Microglia as hackers of the matrix: sculpting synapses and the extracellular space.

Kierdorf K, Prinz M. Microglia in steady state. J Clin Investig. 2017;127:3201–9.

pubmed: 28714861 pmcid: 5669563 doi: 10.1172/JCI90602

Li Q, Barres BA. Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18:225–42.

pubmed: 29151590 doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.125

Prinz M, Jung S, Priller J. Microglia biology: one century of evolving concepts. Cell. 2019;179:292–311.

pubmed: 31585077 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.053

Salter MichaelW, Beggs S. Sublime microglia: expanding roles for the guardians of the CNS. Cell. 2014;158:15–24.

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.008 pubmed: 24995975

Hammond TR, Dufort C, Dissing-Olesen L, Giera S, Young A, Wysoker A, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing of microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain reveals complex cell-state changes. Immunity. 2019;50:253–271.e6.

pubmed: 30471926 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.004

Li Q, Cheng Z, Zhou L, Darmanis S, Neff NF, Okamoto J, et al. Developmental heterogeneity of microglia and brain myeloid cells revealed by deep single-cell RNA sequencing. Neuron. 2019;101:207–23.e10.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.006 pubmed: 30606613

Masuda T, Sankowski R, Staszewski O, Böttcher C, Amann L, Sagar, et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution. Nature. 2019;566:388–92.

pubmed: 30760929 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0924-x

Bruttger J, Karram K, Wörtge S, Regen T, Marini F, Hoppmann N, et al. Genetic cell ablation reveals clusters of local self-renewing microglia in the mammalian central nervous system. Immunity. 2015;43:92–106.

pubmed: 26163371 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.012

Han J, Harris RA, Zhang XM. An updated assessment of microglia depletion: current concepts and future directions. Mol Brain. 2017;10:25.

pubmed: 28629387 pmcid: 5477141 doi: 10.1186/s13041-017-0307-x

Elmore MR, Najafi AR, Koike MA, Dagher NN, Spangenberg EE, Rice RA, et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain. Neuron. 2014;82:380–97.

pubmed: 24742461 pmcid: 4161285 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.040

Green KN, Crapser JD, Hohsfield LA. To kill a microglia: a case for CSF1R inhibitors. Trends Immunol. 2020;41:771–84.

pubmed: 32792173 pmcid: 7484341 doi: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.001

Han J, Zhu K, Zhang XM, Harris RA. Enforced microglial depletion and repopulation as a promising strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Glia. 2019;67:217–31.

pubmed: 30378163 doi: 10.1002/glia.23529

Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science. 2005;308:1314–8.

doi: 10.1126/science.1110647 pubmed: 15831717

Liu YU, Ying Y, Li Y, Eyo UB, Chen T, Zheng J, et al. Neuronal network activity controls microglial process surveillance in awake mice via norepinephrine signaling. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:1771–81.

pubmed: 31636449 pmcid: 6858573 doi: 10.1038/s41593-019-0511-3

Stowell RD, Sipe GO, Dawes RP, Batchelor HN, Lordy KA, Whitelaw BS, et al. Noradrenergic signaling in the wakeful state inhibits microglial surveillance and synaptic plasticity in the mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:1782–92.

pubmed: 31636451 pmcid: 6875777 doi: 10.1038/s41593-019-0514-0

Miyamoto A, Wake H, Ishikawa AW, Eto K, Shibata K, Murakoshi H, et al. Microglia contact induces synapse formation in developing somatosensory cortex. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12540.

pubmed: 27558646 pmcid: 5007295 doi: 10.1038/ncomms12540

Salter MW, Stevens B. Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease. Nat Med. 2017;23:1018–27.

pubmed: 28886007 doi: 10.1038/nm.4397

Gautier EL, Shay T, Miller J, Greter M, Jakubzick C, Ivanov S, et al. Gene-expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory pathways that underlie the identity and diversity of mouse tissue macrophages. Nat Immunol. 2012;13:1118–28.

pubmed: 23023392 pmcid: 3558276 doi: 10.1038/ni.2419

Varol C, Mildner A, Jung S. Macrophages: development and tissue specialization. Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:643–75.

pubmed: 25861979 doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112220

Sieweke MH, Allen JE. Beyond stem cells: self-renewal of differentiated macrophages. Science. 2013;342:1242974.

pubmed: 24264994 doi: 10.1126/science.1242974

Schafer DP, Stevens B. Microglia function in central nervous system development and plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7:a020545.

pubmed: 26187728 pmcid: 4588063 doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020545

Li Q, Barres BA. Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;18:225–42.

