Separation of surface oxide from bulk Ni by selective Ni 3p photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical analysis in coincidence with Ni M-edge Auger electrons.


Journal

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
16 Aug 2021
Historique:
received: 04 05 2021
accepted: 04 08 2021
entrez: 17 8 2021
pubmed: 18 8 2021
medline: 18 8 2021
Statut: epublish

Résumé

The chemical shift of core level binding energies makes electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) a workhorse analytical tool for science and industry. For some elements, close lying and overlapping spectral features within the natural life time broadening restrict applications. We establish how the core level binding energy chemical shift can be picked up experimentally by the additional selectivity through Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS). Coincident measurement of Ni 3p photoemission with different MVV Auger regions from specific decay channels, narrows the 3p core-levels to a width of 1.2 eV, resolves the spin-orbit splitting of 1.6 eV and determines the chemical shift of Ni 3p levels of a Ni(111) single crystal and its oxidized surface layer to 0.6 eV.

Identifiants

pubmed: 34400717
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96108-x
pii: 10.1038/s41598-021-96108-x
pmc: PMC8368013
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

16596

Informations de copyright

© 2021. The Author(s).

Références

Siegbahn, K. M. Electron spectroscopy for atoms, molecules and condensed matter. Rev. Modern Phys. 54, 709 (1981).
doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.54.709
Mårtensson, N., Nyholm, R. & Johansson, B. Four-hole satellites in the [Formula: see text] Auger and the valence-band spectra from nickel. Phys. Rev. B 30, 2245–2248 (1984).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.30.2245
Magnuson, M. et al. Resonant Auger spectroscopy at the [Formula: see text] shake-up thresholds as a probe of electron correlation effects in nickel. Phys. Rev. B 58, 3677 (1998).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.3677
Bosh, A., Freil, H., Sawatzky, G. A. & Mårtensson, N. Core hole satellites in Ni and AuNi. Solid State Commun. 41, 355–357 (1982).
doi: 10.1016/0038-1098(82)90392-1
Lund, C. P., Thurgate, S. M. & Wedding, A. Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy studies: Trends in the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] line shapes across the [Formula: see text] transition-metal series. Phys. Rev. B 55, 5455–5465 (1997).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.55.5455
Mehta, M. & Fadley, C. S. Surfaced-band narrowing in copper from angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectra. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1569–1572 (1977).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.1569
Fuggle, J. C., Bennett, P., Hillebrecht, F., Lenselink, A. & Sawatzky, G. A. Influence of multiplet splittings in high-polarity states on magnetism in transition metals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1787–1790 (1982).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1787
Nyholm, R., Mårtensson, N., Lebugle, A. & Axelsson, U. Auger and Coster–Kronig broadening effects in the 2p and 3p photoelectron spectra from the metals 22Ti–30Z. J. Phys. F Met. Phys. 11, 1727 (1981).
doi: 10.1088/0305-4608/11/8/025
Yin, L. I., Adler, I., Chen, M. H. & Crasemann, B. Width of atomic [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], vacancy states near [Formula: see text]. Phys. Rev. A 7, 897–903 (1973).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.7.897
Hüfner, S. & Wertheim, G. K. Influence of multiplet splittings in high-polarity states on magnetism in transition metals. Phys. Lett. 51A, 301–303 (1975).
doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(75)90458-2
Mcintyre, N. S. & Cook, M. G. X-ray photoelectron studies on some oxides and hydroxides of cobalt, nickel and copper. Anal. Chem. 47, 2208–2213 (1975).
doi: 10.1021/ac60363a034
Thurgate, S. M., Lund, C. P. & Wedding, A. Applications of Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) to understanding inner-shell transitions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 87, 259–266 (1994).
doi: 10.1016/0168-583X(94)95270-1
Thurgate, S. M. & Lund, C. P. Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) a tool for understanding auger emission from solids. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 72, 289–297 (1995).
doi: 10.1016/0368-2048(94)02298-4
Lund, C. P., Thurgate, S. M. & Wedding, A. Intrinsic satellites in the [Formula: see text] Auger spectra of [Formula: see text] transition metals. Phys. Rev. B 49, 352–357 (1994).
Sarma, D. D., Carbone, C., Sen, P. & Gudat, W. Synchrotron-radiation study of the satellites in Ni L3–M4,5M4,5 Auger spectra. Phys. Rev. B 40, 12542–12545 (1989).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.40.12542
