Practice nurse-supported weight self-management delivered within the national child immunisation programme for postnatal women: a feasibility cluster RCT.
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
CLUSTER
FEASIBILITY
IMMUNISATIONS
INTERVIEWS
POSTNATAL
POSTPARTUM
PRACTICE NURSES
PRIMARY CARE
RANDOMISED TRIAL
WEIGHT LOSS
WOMEN
Journal
Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)
ISSN: 2046-4924
Titre abrégé: Health Technol Assess
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9706284
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 2021
08 2021
Historique:
entrez:
12
8
2021
pubmed:
13
8
2021
medline:
26
10
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Pregnancy is a high-risk time for excessive weight gain. The rising prevalence of obesity in women, combined with excess weight gain during pregnancy, means that there are more women with obesity in the postnatal period. This can have adverse health consequences for women in later life and increases the health risks during subsequent pregnancies. The primary aim was to produce evidence of whether or not a Phase III trial of a brief weight management intervention, in which postnatal women are encouraged by practice nurses as part of the national child immunisation programme to self-monitor their weight and use an online weight management programme, is feasible and acceptable. The research involved a cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial and two semistructured interview studies with intervention participants and practice nurses who delivered the intervention. Trial data were collected at baseline and 3 months later. The interview studies took place after trial follow-up. The trial took place in Birmingham, UK. Twenty-eight postnatal women who were overweight/obese were recruited via Birmingham Women's Hospital or general practices. Nine intervention participants and seven nurses were interviewed. The intervention was delivered in the context of the national child immunisation programme. The intervention group were offered brief support that encouraged self-management of weight when they attended their practice to have their child immunised at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. The intervention involved the provision of motivation and support by nurses to encourage participants to make healthier lifestyle choices through self-monitoring of weight and signposting to an online weight management programme. The role of the nurse was to provide regular external accountability for weight loss. Women were asked to weigh themselves weekly and record this on a record card in their child's health record ('red book') or using the online programme. The behavioural goal was for women to lose 0.5-1 kg per week. The usual-care group received a healthy lifestyle leaflet. The primary outcome was the feasibility of a Phase III trial to test the effectiveness of the intervention, as assessed against three traffic-light stop-go criteria (recruitment, adherence to regular self-weighing and registration with an online weight management programme). The traffic-light criteria results were red for recruitment (28/80, 35% of target), amber for registration with the online weight loss programme (9/16, 56%) and green for adherence to weekly self-weighing (10/16, 63%). Nurses delivered the intervention with high fidelity. In the qualitative studies, participants indicated that the intervention was acceptable to them and they welcomed receiving support to lose weight at their child immunisation appointments. Although nurses raised some caveats to implementation, they felt that the intervention was easy to deliver and that it would motivate postnatal women to lose weight. Fewer participants were recruited than planned. Although women and practice nurses responded well to the intervention and adherence to self-weighing was high, recruitment was challenging and there is scope to improve engagement with the intervention. Future research should focus on investigating other methods of recruitment and, thereafter, testing the effectiveness of the intervention. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12209332. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in After giving birth, many women find it hard to lose the weight that they gained during pregnancy. Research so far has focused on testing intensive weight loss programmes that cannot be given to all women who give birth because it would be too expensive. Instead, we tested a brief intervention delivered by practice nurses to mothers when they attended their practice to have their child immunised. We completed a study to test how well our recruitment methods worked, how well the intervention could be delivered by nurses during immunisation appointments and whether or not women followed the intervention. Women who were overweight/obese and had given birth at least 4 weeks previously were invited to participate. Women interested in participating were visited at home at the start and end of the study to measure their weight and to collect information about them. Participants were allocated to the intervention group or to a comparison group based on which practice they attended. For the intervention group, nurses encouraged women to monitor their weight weekly and record this on a record card in their child’s health record (the ‘red book’) when they attended the practice to have their child immunised when their child was 2, 3 and 4 months old. Women were encouraged to use an online weight loss programme to help them lose weight and were advised to aim to lose 0.5–1 kg per week. Those in the comparison group were given a healthy living leaflet. Women and nurses were interviewed about their experiences of the study. Recruiting women to the study was difficult; however, women who did participate mostly followed the intervention well and weighed themselves weekly. Nurses liked the intervention; they felt that it could be incorporated into immunisation appointments and suggested some ideas for improvement. The study appeared feasible and acceptable, but better ways of recruiting women are needed.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
Pregnancy is a high-risk time for excessive weight gain. The rising prevalence of obesity in women, combined with excess weight gain during pregnancy, means that there are more women with obesity in the postnatal period. This can have adverse health consequences for women in later life and increases the health risks during subsequent pregnancies.
OBJECTIVE
The primary aim was to produce evidence of whether or not a Phase III trial of a brief weight management intervention, in which postnatal women are encouraged by practice nurses as part of the national child immunisation programme to self-monitor their weight and use an online weight management programme, is feasible and acceptable.
DESIGN
The research involved a cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial and two semistructured interview studies with intervention participants and practice nurses who delivered the intervention. Trial data were collected at baseline and 3 months later. The interview studies took place after trial follow-up.
SETTING
The trial took place in Birmingham, UK.
PARTICIPANTS
Twenty-eight postnatal women who were overweight/obese were recruited via Birmingham Women's Hospital or general practices. Nine intervention participants and seven nurses were interviewed.
INTERVENTIONS
The intervention was delivered in the context of the national child immunisation programme. The intervention group were offered brief support that encouraged self-management of weight when they attended their practice to have their child immunised at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. The intervention involved the provision of motivation and support by nurses to encourage participants to make healthier lifestyle choices through self-monitoring of weight and signposting to an online weight management programme. The role of the nurse was to provide regular external accountability for weight loss. Women were asked to weigh themselves weekly and record this on a record card in their child's health record ('red book') or using the online programme. The behavioural goal was for women to lose 0.5-1 kg per week. The usual-care group received a healthy lifestyle leaflet.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was the feasibility of a Phase III trial to test the effectiveness of the intervention, as assessed against three traffic-light stop-go criteria (recruitment, adherence to regular self-weighing and registration with an online weight management programme).
RESULTS
The traffic-light criteria results were red for recruitment (28/80, 35% of target), amber for registration with the online weight loss programme (9/16, 56%) and green for adherence to weekly self-weighing (10/16, 63%). Nurses delivered the intervention with high fidelity. In the qualitative studies, participants indicated that the intervention was acceptable to them and they welcomed receiving support to lose weight at their child immunisation appointments. Although nurses raised some caveats to implementation, they felt that the intervention was easy to deliver and that it would motivate postnatal women to lose weight.
LIMITATIONS
Fewer participants were recruited than planned.
CONCLUSIONS
Although women and practice nurses responded well to the intervention and adherence to self-weighing was high, recruitment was challenging and there is scope to improve engagement with the intervention.
FUTURE WORK
Future research should focus on investigating other methods of recruitment and, thereafter, testing the effectiveness of the intervention.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12209332.