pubmed: 29151590 doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.125

Mrdjen D, Pavlovic A, Hartmann FJ, Schreiner B, Utz SG, Leung BP, et al. High-dimensional single-cell mapping of central nervous system immune cells reveals distinct myeloid subsets in health, aging, and disease. Immunity. 2018;48:380–395.e6.

pubmed: 29426702 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.011

Tay TL, Sagar, Dautzenberg J, Grün D, Prinz M. Unique microglia recovery population revealed by single-cell RNAseq following neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol. Commun.2018;6:87

pubmed: 30185219 pmcid: 6123921 doi: 10.1186/s40478-018-0584-3

Lavin Y, Winter D, Blecher-Gonen R, David E, Keren-Shaul H, Merad M, et al. Tissue-resident macrophage enhancer landscapes are shaped by the local microenvironment. Cell. 2014;159:1312–26.

pubmed: 25480296 pmcid: 4437213 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.018

Bennett FC, Bennett ML, Yaqoob F, Mulinyawe SB, Grant GA, Hayden Gephart M, et al. A combination of ontogeny and CNS environment establishes microglial identity. Neuron. 2018;98:1170–1183.e8.

pubmed: 29861285 pmcid: 6023731 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.014

Ginhoux F, Guilliams M. Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis. Immunity. 2016;44:439–49.

pubmed: 26982352 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.024

Cronk JC, Filiano AJ, Louveau A, Marin I, Marsh R, Ji E, et al. Peripherally derived macrophages can engraft the brain independent of irradiation and maintain an identity distinct from microglia. J Exp Med. 2018;215:1627–47.

pubmed: 29643186 pmcid: 5987928 doi: 10.1084/jem.20180247

Lund H, Pieber M, Parsa R, Han J, Grommisch D, Ewing E, et al. Competitive repopulation of an empty microglial niche yields functionally distinct subsets of microglia-like cells. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4845.

pubmed: 30451869 pmcid: 6242869 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07295-7

Hohsfield LA, Najafi AR, Ghorbanian Y, Soni N, Hingco EE, Kim SJ, et al. Effects of long-term and brain-wide colonization of peripheral bone marrow-derived myeloid cells in the CNS. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:279.

pubmed: 32951604 pmcid: 7504855 doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01931-0

Gomez Perdiguero E, Klapproth K, Schulz C, Busch K, Azzoni E, Crozet L, et al. Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors. Nature. 2015;518:547–51.

pubmed: 25470051 doi: 10.1038/nature13989

Ginhoux F, Greter M, Leboeuf M, Nandi S, See P, Gokhan S, et al. Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science. 2010;330:841–5.

pubmed: 20966214 pmcid: 3719181 doi: 10.1126/science.1194637

Hoeffel G, Chen J, Lavin Y, Low D, Almeida FF, See P, et al. C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages. Immunity. 2015;42:665–78.

pubmed: 25902481 pmcid: 4545768 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.011

Kierdorf K, Erny D, Goldmann T, Sander V, Schulz C, Perdiguero EG, et al. Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:273–80.

pubmed: 23334579 doi: 10.1038/nn.3318

Frost JL, Schafer DP. Microglia: architects of the developing nervous system. Trends Cell Biol. 2016;26:587–97.

pubmed: 27004698 pmcid: 4961529 doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.02.006

Sierra A, Encinas JM, Deudero JJ, Chancey JH, Enikolopov G, Overstreet-Wadiche LS, et al. Microglia shape adult hippocampal neurogenesis through apoptosis-coupled phagocytosis. Cell Stem Cell. 2010;7:483–95.

pubmed: 20887954 pmcid: 4008496 doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.014

Schafer DP, Lehrman EK, Kautzman AG, Koyama R, Mardinly AR, Yamasaki R, et al. Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron. 2012;74:691–705.

pubmed: 22632727 pmcid: 3528177 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026

Paolicelli RC, Bolasco G, Pagani F, Maggi L, Scianni M, Panzanelli P, et al. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science. 2011;333:1456–8.

pubmed: 21778362 doi: 10.1126/science.1202529

Stevens B, Allen NJ, Vazquez LE, Howell GR, Christopherson KS, Nouri N, et al. The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination. Cell. 2007;131:1164–78.

pubmed: 18083105 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036

Wang C, Yue H, Hu Z, Shen Y, Ma J, Li J, et al. Microglia mediate forgetting via complement-dependent synaptic elimination. Science. 2020;367:688–94.

pubmed: 32029629 doi: 10.1126/science.aaz2288

Han RT, Kim RD, Molofsky AV, Liddelow SA. Astrocyte-immune cell interactions in physiology and pathology. Immunity. 2021;54:211–24.

pubmed: 33567261 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.013

Liddelow SA, Marsh SE, Stevens B. Microglia and astrocytes in disease: dynamic duo or partners in crime? Trends Immunol. 2020;41:820–35.