Whitfield, S. B., Armen, G. B., Carr, R., Levin, J. C. & Crasemann, B. Vacancy multiplication following Ni [Formula: see text]-shell photoionization. Phys. Rev. A 37, 419–425 (1988).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.37.419
Songsiriritthigul, P. et al. MVV super Coster–Kronig spectra of nickel near the excitation threshold. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, 7029–7052 (2005).
doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/17/43/020
Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. Adobe Photoshop (2017). https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html .
Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. Adobe Illustrator (2019). https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html .
Stichting Blender Foundation, Amsterdam. Community BO. Blender—A 3D modelling and rendering package. http://www.blender.org .
Greeley, J. & Mavrikakis, M. A first-principles study of surface and subsurface H on and in Ni(111): Diffusional properties and coverage-dependent behavior. Surf. Sci. 540, 215–229 (2003).
doi: 10.1016/S0039-6028(03)00790-8
Wilde, L., Pangher, N. & Haase, J. Structure determination of Ni(110)-(2 × 3)-N by use of SEXAFS measurements: On-surface and sub-surface sites on a pseudo-(100) reconstructed surface. Surf. Sci. 316, L1093–L1098 (1984).
doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(94)91211-4
Nozoye, H. Selective adsorption of nitrogen along a step line of Ni(755). Surf. Sci. 169, L362–L366 (1986).
doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(86)90607-2
Steinbach, F., Kiss, J. & Krall, R. Identification and stability of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and CH species on Co and Ni surfaces, a PES investigation. Surf. Sci. 157, 401–412 (1985).
doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(85)90682-X
Terakura, K., Williams, A. R., Oguchi, T. & Kübler, J. Transition–metal monoxides: Band or Mott insulators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1830–1833 (1984).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.1830
Sawatzky, G. A. & Allen, J. W. Magnitude and origin of the band gap in NiO. Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2339–2342 (1984).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.2339
Eastman, D. E. & Freeouf, J. L. Photoemission partial state densities of overlapping p and d states for NiO, CoO, FeO, MnO, and Cr
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.34.395
Krishnan, N. G., Delgass, W. N. & Robertson, W. D. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of oxygen adsorption on clean Ni (100) surfaces. Surf. Sci. 57, 1–11 (1976).
doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(76)90162-X
Hooker, M. P., Grant, J. T. & Haas, T. W. Some aspects of an AES and XPS study of the adsorption of O
doi: 10.1116/1.568831
Venezia, A. M. & Loxton, C. M. Low pressure oxidation of [Formula: see text]Al alloys at elevated temperatures as studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy. Surf. Sci. 194, 136–148 (1988).
doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(94)91250-5
Born, A. et al. Quantification of Ni [Formula: see text] core-hole relaxation pathways utilizing Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 103, 115121 (2021).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.103.115121
Jensen, E., Bartynski, R. A., Hulbert, S. L. & Johnson, E. D. Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 3013 (1992).
doi: 10.1063/1.1142602
Bartynski, R., Jensen, E. & Hulbert, S. Novel electronic properties of solids revealed by Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS). Phys. Scr. 1992, 168 (1992).
doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/1992/T41/028
Schumann, F. O., Dhaka, R. S., van Riessen, G. A., Wei, Z. & Kirschner, J. Surface state and resonance effects in electron-pair emission from Cu(111). Phys. Rev. B 84, 125106 (2011).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.125106
van Riessen, G. A. et al. Direct and core-resonant double photoemission from Cu(001). J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22, 092201 (2010).
pubmed: 21389410 doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/9/092201
Wei, Z., Schumann, F. O., Dhaka, R. S. & Kirschner, J. Electron pair emission from surfaces: Diffraction effects. Phys. Rev. B 85, 195120 (2012).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.195120
Kakiuchi, T. et al. Development of an electron electron ion coincidence analyzer for Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) and electron ion coincidence (EICO) spectroscopy. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 161, 164–171 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.elspec.2007.02.018
Kakiuchi, T. et al. Surface-site-selective study of valence electronic states of a clean Si (111)-[Formula: see text] surface using Si [Formula: see text] Auger electron and Si 2p photoelectron coincidence measurements. Phys. Rev. B 83, 035320 (2011).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.035320