FUNDING
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in
After giving birth, many women find it hard to lose the weight that they gained during pregnancy. Research so far has focused on testing intensive weight loss programmes that cannot be given to all women who give birth because it would be too expensive. Instead, we tested a brief intervention delivered by practice nurses to mothers when they attended their practice to have their child immunised. We completed a study to test how well our recruitment methods worked, how well the intervention could be delivered by nurses during immunisation appointments and whether or not women followed the intervention. Women who were overweight/obese and had given birth at least 4 weeks previously were invited to participate. Women interested in participating were visited at home at the start and end of the study to measure their weight and to collect information about them. Participants were allocated to the intervention group or to a comparison group based on which practice they attended. For the intervention group, nurses encouraged women to monitor their weight weekly and record this on a record card in their child’s health record (the ‘red book’) when they attended the practice to have their child immunised when their child was 2, 3 and 4 months old. Women were encouraged to use an online weight loss programme to help them lose weight and were advised to aim to lose 0.5–1 kg per week. Those in the comparison group were given a healthy living leaflet. Women and nurses were interviewed about their experiences of the study. Recruiting women to the study was difficult; however, women who did participate mostly followed the intervention well and weighed themselves weekly. Nurses liked the intervention; they felt that it could be incorporated into immunisation appointments and suggested some ideas for improvement. The study appeared feasible and acceptable, but better ways of recruiting women are needed.
Autres résumés
Type: plain-language-summary
(eng)
After giving birth, many women find it hard to lose the weight that they gained during pregnancy. Research so far has focused on testing intensive weight loss programmes that cannot be given to all women who give birth because it would be too expensive. Instead, we tested a brief intervention delivered by practice nurses to mothers when they attended their practice to have their child immunised. We completed a study to test how well our recruitment methods worked, how well the intervention could be delivered by nurses during immunisation appointments and whether or not women followed the intervention. Women who were overweight/obese and had given birth at least 4 weeks previously were invited to participate. Women interested in participating were visited at home at the start and end of the study to measure their weight and to collect information about them. Participants were allocated to the intervention group or to a comparison group based on which practice they attended. For the intervention group, nurses encouraged women to monitor their weight weekly and record this on a record card in their child’s health record (the ‘red book’) when they attended the practice to have their child immunised when their child was 2, 3 and 4 months old. Women were encouraged to use an online weight loss programme to help them lose weight and were advised to aim to lose 0.5–1 kg per week. Those in the comparison group were given a healthy living leaflet. Women and nurses were interviewed about their experiences of the study. Recruiting women to the study was difficult; however, women who did participate mostly followed the intervention well and weighed themselves weekly. Nurses liked the intervention; they felt that it could be incorporated into immunisation appointments and suggested some ideas for improvement. The study appeared feasible and acceptable, but better ways of recruiting women are needed.
Banques de données
ISRCTN
['ISRCTN12209332']
Types de publication
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1-130Subventions
Organisme : Department of Health
Pays : United Kingdom
Références
The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. New Eng J Med 2017;377:13–27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
The NHS Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet. 2012. URL: http://content.digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB05131/obes-phys-acti-diet-eng-2012-rep.pdf (accessed 23 July 2018).
Kanter R, Caballero B. Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Adv Nutr 2012;3:491–8. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.002063
doi: 10.3945/an.112.002063
Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 2011;378:815–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60814-3
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60814-3
NHS Digital. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England 2019. 2019. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet-england-2019 (accessed 1 October 2019).
NHS Digital. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England 2018. 2018. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet-england-2018 (accessed 5 October 2019).
Jackson SE, Steptoe A. Association between perceived weight discrimination and physical activity: a population-based study among English middle-aged and older adults. BMJ Open 2017;7:e014592. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014592
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014592
Annis NM, Cash TF, Hrabosky JI. Body image and psychosocial differences among stable average weight, currently overweight, and formerly overweight women: the role of stigmatizing experiences. Body Image 2004;1:155–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2003.12.001
doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2003.12.001
Williamson DF, Kahn HS, Remington PL, Anda RF. The 10-year incidence of overweight and major weight gain in US adults. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:665–72. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1990.00390150135026
doi: 10.1001/archinte.1990.00390150135026
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet 2016;387:1377–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
Baker C. Obesity Statistics: Briefing Paper. House of Commons Library. 2018. URL: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN03336/SN03336.pdf (accessed 12 July 2019).
Booth HP, Charlton J, Gulliford MC. Socioeconomic inequality in morbid obesity with body mass index more than 40kg/m2 in the United States and England. SSM Popul Health 2017;3:172–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.12.012
doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.12.012
Devaux M, Sassi F. Social inequalities in obesity and overweight in 11 OECD countries. Eur J Public Health 2013;23:464–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr058
doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckr058
Institute for Medicine. Weight Gain in Pregnancy: Re-Examining The Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2009.
Cohen TR, Koski KG. Limiting excess weight gain in healthy pregnant women: importance of energy intakes, physical activity, and adherence to gestational weight gain guidelines. J Pregnancy 2013;2013:787032. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/787032
doi: 10.1155/2013/787032
Heslehurst N, Ells LJ, Simpson H, Batterham A, Wilkinson J, Summerbell CD. Trends in maternal obesity incidence rates, demographic predictors, and health inequalities in 36,821 women over a 15-year period. BJOG 2007;114:187–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01180.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01180.x
Olson CM, Strawderman MS, Hinton PS, Pearson TA. Gestational weight gain and postpartum behaviors associated with weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:117–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802156
doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802156
Villamor E, Cnattingius S. Interpregnancy weight change and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. Lancet 2006;368:1164–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69473-7
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69473-7
Linné Y, Dye L, Barkeling B, Rössner S. Weight development over time in parous women – the SPAWN study – 15 years follow-up. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1516–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802441
doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802441
Rooney BL, Schauberger CW, Mathiason MA. Impact of peri-natal weight change on long-term obesity and obesity-related illnesses. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:1349–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000185480.09068.4a
doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000185480.09068.4a
Marshall E, Moon MA, Mirchandani A, Smith DG, Nichols LP, Zhao X, et al. ‘Baby Wants Tacos’: analysis of health-related facebook posts from young pregnant women. Matern Child Health J 2019;23:1400–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-019-02776-7
doi: 10.1007/s10995-019-02776-7
Chuang CH, Velott DL, Weisman CS. Exploring knowledge and attitudes related to pregnancy and preconception health in women with chronic medical conditions. Matern Child Health J 2010;14:713–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-009-0518-6
doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0518-6
Clark A, Skouteris H, Wertheim E, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. My baby body: a qualitative insight into women’s body-related experiences and mood during pregnancy and the postpartum. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2009;27:330–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830903190904
doi: 10.1080/02646830903190904
Symons Downs D, Hausenblas HA. Women’s exercise beliefs and behaviours during their pregnancy and postpartum. Am Coll Nurses Midwives 2004;49:138–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2003.11.009
doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2003.11.009
Gunderson EP. Childbearing and obesity in women: weight before, during, and after pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009;36:317–32, ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2009.04.001
doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2009.04.001
Cheney K, Farber R, Barratt AL, McGeechan K, de Vries B, Ogle R, Black KI. Population attributable fractions of perinatal outcomes for nulliparous women associated with overweight and obesity, 1990–2014. Med J Aust 2018;208:119–25. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00344
doi: 10.5694/mja17.00344
Ziauddeen N, Roderick PJ, Macklon NS, Alwan NA. Is maternal weight gain between pregnancies associated with risk of large-for-gestational age birth? Analysis of a UK population-based cohort. Lancet 2018;392:S97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32927-1
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32927-1
Thangaratinam S, Rogozinska E, Jolly K, Glinkowski S, Roseboom T, Tomlinson JW, et al. Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence. BMJ 2012;344:e2088. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2088
doi: 10.1136/bmj.e2088
Viswanathan M, Siega-Riz AM, Moos MK, Deierlein A, Mumford S, Knaack J, et al. Outcomes of maternal weight gain. Evid Rep Technol Assess 2008;168:1–223.