pubmed: 32819809 doi: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.006

Vainchtein ID, Molofsky AV. Astrocytes and microglia: in sickness and in health. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43:144–54.

pubmed: 32044129 pmcid: 7472912 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.003

Liddelow SA, Barres BA. Reactive astrocytes: production, function, and therapeutic potential. Immunity. 2017;46:957–67.

pubmed: 28636962 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.006

Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC, Bohlen CJ, Schirmer L, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature. 2017;541:481–7.

pubmed: 28099414 pmcid: 5404890 doi: 10.1038/nature21029

Guttenplan KA, Weigel MK, Adler DI, Couthouis J, Liddelow SA, Gitler AD, et al. Knockout of reactive astrocyte activating factors slows disease progression in an ALS mouse model. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3753.

pubmed: 32719333 pmcid: 7385161 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17514-9

Yun SP, Kam TI, Panicker N, Kim S, Oh Y, Park JS, et al. Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson’s disease. Nat Med. 2018;24:931–8.

pubmed: 29892066 pmcid: 6039259 doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0051-5

Guttenplan KA, Stafford BK, El-Danaf RN, Adler DI, Münch AE, Weigel MK, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes drive neuronal death after retinal injury. Cell Rep. 2020;31:107776.

pubmed: 32579912 pmcid: 8091906 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107776

Sterling JK, Adetunji MO, Guttha S, Bargoud AR, Uyhazi KE, Ross AG, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonist NLY01 reduces retinal inflammation and neuron death secondary to ocular hypertension. Cell Rep. 2020;33:108271.

pubmed: 33147455 pmcid: 7660987 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108271

Clarke LE, Liddelow SA, Chakraborty C, Münch AE, Heiman M, Barres BA. Normal aging induces A1-like astrocyte reactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:E1896–E1905.

pubmed: 29437957 pmcid: 5828643 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1800165115

McCoy MK, Tansey MG. TNF signaling inhibition in the CNS: implications for normal brain function and neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2008;5:45.

pubmed: 18925972 pmcid: 2577641 doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-45

Benoit ME, Clarke EV, Morgado P, Fraser DA, Tenner AJ. Complement protein C1q directs macrophage polarization and limits inflammasome activity during the uptake of apoptotic cells. J Immunol. 2012;188:5682–93.

pubmed: 22523386 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103760

Cavalli G, Colafrancesco S, Emmi G, Imazio M, Lopalco G, Maggio MC, et al. Interleukin 1α: a comprehensive review on the role of IL-1α in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20:102763.

pubmed: 33482337 doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102763

Miron VE. Microglia-driven regulation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, myelination, and remyelination. J Leukoc Biol. 2017;101:1103–8.

pubmed: 28250011 doi: 10.1189/jlb.3RI1116-494R

Hagemeyer N, Hanft KM, Akriditou MA, Unger N, Park ES, Stanley ER, et al. Microglia contribute to normal myelinogenesis and to oligodendrocyte progenitor maintenance during adulthood. Acta Neuropathol. 2017;134:441–58.

pubmed: 28685323 pmcid: 5951721 doi: 10.1007/s00401-017-1747-1

Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Hoshikawa K, Goldman JE, Sekino Y, Sato K. Microglia enhance neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in the early postnatal subventricular zone. J Neurosci. 2014;34:2231–43.

pubmed: 24501362 pmcid: 3913870 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1619-13.2014

Wlodarczyk A, Holtman IR, Krueger M, Yogev N, Bruttger J, Khorooshi R, et al. A novel microglial subset plays a key role in myelinogenesis in developing brain. EMBO J. 2017;36:3292–308.

pubmed: 28963396 pmcid: 5686552 doi: 10.15252/embj.201696056

Safaiyan S, Kannaiyan N, Snaidero N, Brioschi S, Biber K, Yona S, et al. Age-related myelin degradation burdens the clearance function of microglia during aging. Nat Neurosci. 2016;19:995–8.

pubmed: 27294511 pmcid: 7116794 doi: 10.1038/nn.4325

Safaiyan S, Besson-Girard S, Kaya T, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Liu L, Ji H, et al. White matter aging drives microglial diversity. Neuron. 2021;109:1100–1117.e10.

pubmed: 33606969 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.027

Miron VE, Boyd A, Zhao JW, Yuen TJ, Ruckh JM, Shadrach JL, et al. M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1211–8.

