Laboratory Evaluation of Shell Add-On Products for American Football Helmets for Professional Linemen.
American football
Biomechanics
Concussion
Head injury
Journal
Annals of biomedical engineering
ISSN: 1573-9686
Titre abrégé: Ann Biomed Eng
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0361512
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2021
Oct 2021
Historique:
received:
29
05
2021
accepted:
23
07
2021
pubmed:
12
8
2021
medline:
2
2
2022
entrez:
11
8
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The Guardian Cap NXT (GC NXT) and the ProTech Helmet Cap (ProTech) are commercially available aftermarket products designed to augment the energy attenuation characteristics of American football helmets. The ability of these helmet shell add-on products to mitigate the severity of impacts typically experienced by professional offensive and defensive linemen was evaluated for seven helmet models using two test series. In linear impactor tests, the GC NXT reduced head impact severity as measured by the head acceleration response metric (HARM) by 9% relative to the helmets only, while the ProTech reduced HARM by 5%. While both products significantly improved the performance of the football helmets tested overall, effects varied by impact condition and helmet model with the add-ons worsening helmet performance in some conditions. The GC NXT had a strong effect size (Cohen's d = 0.8) whereas the ProTech had a medium effect (Cohen's d = 0.5). A second study investigated add-on performance for helmet-to-helmet impacts with eccentric impact vectors and resulted in a mixture of increased and decreased HARM when either add-on was placed on one or both helmets. Estimated risk for serious neck injury with add-ons and without differed by less than 4% for these eccentric impacts.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34378120
doi: 10.1007/s10439-021-02842-8
pii: 10.1007/s10439-021-02842-8
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2747-2759Informations de copyright
© 2021. Biomedical Engineering Society.
Références
Andrecovich, C. Guardian Cap Testing. Unpublished Report. Report 11101. 1 December 2011. Sport Injury and Ballistic Biomechanics Group, Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
Association for the Advancement of Automatic Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1990 Revision. Association for the Advancement of Automatic Medicine, 2001.
Bailey, A. M., E. J. Sanchez, G. Park, L. F. Gabler, J. R. Funk, J. R. Crandall, M. Wonnacott, C. Withnall, B. S. Myers, and K. B. Arbogast. Development and evaluation of a test method for assessing the performance of American football helmets. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48(11):2566–2579, 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02626-6
Biomechanics Consulting and Research, LLC. Helmet Test Protocol. Biomechanics Consulting and Research, LLC, 2019. www.biocorellc.com/resources . Accessed 15 March 2021.
Breedlove, K. M., E. Breedlove, E. Nauman, T. G. Bowman, and M. R. Lininger. The ability of an aftermarket helmet add-on device to reduce impact-force accelerations during drop tests. J. Athl. Train. 52(9):802–808, 2017.
doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.6.01
Bunketorp, A., L. Lindstroem, L. Peterson, and R. Oertengren. Heavy protective helmets and neck injuries—a theoretical and electromyographic study. In: Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, 13:29–138, 1985.
Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988.
Collins, M., M. R. Lovell, G. L. Iverson, T. Ide, and J. Maroon. Examining concussion rates and return to play in high school football players wearing newer helmet technology: a three-year prospective cohort study. Neurosurgery. 58(2):275–286, 2006.
doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000200441.92742.46
Crisco, J. J., B. J. Wilcox, J. G. Beckwith, J. J. Chu, A.-C. Duhaime, S. Rowson, S. M. Duma, A. C. Maerlender, T. W. McAllister, and R. M. Greenwald. Head impact exposure in collegiate football players. J. Biomech. 44(15):2673–2678, 2011.
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.08.003
Cuccurullo, N. Effectiveness of a football over helmet padding system in reducing peak acceleration of the head and severity index. PhD Dissertation, State University of New York College at Cortland, 2014.
de la Motte, S. J., T. C. Gribbin, P. Lisman, K. Murphy, and P. A. Deuster. Systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 2—muscular endurance and muscular strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31(11):3218–3234, 2017.
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002174
Eppinger, R., E. Sun, F. Bandak, M. Haffner, N. Khaewpong, M. Maltese, S. Kuppa, T. Nguyen, E. Takhounts, and R. Tannous. Development of improved injury criteria for the assessment of advanced automotive restraint systems: II. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, pp. 1–70, 1999.
