Hematology, Hormones, Inflammation, and Muscle Damage in Elite and Professional Soccer Players: A Systematic Review with Implications for Exercise.
Journal
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
ISSN: 1179-2035
Titre abrégé: Sports Med
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 8412297
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Dec 2021
Dec 2021
Historique:
accepted:
09
07
2021
pubmed:
5
8
2021
medline:
22
3
2022
entrez:
4
8
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Knowledge of the long-term effects of soccer training on hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance may help to better design strength and conditioning programs for performance development and injury prevention for the individual player and the team. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and discuss evidence on the long-term effects of soccer training on selected hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in elite and professional soccer players. A second goal was to investigate associations between selected physiological markers and measures of performance. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until August 2020 to identify articles related to soccer training effects. To be included in this systematic review, studies had to examine male elite (national level) and/or professional (international level) soccer players aged > 17 years and a soccer training period > 4 weeks, and report outcomes related to hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and performance markers. The search syntax initially identified 2420 records. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 20 eligible studies were included in this systematic review, with training durations lasting between 4 and 18 weeks in 15 studies, around 6 months in four studies, and around 1 year in one study. Effects of long-term soccer training revealed parameter-specific increases or decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance. Two studies showed a moderate increase in hematological markers such as hemoglobin (effect size [ES] = 0.67-0.93). Parameter-specific changes were noted for hormonal markers in the form of increases for total testosterone (ES = 0.20-0.67) and free testosterone (FT) (ES = 0.20-0.65) and decreases for cortisol (ES = - 0.28 to - 1.31). Finally, moderate to very large increases were found for muscle damage markers such as creatine kinase (ES = 0.94-6.80) and physical performance such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.50-1.11) and squat jump (SJ) height (ES = 0.65-1.28). After long-term periods of soccer training, significant positive correlations were found between percentage change (Δ%) in FT and Δ% in CMJ height (r = 0.94; p = 0.04) and between Δ% in total testosterone/cortisol (TT/C) ratio and Δ% in SJ (r = 0.89; p = 0.03). Findings suggest that long-term soccer training induces increases/decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in male elite and professional soccer players. These fluctuations can be explained by different contextual factors (e.g., training load, duration of training, psychological factors, mood state). Interestingly, the observed changes in hormonal parameters (FT and TT/C) were related to vertical jump performance changes (e.g., CMJ and SJ). Anabolic hormones and TT/C can possibly be used as a tool to identify physical performance alteration after long-term soccer training.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Knowledge of the long-term effects of soccer training on hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance may help to better design strength and conditioning programs for performance development and injury prevention for the individual player and the team.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and discuss evidence on the long-term effects of soccer training on selected hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in elite and professional soccer players. A second goal was to investigate associations between selected physiological markers and measures of performance.
METHODS
METHODS
Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until August 2020 to identify articles related to soccer training effects. To be included in this systematic review, studies had to examine male elite (national level) and/or professional (international level) soccer players aged > 17 years and a soccer training period > 4 weeks, and report outcomes related to hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and performance markers.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The search syntax initially identified 2420 records. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 20 eligible studies were included in this systematic review, with training durations lasting between 4 and 18 weeks in 15 studies, around 6 months in four studies, and around 1 year in one study. Effects of long-term soccer training revealed parameter-specific increases or decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance. Two studies showed a moderate increase in hematological markers such as hemoglobin (effect size [ES] = 0.67-0.93). Parameter-specific changes were noted for hormonal markers in the form of increases for total testosterone (ES = 0.20-0.67) and free testosterone (FT) (ES = 0.20-0.65) and decreases for cortisol (ES = - 0.28 to - 1.31). Finally, moderate to very large increases were found for muscle damage markers such as creatine kinase (ES = 0.94-6.80) and physical performance such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.50-1.11) and squat jump (SJ) height (ES = 0.65-1.28). After long-term periods of soccer training, significant positive correlations were found between percentage change (Δ%) in FT and Δ% in CMJ height (r = 0.94; p = 0.04) and between Δ% in total testosterone/cortisol (TT/C) ratio and Δ% in SJ (r = 0.89; p = 0.03).
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest that long-term soccer training induces increases/decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in male elite and professional soccer players. These fluctuations can be explained by different contextual factors (e.g., training load, duration of training, psychological factors, mood state). Interestingly, the observed changes in hormonal parameters (FT and TT/C) were related to vertical jump performance changes (e.g., CMJ and SJ). Anabolic hormones and TT/C can possibly be used as a tool to identify physical performance alteration after long-term soccer training.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34347283
doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01522-w
pii: 10.1007/s40279-021-01522-w
doi:
Substances chimiques
Testosterone
3XMK78S47O
Types de publication
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2607-2627Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Références
Stølen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, Wisløff U. Physiology of soccer. Sports Med. 2005;35(6):501–36.
pubmed: 15974635
doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004
Julian R, Page RM, Harper LD. The effect of fixture congestion on performance during professional male soccer match-play: a systematic critical review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2005;2:1–19.