pubmed: 23872599 pmcid: 3977045 doi: 10.1038/nn.3469

Gibson EM, Nagaraja S, Ocampo A, Tam LT, Wood LS, Pallegar PN, et al. Methotrexate chemotherapy induces persistent tri-glial dysregulation that underlies chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Cell. 2019;176:43–55. e13

pubmed: 30528430 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.049

Yin Z, Raj D, Saiepour N, Van Dam D, Brouwer N, Holtman IR, et al. Immune hyperreactivity of Aβ plaque-associated microglia in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2017;55:115–22.

pubmed: 28434692 doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.021

Kim HJ, Cho MH, Shim WH, Kim JK, Jeon EY, Kim DH, et al. Deficient autophagy in microglia impairs synaptic pruning and causes social behavioral defects. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22:1576–84.

pubmed: 27400854 doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.103

Zhan Y, Paolicelli RC, Sforazzini F, Weinhard L, Bolasco G, Pagani F, et al. Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17:400–6.

pubmed: 24487234 doi: 10.1038/nn.3641

Xu Z-X, Kim GH, Tan JW, Riso AE, Sun Y, Xu EY, et al. Elevated protein synthesis in microglia causes autism-like synaptic and behavioral aberrations. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1797.

pubmed: 32286273 pmcid: 7156673 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15530-3

Rice RA, Spangenberg EE, Yamate-Morgan H, Lee RJ, Arora RP, Hernandez MX, et al. Elimination of microglia improves functional outcomes following extensive neuronal loss in the hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2015;35:9977–89.

pubmed: 26156998 pmcid: 4495246 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0336-15.2015

Spangenberg EE, Lee RJ, Najafi AR, Rice RA, Elmore MR, Blurton-Jones M, et al. Eliminating microglia in Alzheimer’s mice prevents neuronal loss without modulating amyloid-beta pathology. Brain. 2016;139:1265–81.

pubmed: 26921617 pmcid: 5006229 doi: 10.1093/brain/aww016

Erblich B, Zhu L, Etgen AM, Dobrenis K, Pollard JW. Absence of colony stimulation factor-1 receptor results in loss of microglia, disrupted brain development and olfactory deficits. PLoS One. 2011;6:e26317.

pubmed: 22046273 pmcid: 3203114 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026317

Dai XM, Ryan GR, Hapel AJ, Dominguez MG, Russell RG, Kapp S, et al. Targeted disruption of the mouse colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primitive progenitor cell frequencies, and reproductive defects. Blood. 2002;99:111–20.

pubmed: 11756160 doi: 10.1182/blood.V99.1.111

Rojo R, Raper A, Ozdemir DD, Lefevre L, Grabert K, Wollscheid-Lengeling E, et al. Deletion of a Csf1r enhancer selectively impacts CSF1R expression and development of tissue macrophage populations. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3215.

pubmed: 31324781 pmcid: 6642117 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11053-8

Spangenberg E, Severson PL, Hohsfield LA, Crapser J, Zhang J, Burton EA, et al. Sustained microglial depletion with CSF1R inhibitor impairs parenchymal plaque development in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3758.

pubmed: 31434879 pmcid: 6704256 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11674-z

Liu Y-J, Spangenberg EE, Tang B, Holmes TC, Green KN, Xu X. Microglia elimination increases neural circuit connectivity and activity in adult mouse cortex. J Neurosci. 2021;41:1274–87.

pubmed: 33380470 pmcid: 7888230 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2140-20.2020

Crapser JD, Ochaba J, Soni N, Reidling JC, Thompson LM, Green KN. Microglial depletion prevents extracellular matrix changes and striatal volume reduction in a model of Huntington’s disease. Brain. 2020;143:266–88.

pubmed: 31848580 doi: 10.1093/brain/awz363

Najafi AR, Crapser J, Jiang S, Ng W, Mortazavi A, West BL, et al. A limited capacity for microglial repopulation in the adult brain. Glia. 2018;66:2385–96.

pubmed: 30370589 pmcid: 6269202 doi: 10.1002/glia.23477

Henry RJ, Ritzel RM, Barrett JP, Doran SJ, Jiao Y, Leach JB, et al. Microglial depletion with CSF1R inhibitor during chronic phase of experimental traumatic brain injury reduces neurodegeneration and neurological deficits. J Neurosci. 2020;40:2960–74.

pubmed: 32094203 pmcid: 7117897 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2402-19.2020

Rice RA, Pham J, Lee RJ, Najafi AR, West BL, Green KN. Microglial repopulation resolves inflammation and promotes brain recovery after injury. Glia. 2017;65:931–44.

pubmed: 28251674 pmcid: 5395311 doi: 10.1002/glia.23135

Elmore MRP, Hohsfield LA, Kramár EA, Soreq L, Lee RJ, Pham ST, et al. Replacement of microglia in the aged brain reverses cognitive, synaptic, and neuronal deficits in mice. Aging Cell. 2018;17:e12832.

