Immunotherapy against programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma: Importance of molecular variations, cellular heterogeneity, and cancer stem cells.
Cancer heterogeneity
Cancer stem cells
Genetic variants
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Programmed death ligand 1
Programmed death-1
Journal
World journal of stem cells
ISSN: 1948-0210
Titre abrégé: World J Stem Cells
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101535826
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
26 Jul 2021
26 Jul 2021
Historique:
received:
18
02
2021
revised:
25
03
2021
accepted:
07
05
2021
entrez:
9
8
2021
pubmed:
10
8
2021
medline:
10
8
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy related to diverse etiological factors. Different oncogenic mechanisms and genetic variations lead to multiple HCC molecular classifications. Recently, an immune-based strategy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was presented in HCC therapy, especially with ICIs against the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1. However, despite the success of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 in other cancers, a substantial proportion of HCC patients fail to respond. In this review, we gather current information on biomarkers of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment and the contribution of HCC heterogeneity and hepatic cancer stem cells (CSCs). Genetic variations of PD-1 and PD-L1 are associated with chronic liver disease and progression to cancer. PD-L1 expression in tumoral tissues is differentially expressed in CSCs, particularly in those with a close association with the tumor microenvironment. This information will be beneficial for the selection of patients and the management of the ICIs against PD-1/PD-L1.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34367478
doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.795
pmc: PMC8316870
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
795-824Informations de copyright
©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
Conflict-of-interest statement: Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.
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