Thorsdottir I, Torfadottir JE, Birgisdottir BE, Geirsson RT. Weight gain in women of normal weight before pregnancy: complications in pregnancy or delivery and birth outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:799–806. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200205000-00021
doi: 10.1097/00006250-200205000-00021
Ramachenderan J, Bradford J, McLean M. Maternal obesity and pregnancy complications: a review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008;48:228–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828X.2008.00860.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2008.00860.x
Oteng-Ntim E, Mononen S, Sawicki O, Seed PT, Bick D, Poston L. Interpregnancy weight change and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2018;8:e018778. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018778
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018778
Knight M, Tuffnell D, Kenyon S, Shakespeare J, Gray R, Kurinczuk JJ (editors) on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care-Surveillance of Maternal Deaths in the UK 2011–13 and Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2015. URL: www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/downloads/files/mbrrace-uk/reports/MBRRACE-UK%20Maternal%20Report%202015.pdf (accessed September 2019).
Heslehurst N, Vieira R, Akhter Z, Bailey H, Slack E, Ngongalah L, et al. The association between maternal body mass index and child obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Med 2019;16:e1002817. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002817
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002817
Gore SA, Brown DM, West DS. The role of postpartum weight retention in obesity among women: a review of the evidence. Ann Behav Med 2003;26:149–59. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2602_07
doi: 10.1207/S15324796ABM2602_07
Walker LO. Managing excessive weight gain during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2007;36:490–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00179.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00179.x
Schmitt NM, Nicholson WK, Schmitt J. The association of pregnancy and the development of obesity-results of a systematic review and meta-analysis on the natural history of postpartum weight retention. Int J Obes 2007;31:1642–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803655
doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803655
Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, Halsey J, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 2009;373:1083–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4
Linné Y. Effects of obesity on women’s reproduction and complications during pregnancy. Obes Rev 2004;5:137–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00147.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00147.x
Endres LK, Straub H, McKinney C, Plunkett B, Minkovitz CS, Schetter CD, et al. Postpartum weight retention risk factors and relationship to obesity at 1 year. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:144–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000565
doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000565
Hollis JL, Crozier SR, Inskip HM, Cooper C, Godfrey KM, Harvey NC, et al. Modifiable risk factors of maternal postpartum weight retention: an analysis of their combined impact and potential opportunities for prevention. Int J Obes 2017;41:1091–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.78
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.78
Lipsky LM, Strawderman MS, Olson CM. Maternal weight change between 1 and 2 years postpartum: the importance of 1 year weight retention. Obesity 2012;20:1496–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.41
doi: 10.1038/oby.2012.41
Rooney BL, Schauberger CW. Excess pregnancy weight gain and long-term obesity: one decade later. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:245–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02125-7
doi: 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02125-7
Rong K, Yu K, Han X, Szeto IM, Qin X, Wang J, et al. Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2015;18:2172–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014002523
doi: 10.1017/S1368980014002523
Bogaerts A, Van den Bergh BR, Ameye L, Witters I, Martens E, Timmerman D, Devlieger R. Interpregnancy weight change and risk for adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:999–1009. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a7f63e
doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a7f63e
Gunderson EP, Abrams B, Selvin S. The relative importance of gestational gain and maternal characteristics associated with the risk of becoming overweight after pregnancy. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1660–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801456
doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801456
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Weight Management Before, During and After Pregnancy: NICE Public Health Guidance 27. London: NICE; 2010. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph27 (accessed 2 March 2018).
Denison FC AN, Keag O, Hor K, Reynolds RM, Milne A, Diamond A, on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Care of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy. Green-top Guideline No. 72. 2018. URL: www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg72/ (accessed 1 September 2019).
Walker LO, Sterling BS. Weight loss, gain, or stability from 6 weeks to 6 months postpartum: associations with depressive symptoms and behavioral habits. J Womens Health 2020;29:541–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2019.7949
doi: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7949
Nagl M, Linde K, Stepan H, Kersting A. Obesity and anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2015;186:293–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.054
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.054
Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE. The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003;6:263–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6
doi: 10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6
Ertel KA, Huang T, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Rich-Edwards J, Oken E, James-Todd T. Perinatal weight and risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. Ann Epidemiol 2017;27:695–700.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.10.007
doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.10.007
Winston R, Chicot R. The importance of early bonding on the long-term mental health and resilience of children. London J Prim Care 2016;8:12–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17571472.2015.1133012
doi: 10.1080/17571472.2015.1133012
Carter-Edwards L, Østbye T, Bastian LA, Yarnall KS, Krause KM, Simmons TJ. Barriers to adopting a healthy lifestyle: insight from postpartum women. BMC Res Notes 2009;2:161. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-2-161
doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-161
Sary MP, Turnip SS. Attitude difference between fathers and mothers toward fathers involvement in child rearing activities among couples with 0-12 months Old babies. Community based study in a primary health care setting. Proc Soc Behav 2015;190:92–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.921
doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.921
Deutsch FM. Equally shared parenting. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2001;10:25–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00107
doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00107
Dennis CL, Ross L. Relationships among infant sleep patterns, maternal fatigue, and development of depressive symptomatology. Birth 2005;32:187–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0730-7659.2005.00368.x
doi: 10.1111/j.0730-7659.2005.00368.x
Montgomery KS, Bushee TD, Phillips JD, Kirkpatrick T, Catledge C, Braveboy K, et al. Women’s challenges with postpartum weight loss. Matern Child Health J 2011;15:1176–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0681-9
doi: 10.1007/s10995-010-0681-9
Herring SJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW. Association of postpartum depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth. Obesity 2008;16:1296–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.71
doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.71
Hartley E, Hill B, Bailey C, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Skouteris H. The associations of weight status and body attitudes with depressive and anxiety symptoms across the first year postpartum. Womens Health Issues 2018;28:530–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.07.002
doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2018.07.002
Xiao RS, Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Goldberg RJ, Pagoto SL, Person SD, Waring ME. The impact of sleep, stress, and depression on postpartum weight retention: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2014;77:351–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.09.016
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.09.016
Schwarzer R. Modeling health behavior change: how to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Appl Psychol 2008;57:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00325.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00325.x
Wu J. Rewarding healthy behaviors – pay patients for performance. Ann Fam Med 2012;10:261–3. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1334
doi: 10.1370/afm.1334
Ogilvie RP, Patel SR. The epidemiology of sleep and obesity. Sleep Health 2017;3:383–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.013
doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.013
Pacheco SR, Miranda AM, Coelho R, Monteiro AC, Bragança G, Loureiro HC. Overweight in youth and sleep quality: is there a link? Arch Endocrinol Metab 2017;61:367–73. https://doi.org/10.1590/2359-3997000000265
doi: 10.1590/2359-3997000000265
Grandner MA, Kripke DF, Naidoo N, Langer RD. Relationships among dietary nutrients and subjective sleep, objective sleep, and napping in women. Sleep Med 2010;11:180–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.014
doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.014
Clark JE. Diet, exercise or diet with exercise: comparing the effectiveness of treatment options for weight-loss and changes in fitness for adults (18–65 years old) who are overfat, or obese; systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015;14:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-015-0154-1
doi: 10.1186/s40200-015-0154-1
Gudzune KA, Doshi RS, Mehta AK, Chaudhry ZW, Jacobs DK, Vakil RM, et al. Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:501–12. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2238
doi: 10.7326/M14-2238
Hartmann-Boyce J, Johns DJ, Jebb SA, Summerbell C, Aveyard P, Behavioural Weight Management Review Group. Behavioural weight management programmes for adults assessed by trials conducted in everyday contexts: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2014;15:920–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12220
doi: 10.1111/obr.12220
Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, Raynor HA, Fava JL. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1563–71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061883
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061883
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obesity: The Prevention, Identification, Assessment and Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults and Children. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2014. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg189/evidence/obesity-update-appendix-p-pdf-6960327450 (accessed 24 August 2017).