pubmed: 30276955 pmcid: 6260908 doi: 10.1111/acel.12832

Butowski N, Colman H, De Groot JF, Omuro AM, Nayak L, Wen PY, et al. Orally administered colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397 in recurrent glioblastoma: an Ivy Foundation Early Phase Clinical Trials Consortium phase II study. Neuro-Oncol. 2015;18:557–64.

pubmed: 26449250 pmcid: 4799682 doi: 10.1093/neuonc/nov245

Shi Y, Manis M, Long J, Wang K, Sullivan PM, Remolina Serrano J, et al. Microglia drive APOE-dependent neurodegeneration in a tauopathy mouse model. J Exp Med. 2019;216:2546–61.

pubmed: 31601677 pmcid: 6829593 doi: 10.1084/jem.20190980

Lei F, Cui N, Zhou C, Chodosh J, Vavvas DG, Paschalis EI. CSF1R inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor is not microglia specific; affecting hematopoiesis and the function of macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:23336–8.

pubmed: 32900927 pmcid: 7519218 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922788117

Szalay G, Martinecz B, Lénárt N, Környei Z, Orsolits B, Judák L, et al. Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11499.

pubmed: 27139776 pmcid: 4857403 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11499

Valdearcos M, Robblee MM, Benjamin DI, Nomura DK, Xu AW, Koliwad SK. Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function. Cell Rep. 2014;9:2124–38.

pubmed: 25497089 pmcid: 4617309 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.018

Wheeler DL, Sariol A, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Microglia are required for protection against lethal coronavirus encephalitis in mice. J Clin Investig. 2018;128:931–43.

pubmed: 29376888 pmcid: 5824854 doi: 10.1172/JCI97229

Hilla AM, Diekmann H, Fischer D. Microglia are irrelevant for neuronal degeneration and axon regeneration after acute injury. J Neurosci. 2017;37:6113–24.

pubmed: 28539419 pmcid: 6596505 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0584-17.2017

Bellver-Landete, V, Bretheau F, Mailhot B, Vallières N, Lessard M, Janelle ME, et al. Microglia are an essential component of the neuroprotective scar that forms after spinal cord injury. Nat Commun. 2019;10:518.

Ohno H, Kubo K, Murooka H, Kobayashi Y, Nishitoba T, Shibuya M, et al. A c-fms tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Ki20227, suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone destruction in a bone metastasis model. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5:2634–43.

pubmed: 17121910 doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0313

Dityatev A, Seidenbecher CI, Schachner M. Compartmentalization from the outside: the extracellular matrix and functional microdomains in the brain. Trends Neurosci. 2010;33:503–12.

pubmed: 20832873 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.08.003

Schafer DP, Lehrman EK, Stevens B. The “quad-partite” synapse: microglia-synapse interactions in the developing and mature CNS. Glia. 2013;61:24–36.

pubmed: 22829357 doi: 10.1002/glia.22389

Tremblay, M-È, Lowery R L, Majewska A K. Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience. PLoS Biol. 2010;8:e1000527.

Crapser JD, Spangenberg EE, Barahona RA, Arreola MA, Hohsfield LA, Green KN. Microglia facilitate loss of perineuronal nets in the Alzheimer’s disease brain. EBioMedicine. 2020;58:102919.

pubmed: 32745992 pmcid: 7399129 doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102919

Nguyen PT, Dorman LC, Pan S, Vainchtein ID, Han RT, Nakao-Inoue H, et al. Microglial remodeling of the extracellular matrix promotes synapse plasticity. Cell. 2020;182:388–403. e15

pubmed: 32615087 pmcid: 7497728 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.050

Reichelt AC, Hare DJ, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Perineuronal nets: plasticity, protection, and therapeutic potential. Trends Neurosci. 2019;42:458–70.

pubmed: 31174916 doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.04.003

Dityatev A, Schachner M. Extracellular matrix molecules and synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4:456–68.

pubmed: 12778118 doi: 10.1038/nrn1115

Fawcett JW, Oohashi T, Pizzorusso T. The roles of perineuronal nets and the perinodal extracellular matrix in neuronal function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:451–65.

pubmed: 31263252 doi: 10.1038/s41583-019-0196-3

Bikbaev A, Frischknecht R, Heine M. Brain extracellular matrix retains connectivity in neuronal networks. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14527.

pubmed: 26417723 pmcid: 4586818 doi: 10.1038/srep14527

Nicholson C, Syková E. Extracellular space structure revealed by diffusion analysis. Trends Neurosci. 1998;21:207–15.

pubmed: 9610885 doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01261-2

Hrabetová S, Masri D, Tao L, Xiao F, Nicholson C. Calcium diffusion enhanced after cleavage of negatively charged components of brain extracellular matrix by chondroitinase ABC. J Physiol. 2009;587:4029–49.