Funk, J. R., R. Jadischke, A. Bailey, J. Crandall, J. McCarthy, K. Arbogast, and B. Myers. Laboratory reconstructions of concussive helmet-to-helmet impacts in the National Football League. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48(11):2652–2666, 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02632-8
Funk, J. R., R. E. Quesada, A. M. Miles, and J. R. Crandall. Inertial properties of football helmets. J. Biomech. Eng. 140(6):064501, 2018.
doi: 10.1115/1.4039673
Gabler, L. F., J. R. Crandall, and M. B. Panzer. Assessment of kinematic brain injury metrics for predicting strain responses in diverse automotive impact conditions. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 44(12):3705–3718, 2016.
doi: 10.1007/s10439-016-1697-0
Holbourn, A. H. S. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. 242(6267):438–441, 1943.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)87453-X
Houston, R. L., and J. Sears. Effect of protective helmet mass on head/neck dynamics. J. Biomech. Eng. 10:318–323, 1981.
Jadischke, R., D. C. Viano, J. McCarthy, and A. I. King. The effects of helmet weight on Hybrid III head and neck responses by comparing unhelmeted and helmeted impacts. J. Biomech. Eng. 138(10):1–10, 2016.
doi: 10.1115/1.4034306
Jones, B. H., K. G. Hauret, S. K. Dye, V. D. Hauschild, S. P. Rossi, M. D. Richardson, and K. E. Friedl. Impact of physical fitness and body composition on injury risk among active young adults: a study of Army trainees. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 20:S17–S22, 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.015
Lessley, D. J., R. W. Kent, J. M. Cormier, C. P. Sherwood, J. R. Funk, J. R. Crandall, B. S. Myers, and K. B. Arbogast. Position-specific circumstances of concussion in the NFL: toward the development of position-specific helmets. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48(11):2542–2554, 2020.
doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02657-z
Lessley, D. J., R. W. Kent, J. R. Funk, C. P. Sherwood, J. M. Cormier, J. R. Crandall, K. B. Arbogast, and B. S. Myers. Video analysis of reported concussion events in the National Football League during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 seasons. Am. J. Sports Med. 46(14):3502–3510, 2018.
doi: 10.1177/0363546518804498
Levy, M. L., B. M. Ozgur, C. Berry, H. E. Aryan, and M. L. J. Apuzzo. Analysis and evolution of head injury in football. Neurosurgery. 55(3):649–655, 2004.
doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000134598.06114.89
Malone, S., M. Roe, D. A. Doran, T. J. Gabbett, and K. Collins. High chronic training loads and exposure to bouts of maximal velocity running reduce injury risk in elite Gaelic football. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 20(3):250–254, 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.005
Mertz, H. J., P. Prasad, and G. Nusholtz. Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts. SAE Transactions Paper 960099, pp. 26–46, 1996.
Nightingale, R. W., W. J. Richardson, and B. S. Myers. The effects of padded surfaces on the risk for cervical spine injury. Spine. 22(20):2380–2387, 1997.
doi: 10.1097/00007632-199710150-00012
Pellman, E. J., D. C. Viano, C. Withnall, N. Shewchenko, C. A. Bir, and P. D. Halstead. Concussion in professional football: helmet testing to assess impact performance—part 11. Neurosurgery. 58(1):78–96, 2006.
doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000196265.35238.7C
Rowson, S., S. M. Duma, R. M. Greenwald, J. G. Beckwith, J. J. Chu, K. M. Guskiewicz, J. P. Mihalik, J. J. Crisco, B. J. Wilcox, and T. W. McAllister. Can helmet design reduce the risk of concussion in football? J. Neurosurg. 120(4):919–922, 2014.
doi: 10.3171/2014.1.JNS13916
Society of Automotive Engineers. Instrumentation for impact test—part 1: electronic instrumentation. Warrendale, PA, SAE International J211/1201403, 2014.
Versace, J. A. Review of the severity index. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Paper No. 710881, pp. 771–796, 1971.
Viano, D. C., and D. Halstead. Change in size and impact performance of football helmets from the 1970s to 2010. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40(1):175–184, 2012.
doi: 10.1007/s10439-011-0395-1