Reddy S. Care Pathway for the Management of Overweight and Obesity. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2006. URL: www.htmc.co.uk/resource/data/htmc1/docs/Care%20pathway%20for%20the%20management%20of%20overweight%20and%20obesity.pdf (accessed 8 October 2019).
Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD, Aston LM, Holzapfel C, Stoll J, et al. Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;378:1485–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5
Jolly K, Lewis A, Beach J, Denley J, Adab P, Deeks JJ, et al. Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: Lighten Up randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011;343:d6500. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6500
doi: 10.1136/bmj.d6500
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Weight Management: Lifestyle Services for Overweight or Obese Adults. London: NICE; 2014. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph53 (accessed 11 October 2017).
Duncan DT, Wolin KY, Scharoun-Lee M, Ding EL, Warner ET, Bennett GG. Does perception equal reality? Weight misperception in relation to weight-related attitudes and behaviors among overweight and obese US adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-20
doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-20
Groth S, David T. New mothers’ views of weight and exercise. Amer J Matern Child Nurs 2008;33:364–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NMC.0000341257.26169.30
doi: 10.1097/01.NMC.0000341257.26169.30
Hodgkinson EL, Smith DM, Wittkowski A. Women’s experiences of their pregnancy and postpartum body image: a systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14:330. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-330
doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-330
Godin G, Vezina L, Leclerc O. Factors influencing intentions of pregnant women to exercise after giving birth. Public Health Rep 1989;104:188–95.
Lindsay A, Sussner K, Kim J, Kim J, Gortmaker. The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity. Future Child 2006;16:169–86. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2006.0006
doi: 10.1353/foc.2006.0006
Fogelholm M, Nuutinen O, Pasanen M, Myöhänen E, Säätelä T. Parent-child relationship of physical activity patterns and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:1262–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801061
doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801061
Christenson A, Johansson E, Reynisdottir S, Torgerson J, Hemmingsson E. Women’s perceived reasons for their excessive postpartum weight retention: a qualitative interview study. PLOS ONE 2017;11:e0167731 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167731
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167731
Dinsdale S, Branch K, Cook L, Shucksmith J. ‘As soon as you’ve had the baby that’s it . . . a qualitative study of 24 postnatal women on their experience of maternal obesity care pathways. BMC Public Health 2016;16:625. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3289-1
doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3289-1
Heslehurst N, Dinsdale S, Sedgewick G, Simpson H, Sen S, Summerbell CD, Rankin J. An evaluation of the implementation of maternal obesity pathways of care: a mixed methods study with data integration. PLOS ONE 2015;10:e0127122. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127122
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127122
Johnson M, Campbell F, Messina J, Preston L, Buckley Woods H, Goyder E. Weight management during pregnancy: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. Midwifery 2013;29:1287–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.11.016
doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2012.11.016
Ferguson JA, Daley AJ, Paretti HM. Behavioural weight management interventions for postnatal women: a systematic review of systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2018;20:829–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12834
doi: 10.1111/obr.12834
Leermakers EA, Anglin K, Wing RR. Reducing postpartum weight retention through a correspondence intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:1103–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800734
doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800734
Lovelady CA, Garner KE, Moreno KL, Williams JP. The effect of weight loss in overweight, lactating women on the growth of their infants. N Engl J Med 2000;342:449–53. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200002173420701
doi: 10.1056/NEJM200002173420701
O’Toole ML, Sawicki MA, Artal R. Structured diet and physical activity prevent postpartum weight retention. J Womens Health 2003;12:991–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/154099903322643910
doi: 10.1089/154099903322643910
Østbye T, Krause K, Lovelady C, Morey MC, Bastian LA, Peterson BL, et al. Active mothers postpartum: a randomized controlled weight-loss intervention trial. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:173–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.05.016
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.05.016
Krummel D, Semmens E, MacBride AM, Fisher B. Lessons learned from the mother’s overweight management study in four West Virginia WIC offices. J Nutr Educa Behav 2010;42(3 Suppl):S52–S8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2010.02.012
doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2010.02.012
Craigie AM, Macleod M, Barton KL, Treweek S, Anderson AS, on behalf of the WeighWell team. Supporting postpartum weight loss in women living in deprived communities: design implications for a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011;65:952–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.56
doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.56
Walker LO, Sterling BS, Latimer L, Kim SH, Garcia AA, Fowles ER. Ethnic-specific weight-loss interventions for low-income postpartum women: findings and lessons. West J Nurs Res 2012;34:654–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945911403775
doi: 10.1177/0193945911403775
Bertz F, Brekke HK, Ellegard L, Rasmussen KM, Wennergren M, Winkvist A. Diet and exercise weight-loss trial in lactating overweight and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:698–705. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.040196
doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040196
Reinhardt JA, van der Ploeg HP, Grzegrzulka R, Timperley JG. lmplementing lifestyle change through phone-based motivational interviewing in rural-based women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Health Promot J Austr 2012;23:5–9. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE12005
doi: 10.1071/HE12005
Colleran HL, Lovelady CA. Use of MyPyramid Menu Planner for Moms in a weight-loss intervention during lactation. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112:553–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2011.12.004
doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2011.12.004
Wiltheiss GA, Lovelady CA, West DG, Brouwer RJ, Krause KM, Ostbye T. Diet quality and weight change among overweight and obese post-partum women enrolled in a behavioral intervention program. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013;113:54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.012
doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.012
Shyam S, Arshad F, Abdul Ghani R, Wahab NA, Safii NS, Nisak MY, et al. Low glycaemic index diets improve glucose tolerance and body weight in women with previous history of gestational diabetes: a six months randomized trial. Nutr J 2013;12:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-68
doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-68
Herring SJ, Cruice JF, Bennett GG, Davey A, Foster GD. Using technology to promote postpartum weight loss in urban, low-income mothers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Educ Behav 2014;46:610–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.06.002
doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2014.06.002
Nicklas JM, Zera CA, England LJ, Rosner BA, Horton E, Levkoff SE, Seely EW. A web-based lifestyle intervention for women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:563–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000420
doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000420