pubmed: 19546165 pmcid: 2756436 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.170092

Morawski M, Reinert T, Meyer-Klaucke W, Wagner FE, Tröger W, Reinert A, et al. Ion exchanger in the brain: quantitative analysis of perineuronally fixed anionic binding sites suggests diffusion barriers with ion sorting properties. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16471.

pubmed: 26621052 pmcid: 4664884 doi: 10.1038/srep16471

Bekku Y, Vargová L, Goto Y, Vorísek I, Dmytrenko L, Narasaki M, et al. Bral1: its role in diffusion barrier formation and conduction velocity in the CNS. J Neurosci. 2010;30:3113–23.

pubmed: 20181608 pmcid: 6633924 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5598-09.2010

Frischknecht R, Heine M, Perrais D, Seidenbecher CI, Choquet D, Gundelfinger ED. Brain extracellular matrix affects AMPA receptor lateral mobility and short-term synaptic plasticity. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12:897–904.

pubmed: 19483686 doi: 10.1038/nn.2338

Cingolani LA, Thalhammer A, Yu LM, Catalano M, Ramos T, Colicos MA, et al. Activity-dependent regulation of synaptic AMPA receptor composition and abundance by beta3 integrins. Neuron. 2008;58:749–62.

pubmed: 18549786 pmcid: 2446609 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.011

Groc L, Choquet D, Stephenson FA, Verrier D, Manzoni OJ, Chavis P. NMDA receptor surface trafficking and synaptic subunit composition are developmentally regulated by the extracellular matrix protein Reelin. J Neurosci. 2007;27:10165–75.

pubmed: 17881522 pmcid: 6672660 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1772-07.2007

Ohtake Y, Wong D, Abdul-Muneer PM, Selzer ME, Li S. Two PTP receptors mediate CSPG inhibition by convergent and divergent signaling pathways in neurons. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37152.

pubmed: 27849007 pmcid: 5111048 doi: 10.1038/srep37152

Properzi F, Carulli D, Asher RA, Muir E, Camargo LM, van Kuppevelt TH, et al. Chondroitin 6-sulphate synthesis is up-regulated in injured CNS, induced by injury-related cytokines and enhanced in axon-growth inhibitory glia. Eur J Neurosci. 2005;21:378–90.

pubmed: 15673437 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03876.x

Pearson CS, Mencio CP, Barber AC, Martin KR, Geller HM. Identification of a critical sulfation in chondroitin that inhibits axonal regeneration. Elife. 2018;7:7.

doi: 10.7554/eLife.37139

Fisher D, Xing B, Dill J, Li H, Hoang HH, Zhao Z, et al. Leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase is a functional receptor for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan axon growth inhibitors. J Neurosci. 2011;31:14051–66.

pubmed: 21976490 pmcid: 3220601 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1737-11.2011

Shen Y, Tenney AP, Busch SA, Horn KP, Cuascut FX, Liu K, et al. PTPσ is a receptor for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, an inhibitor of neural regeneration. Science. 2009;326:592–6.

pubmed: 19833921 pmcid: 2811318 doi: 10.1126/science.1178310

Monnier PP, Sierra A, Schwab JM, Henke-Fahle S, Mueller BK. The Rho/ROCK pathway mediates neurite growth-inhibitory activity associated with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the CNS glial scar. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2003;22:319–30.

pubmed: 12691734 doi: 10.1016/S1044-7431(02)00035-0

Keough MB, Rogers JA, Zhang P, Jensen SK, Stephenson EL, Chen T, et al. An inhibitor of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis promotes central nervous system remyelination. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11312.

pubmed: 27115988 pmcid: 4853428 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11312

Pendleton JC, Shamblott MJ, Gary DS, Belegu V, Hurtado A, Malone ML. et al. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inhibit oligodendrocyte myelination through PTPσ. Exp Neurol. 2013;247:113–21.

pubmed: 23588220 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.003

Lau LW, Cua R, Keough MB, Haylock-Jacobs S, Yong VW. Pathophysiology of the brain extracellular matrix: a new target for remyelination. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14:722–9.

pubmed: 23985834 doi: 10.1038/nrn3550

Galindo LT, Mundim M, Pinto AS, Chiarantin G, Almeida M, Lamers ML, et al. Chondroitin sulfate impairs neural stem cell migration through ROCK activation. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:3185–95.

pubmed: 28477140 doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0565-8

Davies SJ, Fitch MT, Memberg SP, Hall AK, Raisman G, Silver J. Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system. Nature. 1997;390:680–3.

pubmed: 9414159 doi: 10.1038/37776

Silver J, Miller JH. Regeneration beyond the glial scar. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5:146–56.

