extrinsic tongue muscles. This non-invasive method provides new possibilities to distinguish and characterize responders from non-responders in hypoglossal stimulation therapy. Compared with the regular visual assessment of tongue movement, US-SWE of individual muscle groups provides a new non-invasive imaging tool in patients with OSAS.

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Copyright © 2021 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Declaration of Competing Interest P.A., H.O. and S.D. received financial support from ImThera Inc. and Apnex Medical Inc. within the framework of research projects related to hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy. P.A. received a speaker's fee for an invited talk on behalf of Inspire Medical Inc. T.F. reports having received consultancy honoraria from Bracco, Canon Medical Imaging and Siemens Healthineers. M.H.L. reports having received consultancy honoraria from Siemens Healthineers.