Dewey KG, Lovelady CA, Nommsen-Rivers LA, McCrory MA, Lonnerdal B. A randomized study of the effects of aerobic exercise by lactating women on breast-milk volume and composition. N Engl J Med 1994;330:449–53. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199402173300701
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199402173300701
Lovelady CA, Bopp MJ, Colleran HL, Mackie HK, Wideman L. Effect of exercise training on loss of bone mineral density during lactation. Med Sci Sports Ex 2009;41:1902–7. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a5a68b
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a5a68b
Maturi MS, Afshary P, Abedi P. Effect of physical activity intervention based on a pedometer on physical activity level and anthropometric measures after childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011;11:103. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-11-103
doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-103
McIntyre HD, Peacock A, Miller YD, Koh D, Marshall AL. Pilot Study of an individualised early postpartum intervention to increase physical activity in women with previous gestational diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2012;2012:892019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/892019
doi: 10.1155/2012/892019
Youngwanichsetha S, Phumdoung S, Ingkathawornwong T. The effects of tai chi qigong exercise on plasma glucose levels and health status of postpartum Thai women with type 2 diabetes. Focus Altern Complement Ther 2013;18:182–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/fct.12064
doi: 10.1111/fct.12064
Kim C, Draska M, Hess ML, Wilson EJ, Richardson CR. A web-based pedometer programme in women with a recent history of gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2012;29:278–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03415.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03415.x
Tripette J, Murakami H, Gando Y, Kawakami R, Sasaki A, Hanawa S, et al. Home-based active video games to promote weight loss during the postpartum period. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014;46:472–8. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000136
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000136
Zourladani A, Zafrakas M, Chatzigiannis B, Papasozomenou P, Vavilis D, Matziari C. The effect of physical exercise on postpartum fitness, hormone and lipid levels: a randomized controlled trial in primiparous, lactating women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015;291:525–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3418-y
doi: 10.1007/s00404-014-3418-y
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Putting NICE Guidance Into Practice. Costing Report: Obesity. Implementing the NICE Guideline on Obesity (CG189). London: NICE; 2014. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg189/resources/costing-report-pdf-193304845 (accessed 23 March 2019).
Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, Safford M, Knowler WC, Bertoni AG, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1481–6. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-2415
doi: 10.2337/dc10-2415
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Costing Report: Managing Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Lifestyle Weight Management Services. London: NICE; 2014. URL: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph53/resources/costing-report-pdf-69241357 (accessed 14 February 2018).
Magkos F, Fraterrigo G, Yoshino J, Luecking C, Kirbach K, Kelly SC, et al. Effects of moderate and subsequent progressive weight loss on metabolic function and adipose tissue biology in humans with obesity. Cell Metab 2016;23:591–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.005
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.005
Ma C, Avenell A, Bolland M, Hudson J, Stewart F, Robertson C, et al. Effects of weight loss intervention for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2017;359:j4849. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4849
doi: 10.1136/bmj.j4849
Kuhlmann AK, Dietz PM, Galavotti C, England LJ. Weight-management interventions for pregnant or postpartum women. Am J Prev Med 2008;34:523–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.02.010
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.02.010
Elliott-Sale KJ, Barnett CT, Sale C. Exercise interventions for weight management during pregnancy and up to 1 year postpartum among normal weight, overweight and obese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015;49:1336–42. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093875
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093875
Choi J, Fukuoka Y, Lee JH. The effects of physical activity and physical activity plus diet interventions on body weight in overweight or obese women who are pregnant or in postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Med 2013;56:351–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.02.021
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.02.021
Nascimento SL, Pudwell J, Surita FG, Adamo KB, Smith GN. The effect of physical exercise strategies on weight loss in postpartum women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes 2014;38:626–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.183
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.183
Amorim Adegboye AR, Linne YM. Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;7:CD005627. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005627.pub3
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005627.pub3
Office for National Statistics. Births in England and Wales: 2018: Live Births, Stillbirths and the Intensity of Childbearing, Measured by the Total Fertility Rate. 2019. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthsummarytablesenglandandwales/2018 (accessed 2 February 2018).
Huang TT, Yeh CY, Tsai YC. A diet and physical activity intervention for preventing weight retention among Taiwanese childbearing women: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2011;27:257–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2009.06.009
doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2009.06.009
Joshi PP, Quintiliani LM, McCarthy AC, Gilmore A, Mahesri M, Sullivan LM, Apovian CM. A randomized controlled feasibility trial in behavioral weight management for underserved postpartum african american women: the RENEW study. Prev Chronic Dis 2018;15:E77. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.170400
doi: 10.5888/pcd15.170400
Ruchat SM, Mottola MF, Skow RJ, Nagpal TS, Meah VL, James M, et al. Effectiveness of exercise interventions in the prevention of excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2018;52:1347–56. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099399
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099399
Setse R, Grogan R, Cooper LA, Strobino D, Powe NR, Nicholson W. Weight loss programs for urban-based, postpartum African-American women: perceived barriers and preferred components. Matern Child Health J 2008;12:119–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-007-0211-6
doi: 10.1007/s10995-007-0211-6
Phelan S. Pregnancy: a ‘teachable moment’ for weight control and obesity prevention. Amer J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.008
doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.008
Atkinson L, Olander EK, French DP. Why don’t many obese pregnant and post-natal women engage with a weight management service? J Reprod Infant Psychol 2013;31:245–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.809518
doi: 10.1080/02646838.2013.809518
Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Fletcher BR, Aveyard P. Self-help for weight loss in overweight and obese adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 2015;105:e43–57. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302389
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302389
Nelson RO, Hayes SC. Theoretical explanations for reactivity in self-monitoring. Behav Modif 1981;5:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/014544558151001
doi: 10.1177/014544558151001
Kanfer FH. Self-monitoring: methodological limitations and clinical applications. J Consult Clin Psychol 1970;35:148. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029874
doi: 10.1037/h0029874
Cameron LD, Leventhal H. The Self-regulation of Health and Illness Behavior. London: Routledge; 2003.