pubmed: 14735117 doi: 10.1038/nrn1326

Yiu G, He Z. Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:617–27.

pubmed: 16858390 pmcid: 2693386 doi: 10.1038/nrn1956

Davies SJ, Goucher DR, Doller C, Silver J. Robust regeneration of adult sensory axons in degenerating white matter of the adult rat spinal cord. J Neurosci. 1999;19:5810–22.

pubmed: 10407022 pmcid: 6783087 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-14-05810.1999

Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol. 2018;68-69:571–88.

pubmed: 29054751 doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002

Nakanishi K, Aono S, Hirano K, Kuroda Y, Ida M, Tokita Y, et al. Identification of neurite outgrowth-promoting domains of neuroglycan C, a brain-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C signaling pathways in neuritogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:24970–8.

pubmed: 16803884 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M601498200

Liddelow SA, Barres BA. Not everything is scary about a glial scar. Nature. 2016;532:182–3.

pubmed: 27027287 doi: 10.1038/nature17318

Anderson MA, Burda JE, Ren Y, Ao Y, O’Shea TM, Kawaguchi R, et al. Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration. Nature. 2016;532:195–200.

pubmed: 27027288 pmcid: 5243141 doi: 10.1038/nature17623

Herrmann JE, Imura T, Song B, Qi J, Ao Y, Nguyen TK, et al. STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 2008;28:7231–43.

pubmed: 18614693 pmcid: 2583788 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1709-08.2008

Bush TG, Puvanachandra N, Horner CH, Polito A, Ostenfeld T, Svendsen CN, et al. Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron. 1999;23:297–308.

pubmed: 10399936 doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80781-3

Bradbury EJ, Burnside ER. Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3879.

pubmed: 31462640 pmcid: 6713740 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11707-7

Faulkner JR, Herrmann JE, Woo MJ, Tansey KE, Doan NB, Sofroniew MV. Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2004;24:2143–55.

pubmed: 14999065 pmcid: 6730429 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3547-03.2004

Zamanian JL, Xu L, Foo LC, Nouri N, Zhou L, Giffard RG, et al. Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis. J Neurosci. 2012;32:6391–410.

pubmed: 22553043 pmcid: 3480225 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012

Silvestri L, Baker JR, Rodén L, Stroud RM. The C1q inhibitor in serum is a chondroitin 4-sulfate proteoglycan. J Biol Chem. 1981;256:7383–7.

pubmed: 6788768 doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68974-X

Ghorbani, S, Yong, VW. The extracellular matrix as modifier of neuroinflammation and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab059 .

Gaudet AD, Popovich PG. Extracellular matrix regulation of inflammation in the healthy and injured spinal cord. Exp Neurol. 2014;258:24–34.

pubmed: 25017885 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.020

Raposo C, Schwartz M. Glial scar and immune cell involvement in tissue remodeling and repair following acute CNS injuries. Glia. 2014;62:1895–904.

pubmed: 24756949 doi: 10.1002/glia.22676

Rolls A, Shechter R, London A, Segev Y, Jacob-Hirsch J, Amariglio N, et al. Two faces of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in spinal cord repair: a role in microglia/macrophage activation. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e171.

pubmed: 18715114 pmcid: 2517615 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050171

Rolls A, Cahalon L, Bakalash S, Avidan H, Lider O, Schwartz M. A sulfated disaccharide derived from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan protects against inflammation-associated neurodegeneration. FASEB J. 2006;20:547–9.

pubmed: 16396993 doi: 10.1096/fj.05-4540fje

Rolls A, Avidan H, Cahalon L, Schori H, Bakalash S, Litvak V, et al. A disaccharide derived from chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan promotes central nervous system repair in rats and mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;20:1973–83.

pubmed: 15450076 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03676.x

Ebert S, Schoeberl T, Walczak Y, Stoecker K, Stempfl T, Moehle C, et al. Chondroitin sulfate disaccharide stimulates microglia to adopt a novel regulatory phenotype. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;84:736–40.

pubmed: 18550791 doi: 10.1189/jlb.0208138

Smolders SM, Kessels S, Vangansewinkel T, Rigo JM, Legendre P, Brône B. Microglia: brain cells on the move. Prog Neurobiol. 2019;178:101612.

pubmed: 30954517 doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.001

Milner R, Campbell IL. Cytokines regulate microglial adhesion to laminin and astrocyte extracellular matrix via protein kinase C-dependent activation of the α6β1 integrin. J Neurosci. 2002;22:1562–72.

pubmed: 11880486 pmcid: 6758899 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01562.2002

Milner R, Campbell IL. The extracellular matrix and cytokines regulate microglial integrin expression and activation. J Immunol. 2003;170:3850–8.

