Illuminating and mitigating the evolving impacts of COVID-19 on ethnocultural communities: a participatory action mixed-methods study.

Alberta / epidemiology COVID-19 / ethnology Community Health Services / organization & administration Consumer Health Information Female Financial Stress Health Services Research Healthcare Disparities Humans Male Pandemics Poverty SARS-CoV-2 Social Capital Social Network Analysis Social Support Vulnerable Populations / ethnology

Journal

CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne
ISSN: 1488-2329
Titre abrégé: CMAJ
Pays: Canada
ID NLM: 9711805

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
09 08 2021
Historique:
accepted: 06 07 2021
entrez: 10 8 2021
pubmed: 11 8 2021
medline: 18 8 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated disparities in poverty and illness for people in vulnerable circumstances in ethnocultural communities. We sought to understand the evolving impacts of COVID-19 on ethnocultural communities to inform intersectoral advocacy and community action. The Illuminate Project used participatory action research, with cultural health brokers as peer researchers, from Sept. 21 to Dec. 31, 2020, in Edmonton, Alberta. Twenty-one peer researchers collected narratives from members of ethnocultural communities and self-interpreted them as they entered the narratives into the SenseMaker platform, a mixed-method data collection tool. The entire research team analyzed real-time, aggregate, quantitative and qualitative data to identify emerging thematic domains, then visualized these domains with social network analysis. Brokers serving diverse communities collected 773 narratives. Identified domains illuminate the evolving and entangled impacts of COVID-19 including the following: COVID-19 prevention and management; care of acute, chronic and serious illnesses other than COVID-19; maternal care; mental health and triggers of past trauma; financial insecurity; impact on children and youth and seniors; and legal concerns. We identified that community social capital and cultural brokering are key assets that facilitate access to formal health and social system supports. The Illuminate Project has illustrated the entangled, systemic issues that result in poor health among vulnerable members of ethnocultural communities, and the exacerbating effects of COVID-19, which also increased barriers to mitigation. Cultural brokering and community social capital are key supports for people during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings can inform policy to reduce harm and support community resiliency.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated disparities in poverty and illness for people in vulnerable circumstances in ethnocultural communities. We sought to understand the evolving impacts of COVID-19 on ethnocultural communities to inform intersectoral advocacy and community action.
METHODS
The Illuminate Project used participatory action research, with cultural health brokers as peer researchers, from Sept. 21 to Dec. 31, 2020, in Edmonton, Alberta. Twenty-one peer researchers collected narratives from members of ethnocultural communities and self-interpreted them as they entered the narratives into the SenseMaker platform, a mixed-method data collection tool. The entire research team analyzed real-time, aggregate, quantitative and qualitative data to identify emerging thematic domains, then visualized these domains with social network analysis.
RESULTS
Brokers serving diverse communities collected 773 narratives. Identified domains illuminate the evolving and entangled impacts of COVID-19 including the following: COVID-19 prevention and management; care of acute, chronic and serious illnesses other than COVID-19; maternal care; mental health and triggers of past trauma; financial insecurity; impact on children and youth and seniors; and legal concerns. We identified that community social capital and cultural brokering are key assets that facilitate access to formal health and social system supports.
INTERPRETATION
The Illuminate Project has illustrated the entangled, systemic issues that result in poor health among vulnerable members of ethnocultural communities, and the exacerbating effects of COVID-19, which also increased barriers to mitigation. Cultural brokering and community social capital are key supports for people during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings can inform policy to reduce harm and support community resiliency.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.210131 PMID: 34373268 PMC: PMC8367425
pubmed: 34373268
pii: 193/31/E1203
doi: 10.1503/cmaj.210131
pmc: PMC8367425
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

E1203-E1212

Informations de copyright

© 2021 CMA Joule Inc. or its licensors.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Competing interests: Denise Campbell-Scherer reports participating on the Pfizer advisory panel on obesity, outside the submitted work. Yvonne Chiu is the executive director of the Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (MHBC) and acknowledges that MHBC relies on government grants for its operations and program delivery. Ali Mahdi, Aline Gayawira, Fransiska Awasis, Funke Olokude, Hannah Goa, Hina Syed, Judy Sillito, Lydia Yip, Lyn Belle, Mawien Akot, Monique Nutter, Nadia Farhat, Yan Wang, Niga Jalal, Saida Khalif, Shiva Chapagain, Stephanie Fernandez, Susan Azarcon, Zhewar Hama are employees of the MHBC. No other competing interests were declared.

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Auteurs

Denise Campbell-Scherer (D)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. dlcampbe@ualberta.ca.

Yvonne Chiu (Y)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Nicole Naadu Ofosu (NN)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Thea Luig (T)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Karen Heather Hunter (KH)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Badi Jabbour (B)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Sauleha Farooq (S)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Ali Mahdi (A)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Aline Gayawira (A)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Fransiska Awasis (F)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Funke Olokude (F)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Hannah Goa (H)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Hina Syed (H)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Judy Sillito (J)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Lydia Yip (L)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Lyn Belle (L)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Mawien Akot (M)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Monique Nutter (M)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Nadia Farhat (N)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Yan Wang (Y)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Niga Jalal (N)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Saida Khalif (S)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Shiva Chapagain (S)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Stephanie Fernandez (S)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Susan Azarcon (S)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

Zhewar Hama (Z)

Office of Lifelong Learning & the Physician Learning Program, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Hunter, Luig), University of Alberta; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Campbell-Scherer, Ofosu, Jabbour), University of Alberta; Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative (Chiu, Mahdi, Gayawira, Awasis, Olokude, Goa, Syed, Sillito, Yip, Belle, Akot, Nutter, Farhat, Wang, Jalal, Khalif, Chapagain, Fernandez, Azarcon, Hama); University of Alberta Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Farooq); Alberta Diabetes Institute (Campbell-Scherer), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Amériques › Amérique du Nord › Canada › Alberta › Illuminating and mitigating the evolving...
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