Fletcher BR, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hinton L, McManus RJ. The effect of self-monitoring of blood pressure on medication adherence and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2015;28:1209–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpv008
doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpv008
Burke LE, Wang J, Sevick MA. Self-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Diet Assoc 2011;111:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008
doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008
Hartmann-Boyce J, Aveyard P, Piernas C, Koshiaris C, Velardo C, Salvi D, Jebb S. Cognitive and behavioural strategies for weight management: the Oxford Food and Activity Behaviours (OxFAB) cohort study. PLOS ONE 2018;13:8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202072
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202072
Michie S, Whittington C, Hamoudi Z, Zarnani F, Tober G, West R. Identification of behaviour change techniques to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. Addiction 2012;107:1431–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03845.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03845.x
Michie S, Abraham C, Whittington C, McAteer J, Gupta S. Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: a meta regression. Health Psychol 2009;28:690–701. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016136
doi: 10.1037/a0016136
Madigan CD, Daley AJ, Lewis AL, Aveyard P, Jolly K. Is self-weighing an effective tool for weight loss: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015;12:104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0267-4
doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0267-4
Gilinsky AS, Kirk AF, Hughes AR, Lindsay RS. Lifestyle interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention in women with prior gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioural, anthropometric and metabolic outcomes. Prev Med Rep 2015;2:448–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.05.009
doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.05.009
Cleo G, Hersch J, Thomas R. Participant experiences of two successful habit-based weight-loss interventions in Australia: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2018;8:e020146. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020146
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020146
Borek AJ, Abraham C, Greaves CJ, Tarrant M, Garner N, Pascale M. ‘We’re all in the same boat’: a qualitative study on how groups work in a diabetes prevention and management programme. Br J Health Psychol 2019;24:787–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12379
doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12379
Metzgar CJ, Preston AG, Miller DL, Nickols-Richardson SM. Facilitators and barriers to weight loss and weight loss maintenance: a qualitative exploration. J Hum Nutr Diet 2015;28:593–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12273
doi: 10.1111/jhn.12273
Dalle Grave R, Centis E, Marzocchi R, El Ghoch M, Marchesini G. Major factors for facilitating change in behavioral strategies to reduce obesity. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2013;6:101–10. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S40460
doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S40460
Burke LE, Swigart V, Warziski Turk M, Derro N, Ewing LJ. Experiences of self-monitoring: successes and struggles during treatment for weight loss. Qual Health Res 2009;19:815–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732309335395
doi: 10.1177/1049732309335395
Bovens M. Two concepts of accountability: accountability as a virtue and as a mechanism. West Eur Polit 2010;33:946–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2010.486119
doi: 10.1080/01402382.2010.486119
Wooldridge JS, Ranby KW, Roberts S, Huebschmann AG. A couples-based approach for increasing physical activity among adults with type 2 diabetes: a pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Educ 2019;45:629–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721719881722
doi: 10.1177/0145721719881722
Berry E, Davies M, Dempster M. Exploring the effectiveness of couples interventions for adults living with a chronic physical illness: a systematic review. Patient Educ Coun 2017;100:1287–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.02.015
doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2017.02.015
Khan CM, Stephens MA, Franks MM, Rook KS, Salem JK. Influences of spousal support and control on diabetes management through physical activity. Health Psychol 2013;32:739–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028609
doi: 10.1037/a0028609
Ahern A, Boyland EJ, Jebb SA, Cohn SR. Participants’ explanatory model of being overweight and their experiences of two weight loss interventions. Ann Fam Med 2013;11:251–7. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1446
doi: 10.1370/afm.1446
Gardner B, Whittington C, McAteer J, Eccles MP, Michie S. Using theory to synthesise evidence from behaviour change interventions: the example of audit and feedback. Soc Sci Med 2010;70:1618–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.039
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.039
Booth HP, Prevost AT, Gulliford MC. Access to weight reduction interventions for overweight and obese patients in UK primary care: population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e006642. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006642
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006642
Blackburn M, Stathi A, Keogh E, Eccleston C. Raising the topic of weight in general practice: perspectives of GPs and primary care nurses. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008546. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008546
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008546
Huang H, Yu H, Marin E, Brock S, Davis T. Physicians’ weight loss counselling in two public hospital primary care clinics. Acad Med 2004;79:156–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200402000-00012
doi: 10.1097/00001888-200402000-00012
American Medical Association. Talking About Weight With Your Patients. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2011.
Chisholm A, Hart J, Lam V, Peters S. Current challenges of behaviour change talk for medical professionals and trainees. Patient Educ Couns 2012;87:389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.12.001
doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.12.001
Dewhurst A, Peters S, Devereux-Fitzgerald A, Hart J. Physicians’ views and experiences of discussing weight management within routine clinical consultations: a thematic synthesis. Patient Educ Couns 2017;100:897–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.017
doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.017
Drury CA, Louis M. Exploring the association between body weight, stigma of obesity, and health care avoidance. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2002;14:554–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2002.tb00089.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2002.tb00089.x
Bradbury D, Chisholm A, Watson PM, Bundy C, Bradbury N, Birtwistle S. Barriers and facilitators to health care professionals discussing child weight with parents: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Br J Health Psychol 2018;23:701–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12312
doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12312
Aveyard P, Lewis A, Tearne S, Hood K, Christian-Brown A, Adab P, et al. Screening and brief intervention for obesity in primary care: a parallel, two-arm, randomised trial. Lancet 2016;388:2492–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31893-1
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31893-1
Vidrine JI, Shete S, Cao Y, Greisinger A, Harmonson P, Sharp B, et al. Ask-Advise-Connect: a new approach to smoking treatment delivery in health care settings. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:458–64. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3751
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3751
Department of Health and Social Care. Next Steps on the NHS Five Year Forward View’ Reflects How NHS England Intends to Meet the Seven Overarching Objectives in the Mandate. 2018. URL: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NEXT-STEPS-ON-THE-NHS-FIVE-YEAR-FORWARD-VIEW.pdf (accessed 10 July 2018).
Public Health England. From Evidence Into Action: Opportunities to Protect and Improve the Nation’s Health. Strategic Document Setting Out Public Health England’s Priorities for the Next 5 Years. 2014. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/from-evidence-into-action-opportunities-to-protect-and-improve-the-nations-health (accessed 21 June 2017).
Slomian J, Bruyère O, Reginster JY, Emonts P. The internet as a source of information used by women after childbirth to meet their need for information: a web-based survey. Midwifery 2017;48:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.03.005
doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.03.005
Mercer K, Giangregorio L, Schneider E, Chilana P, Li M, Grindrod K. Acceptance of commercially available wearable activity trackers among adults aged over 50 and with chronic illness: a mixed-methods evaluation. JMIR mhealth uhealth 2016;4:e7. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.4225
doi: 10.2196/mhealth.4225
Brickwood KJ, Watson G, O’Brien J, Williams AD. Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR mhealth uhealth 2019;7:e11819. https://doi.org/10.2196/11819
doi: 10.2196/11819
Dounavi K, Tsoumani O. Mobile health applications in weight management: a systematic literature review. Amer J Prev Med 2019;56:894–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.12.005
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.12.005
Afshin A, Babalola D, Mclean M, Yu Z, Ma W, Chen CY, et al. Information technology and lifestyle: a systematic evaluation of internet and mobile interventions for improving diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco, and alcohol use. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003058. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.003058
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.003058
Zhao J, Freeman B, Li M. Can mobile phone apps influence people’s health behavior change? An evidence review. J Med Internet Res 2016;18:e287. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5692
doi: 10.2196/jmir.5692
Lau Y, Klainin-Yobas P, Htun TP, Wong SN, Tan KL, Ho-Lim ST, et al. Electronic-based lifestyle interventions in overweight or obese perinatal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2017;18:1071–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12557
doi: 10.1111/obr.12557
NHS Digital. Childhood Vaccination Coverage Statistics – England 2018–19. URL: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-immunisation-statistics/england-2018-19 (accessed 18 November 2019).