Borresen J, Lambert MI. Autonomic control of heart rate during and after exercise. Sports Med. 2008;38(8):633–46.
pubmed: 18620464
doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00002
Heisterberg MF, Fahrenkrug J, Krustrup P, Storskov A, Kjær M, Andersen JL. Extensive monitoring through multiple blood samples in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(5):1260–71.
pubmed: 22744299
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182653d17
Silva JR, Rebelo A, Marques F, Pereira L, Seabra A, Ascensão A, et al. Biochemical impact of soccer: an analysis of hormonal, muscle damage, and redox markers during the season. Appl Physiol Nutr Metlab. 2014;39(4):432–8.
doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0180
Walker AJ, McFadden BA, Sanders DJ, Rabideau MM, Hofacker ML, Arent SM. Biomarker response to a competitive season in division I female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(10):2622–8.
pubmed: 31403576
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003264
Saidi K, Zouhal H, Rhibi F, Tijani JM, Boullosa D, Chebbi A, et al. Effects of a six-week period of congested match play on plasma volume variations, hematological parameters, training workload and physical fitness in elite soccer players. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219692.
pubmed: 31344056
pmcid: 6657839
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219692
Śliwowski RO, Rychlewski T, Laurentowska M, Michalak E, Andrzejewski M, Wieczorek A, Jadczak Ł. Changes in aerobic performance in young football players in an annual training cycle. Biol Sport. 2011;28(13):55–62.
doi: 10.5604/935877
Mairbaurl H. Red blood cells in sports: effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells. Front Physiol. 2013;4:332.
pubmed: 24273518
pmcid: 3824146
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00332
Djaoui L, Haddad M, Chamari K, Dellal A. Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers. Physiol Behav. 2017;181:86–94.
pubmed: 28886966
doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004
Hackney AC. Hypogonadism in exercising males: dysfunction or adaptive-regulatory adjustment? Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00011 .
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00011
Urhausen A, Gabriel H, Kindermann W. Blood hormones as markers of training stress and overtraining. Sports Med. 1995;20:251–76. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520040-00004 .
pubmed: 8584849
doi: 10.2165/00007256-199520040-00004
Viru AA, Viru M. Biochemical monitoring of sport training. Champaign: Human Kinetic Press; 2001.
McLellan CP, Lovell DI, Gass GC. Creatine kinase and endocrine responses of elite players pre, during, and post rugby league match play. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:2908–19. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c1fcb1 .
pubmed: 20703171
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c1fcb1
da Silva ASR, Papoti M, Santhiago V, Pauli JR, Gobatto CA. Serum and plasma hormonal concentrations are sensitive to periods of intensity and volume of soccer training. Sci Sports. 2011;26(5):278–85.
doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.12.006
Coppalle S, Rave G, Ben Abderrahman AB, Ali A, Salhi I, Zouita S, et al. Relationship of pre-season training load with In-season biochemical markers, injuries and performance in professional soccer players. Front Physiol. 2019;10:409.
pubmed: 31031638
pmcid: 6474299
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00409
Anđelković M, Baralić I, Đorđević B, Stevuljević JK, Radivojević N, Dikić N, et al. Hematological and biochemical parameters in elite soccer players during a competitive half season. J Biol Chem. 2015;34(4):460–6.
Reinke S, Karhausen T, Doehner W, Taylor W, Hottenrott K, Duda GN, Anker SD. The influence of recovery and training phases on body composition, peripheral vascular function and immune system of professional soccer players. PLoS One. 2009;4(3):4910.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004910
Hammami MA, Abderrahman AB, Hackney AC, Kebsi W, Owen AL, Nebigh A, et al. Hormonal (cortical-gonadotropic axis) and physical changes with two years intense exercise training in elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(9):2388–97.
pubmed: 27676275
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001664
Saidi K, Abderrahman AB, Boullosa D, Dupont G, Hackney AC, Bideau B, et al. The Interplay between plasma hormonal concentrations, physical fitness, workload and mood state changes to periods of congested match play in professional soccer players. Front Physiol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00835 .
pubmed: 32792977
pmcid: 7385323
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00835
Silva ASR, Santhiago V, Papoti M, Gobatto CA. Hematological parameters and anaerobic threshold in Brazilian soccer players throughout a training program. Int J Lab Hematol. 2008;30(2):158–66.
pubmed: 18333848
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00919.x
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaf J, Altman DG, Prisma G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.26.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713–21.
doi: 10.1093/ptj/83.8.713
Rhea MR. Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(4):918–20.
pubmed: 15574101
Borenstein M, Higgins J, Rothstein H. Introduction to meta-analysis (statistics and practice). New York: Wiley; 2009.
doi: 10.1002/9780470743386
Hedges L, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1985. p. 65.
Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3–13.
pubmed: 19092709
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
Hopkins RL II, Burr BM. Modeling freshwater fish distributions using multiscale landscape data: a case study of six narrow range endemics. EcoModel. 2009;220(17):2024–34.
Kamran A, Verma S, Ahmad I, Singla D, Saleem M, Hussein ME. Comparison of complex versus contrast training on steroid hormones and sports performance in male soccer players. J Chir Med. 2019;18(2):131–8.
Requena B, García I, Suárez-Arrones L, Sáez de Villarreal E, Naranjo Orellana J, Santalla A. Off-season effects on functional performance, body composition, and blood parameters in top-level professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(4):939–46.
pubmed: 27438062
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001568
Opaszowski BH, Tyc Z, Obmiński Z, Danielik T, Korkuć M, Długołȩcka B. The influence of a 7-week preparatory period on hormonal and metabolic responses in soccer players/metabolic and hormonal response to training. Polish J Sport Tourism. 2012;19(3):178–83.
doi: 10.2478/v10197-012-0017-y
Pimenta E, Coelho DB, Capettini L, Gomes T, Pussieldi G, Ribeiro J, Silami GE. Analysis of creatine kinase and alpha-actin concentrations in soccer pre-season. Rev Bras Ciê Mov. 2015;23(4):5–14.
doi: 10.18511/0103-1716/rbcm.v23n4p5-14
Gharahdaghi N, Kordi MR, Shabkhiz F. Acute exercise-induced muscular damage after one month training in soccer players. Ovidius Univ Ann Ser Phys Edu Sport Sci Mov Health. 2013;13(2):S269–S269.
Silva ASR, Santhiago V, Papoti M, Gobatto CA. Psychological, biochemical and physiological responses of Brazilian soccer players during a training program. Sci Sports. 2008;23(2):66–72.
doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2007.10.010
Kraemer WJ, French DN, Paxton NJ, Hakkinen K, Volek JS, Sebastianelli WJ, et al. Changes in exercise performance and hormonal concentrations over a big ten soccer season in starters and non starters. J Strength Cond Research. 2004;18(1):121–8.
Gorostiaga EM, Izquierdo M, Ruesta M, Iribarren J, Gonzalez-Badillo JJ, Ibanez J. Strength training effects on physical performance and serum hormones in young soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(5–6):698–707.
pubmed: 14704801
doi: 10.1007/s00421-003-1032-y
Michailidis Y. Stress hormonal analysis in elite soccer players during a season. J Sports Health Sci. 2014;3(4):279–83.
doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.016
Filaire E, Bernain X, Sagnol M, Lac G. Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone: cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;86(2):179–84.
pubmed: 11822478
doi: 10.1007/s004210100512
Koundourakis NE, Androulakis N, Spyridaki EC, Castanas E, Malliaraki N, Tsatsanis C, Margioris AN. Effect of different seasonal strength training protocols on circulating androgen levels and performance parameters in professional soccer players. Hormones. 2014;13(1):104–18.
pubmed: 24722138
doi: 10.1007/BF03401326
Andrzejewski M, Podgórski T, Kryściak J, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, et al. Anabolic–catabolic hormonal responses in youth soccer players during a half-season. Res Sports Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2020.1734930 .
pubmed: 33251863
doi: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1734930
Tim M, Meister S. Routine blood parameters in elite soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(11):875–81.
doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1280776
Schumacher YO, Schmid A, Grathwohl D, Bultermann D, Berg A. Hematological indices and iron status in athletes of various sports and performances. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:869–75.
pubmed: 11984308
doi: 10.1097/00005768-200205000-00022
Adlercreutz H, Härkönen M, Kuoppasalmi K, Näveri H, Huhtaniemi I, Tikkanen H, Karvonen J. Effect of training on plasma anabolic and catabolic steroid hormones and their response during physical exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1986;7(S1):S27–8.
doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025798
Kraemer WJ. Endocrine responses to resistance exercise. In: Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Cham: Human Kinetic Press; 2000. p. 91–114.
Nédélec M, McCall A, Carling C, Legall F, Berthoin S, Dupont G. Recovery in soccer. Sports Med. 2012;43(1):9–22.
doi: 10.1007/s40279-012-0002-0