Kakiuchi, T., Fujita, N., Mase, K. & Tanaka, M. Study of local valence electronic states of [Formula: see text] ultrathin films grown on Si (111) by Using Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy: Upward shift of valence-band maximum depending on the interface structure. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 81, 074706 (2012).
doi: 10.1143/JPSJ.81.074706
Ohno, M. What can we learn by Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy?. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 104, 109–118 (1999).
doi: 10.1016/S0368-2048(98)00318-1
Leitner, T. et al. The CoESCA station at BESSY: Auger electron-photoelectron coincidences from surfaces demonstrated for Ag MNN. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 250, 147075 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.elspec.2021.147075
Holldack, K. et al. Single bunch X-ray pulses on demand from a multi-bunch synchrotron radiation source. Nat. Commun. 5, 4010 (2014).
pubmed: 24874099 doi: 10.1038/ncomms5010
Ovsyannikov, R. et al. Principles and operation of a new type of electron spectrometer–ArTOF. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 191, 92–103 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.elspec.2013.08.005
Kühn, D. et al. Capabilities of angle resolved time of flight electron spectroscopy with the [Formula: see text] wide angle acceptance lens. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 224, 45–50 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.elspec.2017.06.008
Kirchmann, P. S. et al. A time-of-flight spectrometer for angle-resolved detection of low energy electrons in two dimensions. Appl. Phys. A 91, 211–217 (2008).
doi: 10.1007/s00339-008-4422-5
Oelsner, A. et al. Time- and energy resolved photoemission electron microscopy-imaging of photoelectron time-of-flight analysis by means of pulsed excitations. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 178–179, 317–330 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.elspec.2009.10.008
Thompson, A. et al. X-Ray Data Booklet (Lawerence Berkley National Laboratory, University of California, 2009).
Jensen, E., Bartynski, R. A., Hulbert, S. L. & Johnson, E. D. Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 3013–3026 (1992).
doi: 10.1063/1.1142602
Lower, J. & Weigold, E. Improved techniques in multiparameter coincidence experiments. J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum. 22, 421–427 (1989).
doi: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/7/001
Thurgate, S., Todd, B., Lohmann, B. & Stelbovics, A. An Auger photoelectron coincidence spectrometer. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 3733–3737 (1990).
doi: 10.1063/1.1141545
Moddeman, W. E. et al. Determination of the [Formula: see text] Auger spectra of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. J. Chem. Phys. 55, 2317–2336 (1971).
doi: 10.1063/1.1676411
Mansour, A. N. Characterization of NiO by XPS. Surf. Sci. Spectra 3, 231–238 (1998).
doi: 10.1116/1.1247751
Hunter, J. D. Matplotlib: A 2d graphics environment. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90–95 (2007).
doi: 10.1109/MCSE.2007.55
Inkscape Project. Inkscape (2020). https://inkscape.org .
Herrera-Gomez, A., Bravo-Sanchez, M., Ceballos-Sanchez, O. & Vazquez-Lepe, M. Practical methods for background subtraction in photoemission spectra. Surf. Interface Anal. 46, 897–905 (2014).
doi: 10.1002/sia.5453
Sawatzky, G. A. Treatise on Materials Science and Technology Vol. 30 (Academic Press, Inc., 1988).
Decker, R. et al. Measuring the atomic spin-flip scattering rate by X-ray emission spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 9, 8977 (2019).
pubmed: 31222052 pmcid: 6586882 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45242-8

Auteurs

Artur Born (A)

Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany. artur.born@helmholtz-berlin.de.
Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research PS-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany. artur.born@helmholtz-berlin.de.
Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany. artur.born@helmholtz-berlin.de.

Fredrik O L Johansson (FOL)

Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research PS-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.

Torsten Leitner (T)

Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research PS-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.

Danilo Kühn (D)

Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research PS-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.

Andreas Lindblad (A)

Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, 751 05, Uppsala, Sweden.

Nils Mårtensson (N)

Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, 751 05, Uppsala, Sweden.

Alexander Föhlisch (A)

Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany. alexander.foehlisch@helmholtz-berlin.de.
Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research PS-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany. alexander.foehlisch@helmholtz-berlin.de.
Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany. alexander.foehlisch@helmholtz-berlin.de.

Classifications MeSH