Fealy SM, Taylor RM, Foureur M, Attia J, Ebert L, Bisquera A, et al. Weighing as a stand-alone intervention does not reduce excessive gestational weight gain compared to routine antenatal care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017;17:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1207-2
doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1207-2
Dodd JM, Turnbull D, McPhee AJ, Deussen AR, Grivell RM, Yelland LN, et al. Antenatal lifestyle advice for women who are overweight or obese: LIMIT randomised trial. BMJ 2014;348:g1285. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1285
doi: 10.1136/bmj.g1285
Poston L, Bell R, Croker H, Flynn AC, Godfrey KM, Goff L, et al. Effect of a behavioural intervention in obese pregnant women (the UPBEAT study): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3:767–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00227-2
doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00227-2
Little P, Stuart B, Hobbs FR, Kelly J, Smith ER, Bradbury KJ, et al. An internet-based intervention with brief nurse support to manage obesity in primary care (POWeR+): a pragmatic, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016;4:821–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30099-7
doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30099-7
Sherifali D, Nerenberg KA, Wilson S, Semeniuk K, Ali MU, Redman LM, Adamo KB. The effectiveness of eHealth Technologies on Weight management in pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2017;19:e337. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8006
doi: 10.2196/jmir.8006
Michie S, Ashford S, Sniehotta FF, Dombrowski SU, Bishop A, French DP. A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: the CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychol Health 2011;26:1479–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2010.540664
doi: 10.1080/08870446.2010.540664
Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348:g1687. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1687
doi: 10.1136/bmj.g1687
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Cash TF, Fleming EC, Alindogan J, Steadman L, Whitehead A. Beyond body image as a trait: the development and validation of the Body Image States Scale. Eat Disord 2002;10:103–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260290081678
doi: 10.1080/10640260290081678
Chasan-Taber L, Schmidt MD, Roberts DE, Hosmer D, Markenson G, Freedson PS. Development and validation of a Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:1750–60. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000142303.49306.0d
doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000142303.49306.0d
Pinto AM, Fava JL, Raynor HA, LaRose JG, Wing RR. Development and validation of the weight control strategies scale. Obesity 2013;21:2429–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20368
doi: 10.1002/oby.20368
de Lauzon B, Romon M, Deschamps V, Lafay L, Borys JM, Karlsson J, et al. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 is able to distinguish among different eating patterns in a general population. J Nutr 2004;134:2372–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.9.2372
doi: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2372
Steinberg DM, Tate DF, Bennett GG, Ennett S, Samuel-Hodge C, Ward DS. The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and email. Obesity 2013;21:1789. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20396
doi: 10.1002/oby.20396
EuroQol Group. EuroQol--a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16:199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9
doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9
Al-Janabi H, Flynn TN, Coast J. Development of a self-report measure of capability wellbeing for adults: the ICECAP-A. Qual Life Res 2012;21:167–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9927-2
doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-9927-2
Teare MD, Dimairo M, Shephard N, Hayman A, Whitehead A, Walters SJ. Sample size requirements to estimate key design parameters from external pilot randomised controlled trials: a simulation study. Trials 2014;15:264. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-264
doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-264
Stendell-Hollis NR, Laudermilk MJ, West JL, Thompson PA, Thomson CA. Recruitment of lactating women into a randomized dietary intervention: successful strategies and factors promoting enrollment and retention. Contemp Clin Trials 2011;32:505–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2011.03.007
doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.03.007
Haste A, Adamson AJ, McColl E, Araujo-Soares V, Bell R. Problems recruiting and retaining postnatal women to a pilot randomised controlled trial of a web-delivered weight loss intervention. BMC Res Notes 2018;11:203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3305-x
doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3305-x
Daley A, Jolly K, Jebb SA, Roalfe A, Mackilllop L, Lewis A, et al. Effectiveness of a behavioural intervention involving regular weighing and feedback by community midwives within routine antenatal care to prevent excessive gestational weight gain: POPS2 randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9:e030174. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030174
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030174
Treweek S, Pitkethly M, Cook J, Fraser C, Mitchell E, Sullivan F, et al. Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;2:MR000013. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000013.pub6
doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000013.pub6
Ohlendorf JM. Stages of change in the trajectory of postpartum weight self-management. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012;41:57–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01323.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01323.x
Avery A, Hillier S, Pallister C, Barber J, Lavin J. Factors influencing engagement in postnatal weight management and weight and wellbeing outcomes. B J Midwifery 2016;24:806–12. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2016.24.11.806
doi: 10.12968/bjom.2016.24.11.806
Shieh C, Knisely MR, Clark D, Carpenter JS. Self-weighing in weight management interventions: a systematic review of literature. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016;10:493–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2016.01.004
doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.01.004
Painter SL, Ahmed R, Hill JO, Kushner RF, Lindquist R, Brunning S, Margulies A. What matters in weight loss? An in-depth analysis of self-monitoring. J Med Internet Res 2017;19:e160. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7457
doi: 10.2196/jmir.7457
Linde JA, Jeffery RW, French SA, Pronk NP, Boyle RG. Self-weighing in weight gain prevention and weight loss trials. Ann Behav Med 2005;30:210–16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3003_5
doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3003_5
Harrison CL, Teede HJ, Lombard CB. How effective is self-weighing in the setting of a lifestyle intervention to reduce gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2014;54:382–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12207
doi: 10.1111/ajo.12207
Bick D, Taylor C, Bhavnani V, Healey A, Seed P, Roberts S, et al. Lifestyle information and commercial weight management groups to support maternal postnatal weight management and positive lifestyle behaviour: the SWAN feasibility randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2020;127:636–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16043
doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16043
Ogden J, Whyman C. The effect of repeated weighing on psychological state. Eur Eat Disord Rev 1997;5:121–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199706)5:2<121::AID-ERV167>3.0.CO;2-N
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199706)5:2<121::AID-ERV167>3.0.CO;2-N
Zheng Y, Klem ML, Sereika SM, Danford CA, Ewing LJ, Burke LE. Self-weighing in weight management: a systematic literature review. Obesity 2015;23:256–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20946
doi: 10.1002/oby.20946
Benn Y, Webb TL, Chang BP, Harkin B. What is the psychological impact of self-weighing? A meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2016;10:187–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1138871
doi: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1138871
Mercurio A, Rima B. Watching my weight: self-weighing, body surveillance and body dissatisfaction. Sex Roles 2011;65:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9980-x
doi: 10.1007/s11199-011-9980-x
Madigan CD, Jolly K, Lewis AL, Aveyard P, Daley AJ. A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of self-weighing as a weight loss intervention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014;11:125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0125-9
doi: 10.1186/s12966-014-0125-9
Vanwormer JJ, French SA, Pereira MA, Welsh EM. The impact of regular self-weighing on weight management: a systematic literature review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008;5:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-54
doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-54
Daley AJ, Jolly K, Jebb SA, Lewis AL, Clifford S, Roalfe AK, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of regular weighing, setting weight gain limits and providing feedback by community midwives to prevent excess weight gain during pregnancy: randomised controlled trial and qualitative study. BMC Obes 2015;2:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-015-0061-5
doi: 10.1186/s40608-015-0061-5
Pacanowski CR, Linde JA, Neumark-Sztainer D. Self-weighing: helpful or harmful for psychological well-being? A review of the literature. Curr Obes Rep 2015;4:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-015-0142-2
doi: 10.1007/s13679-015-0142-2
Hartmann-Boyce J, Boylan AM, Jebb SA, Aveyard P. ‘Experiences of monitoring in self-directed weight loss and weight loss maintenance: systematic review of qualitative studies’. Qual Health Res 2018;29:124–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318784815
doi: 10.1177/1049732318784815
Ahern AL, Aveyard P, Boyland EJ, Halford JC, Jebb SA, WRAP trial team. Inequalities in the uptake of weight management interventions in a pragmatic trial: an observational study in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2016;66:e258–63. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X684337
doi: 10.3399/bjgp16X684337
Kaplan LM, Golden A, Jinnett K, Kolotkin RL, Kyle TK, Look M, et al. Perceptions of barriers to effective obesity care: results from the national ACTION study. Obesity 2018;26:61–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22054
doi: 10.1002/oby.22054
Health Education England. Making Every Contact Count. 2019. URL: www.makingeverycontactcount.co.uk/ (accessed 27 November 2019).
McKinley MC, Allen-Walker V, McGirr C, Rooney C, Woodside JV. Weight loss after pregnancy: challenges and opportunities. Nutr Res Rev 2018;31:225–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422418000070
doi: 10.1017/S0954422418000070
Wing R, Phelan S. Long term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:222S–5S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.222S
doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.222S
Jeffery RW, Drewnowski A, Epstein LH, Stunkard AJ, Wilson GT, Wing RR, Hill DR. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: current status. Health Psychol 2000;19:5–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.suppl1.5
doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.19.suppl1.5
Ohlin A, Rössner S. Trends in eating patterns, physical activity and socio-demographic factors in relation to postpartum body weight development. Br J Nutr 1994;71:457–70. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940155
doi: 10.1079/bjn19940155
Killgore W. Effect of sleep deprivation on cognitions. Prog Brain Res 2010;185:105–29.
Nedeltcheva AV, Kilkus JM, Imperial J, Schoeller DA, Penev PD. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:435–41. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006
Thomson CA, Morrow KL, Flatt SW, Wertheim BC, Perfect MM, Ravia JJ, et al. Relationship between sleep quality and quantity and weight loss in women participating in a weight-loss intervention trial. Obesity 2012;20:1419–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.62
doi: 10.1038/oby.2012.62
Brown MJ, Sinclair M, Liddle D, Hill AJ, Madden E, Stockdale J. A systematic review investigating healthy lifestyle interventions incorporating goal setting strategies for preventing excess gestational weight gain. PLOS ONE 2012;7:e39503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039503
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039503
Farpour-Lambert NJ, Ells LJ, Martinez de Tejada B, Scott C. Obesity and weight gain in pregnancy and postpartum: an evidence review of lifestyle interventions to inform maternal and child health policies. Front Endocrinol 2018;9:546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00546
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00546
Adegboye AR, Linne YM. Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;7:CD005627.
Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. BMJ 2008;337:a1655. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1655
doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1655
Thomas KS, Bradshaw LE, Sach TH, Cowdell F, Batchelor JM, Lawton S, et al. Randomised controlled trial of silk therapeutic garments for the management of atopic eczema in children: the CLOTHES trial. Health Technol Assess 2017;21(16). https://doi.org/10.3310/hta21160
doi: 10.3310/hta21160
Lewin S, Glenton C, Oxman AD. Use of qualitative methods alongside randomised controlled trials of complex healthcare interventions: methodological study. BMJ 2009;339:b3496. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3496
doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3496
Goffman E. Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin; 1990.
Grbich C. Qualitative Research in Health: An Introduction. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 1999.
Smith J, Bekker H, Cheater F. Theoretical versus pragmatic design challenges in qualitative research. Nurse Res 2011;18:39–51. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.39.c8283
doi: 10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.39.c8283
Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol 2013;13:117. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-117
doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-117
Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, Baker S, Waterfield J, Bartlam B, et al. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual Quant 2018;52:1893–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Tyldesley-Marshall N, Greenfield SM, Parretti HM, Jolly K, Jebb S, Daley AJ. The experiences of postnatal women and healthcare professionals of a brief weight management intervention embedded within the national child immunisation programme. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021;21:462. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03905-3
doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-03905-3
Department of Health and Social Care. UK Chief Medical Officers’ Physical Activity Guidelines. URL: www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_1280 (accessed 12 December 2019).
Pritchett RV, Daley AJ, Jolly K. Does aerobic exercise reduce postpartum depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract 2017;67:e684–e691. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17X692525
doi: 10.3399/bjgp17X692525
Daley AJ, Foster L, Long G, Palmer C, Robinson O, Walmsley H, Ward R. The effectiveness of exercise for the prevention and treatment of antenatal depression: systematic review with meta-analysis. BJOG 2015;122:57–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12909
doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12909
Bonell C, Fletcher A, Morton M, Lorenc T, Moore L. Realist randomised controlled trials: a new approach to evaluating complex public health interventions. Soc Sci Med 2012;75:2299–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.032
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.032
Keyworth C, Epton T, Goldthorpe J, Calam R, Armitage CJ. ‘It’s difficult, I think it’s complicated’: Health care professionals’ barriers and enablers to providing opportunistic behaviour change interventions during routine medical consultations. Br J Health Psychol 2019;24:571–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12368
doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12368
Boeije H. A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Qual Quant 2002;36:391–409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020909529486
doi: 10.1023/A:1020909529486
Daley AJ, Jolly K, Jebb SA, Roalfe AK, Mackillop L, Lewis AL, et al. Effectiveness of regular weighing, weight target setting and feedback by community midwives within routine antenatal care in preventing excessive gestational weight gain: randomised controlled trial. BMC Obes 2015;3:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-016-0086-4
doi: 10.1186/s40608-016-0086-4
Hartmann-Boyce J, Nourse R, Boylan AM, Jebb SA, Aveyard P. Experiences of reframing during self-directed weight loss and weight loss maintenance: systematic review of qualitative studies. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2018;10:309–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12132
doi: 10.1111/aphw.12132
Byers T. Food frequency dietary assessment: how bad is good enough? Amer J Epidemiol 2001;154:1087–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.12.1087
doi: 10.1093/aje/154.12.1087
Biró G, Hulshof KF, Ovesen L, Amorim Cruz JA, EFCOSUM Group. Selection of methodology to assess food intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;56(Suppl. 2):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601426
doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601426
Johns DJ, Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Aveyard P, Behavioural Weight Management Review Group. Weight change among people randomized to minimal intervention control groups in weight loss trials. Obesity 2016;24:772–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21255
doi: 10.1002/oby.21255