pubmed: 12646653 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3850

Syková E. The extracellular space in the CNS: its regulation, volume, and geometry in normal and pathological neuronal function. Neuroscientist. 1997;3:28–41.

doi: 10.1177/107385849700300113

Song I, Dityatev A. Crosstalk between glia, extracellular matrix, and neurons. Brain Res Bull. 2018;136:101–8.

pubmed: 28284900 doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.003

Jones LL, Tuszynski MH. Spinal cord injury elicits expression of keratan sulfate proteoglycans by macrophages, reactive microglia, and oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Neurosci. 2002;22:4611–24.

pubmed: 12040068 pmcid: 6758783 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04611.2002

Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, De Biasi S, Spreafico R.One hundred years of Golgi’s “perineuronal net”: history of a denied structure.Ital J Neurol Sci. 1998;19:249–53.

pubmed: 10933466 doi: 10.1007/BF02427613

Rossier J, Bernard A, Cabungcal JH, Perrenoud Q, Savoye A, Gallopin T, et al. Cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons enwrapped in the perineuronal net express the metallopeptidases Adamts8, Adamts15, and Neprilysin. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:154–61.

pubmed: 25510509 doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.162

Lensjø, KK, Christensen A C, Tennøe S, Fyhn M, Hafting T. Differential expression and cell-type specificity of perineuronal nets in hippocampus, medial entorhinal cortex, and visual cortex examined in the rat and mouse. eNeuro. 2017;4:ENEURO.0379-16.2017.

Carstens KE, Phillips ML, Pozzo-Miller L, Weinberg RJ, Dudek SM. Perineuronal nets suppress plasticity of excitatory synapses on CA2 pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci. 2016;36:6312–20.

pubmed: 27277807 pmcid: 4899529 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0245-16.2016

Morikawa S, Ikegaya Y, Narita M, Tamura H. Activation of perineuronal net-expressing excitatory neurons during associative memory encoding and retrieval. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46024.

pubmed: 28378772 pmcid: 5380958 doi: 10.1038/srep46024

Wegner F, Härtig W, Bringmann A, Grosche J, Wohlfarth K, Zuschratter W, et al. Diffuse perineuronal nets and modified pyramidal cells immunoreactive for glutamate and the GABAA receptor α1 subunit form a unique entity in rat cerebral cortex. Exp Neurol. 2003;184:705–14.

pubmed: 14769362 doi: 10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00313-3

Pizzorusso T, Medini P, Berardi N, Chierzi S, Fawcett JW, Maffei L. Reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science. 2002;298:1248–51.

pubmed: 12424383 doi: 10.1126/science.1072699

Rowlands D, Lensjø KK, Dinh T, Yang S, Andrews MR, Hafting T, et al. Aggrecan directs extracellular matrix-mediated neuronal plasticity. J Neurosci. 2018;38:10102–13.

pubmed: 30282728 pmcid: 6596198 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1122-18.2018

Boggio EM, Ehlert EM, Lupori L, Moloney EB, De Winter F, Vander Kooi CW, et al. Inhibition of semaphorin3A promotes ocular dominance plasticity in the adult rat visual cortex. Mol Neurobiol. 2019;56:5987–97.

pubmed: 30706367 doi: 10.1007/s12035-019-1499-0

Lensjø KK, Lepperød ME, Dick G, Hafting T, Fyhn M. Removal of perineuronal nets unlocks juvenile plasticity through network mechanisms of decreased inhibition and increased gamma activity. J Neurosci. 2017;37:1269–83.

pubmed: 28039374 pmcid: 6596863 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2504-16.2016

Tsien RY. Very long-term memories may be stored in the pattern of holes in the perineuronal net. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110:12456–61.

pubmed: 23832785 pmcid: 3725115 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1310158110

Banerjee SB, Gutzeit VA, Baman J, Aoued HS, Doshi NK, Liu RC, et al. Perineuronal nets in the adult sensory cortex are necessary for fear learning. Neuron. 2017;95:169–179.e3.

pubmed: 28648500 pmcid: 5548423 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.007

Shi W, Wei X, Wang X, Du S, Liu W, Song J, et al. Perineuronal nets protect long-term memory by limiting activity-dependent inhibition from parvalbumin interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019;116:27063–27073.

pmcid: 6936502 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902680116

Thompson EH, Lensjø KK, Wigestrand MB, Malthe-Sørenssen A, Hafting T, Fyhn M. Removal of perineuronal nets disrupts recall of a remote fear memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:607–12.

pubmed: 29279411 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1713530115

Christensen AC, Lensjø KK, Lepperød ME, Dragly SA, Sutterud H, Blackstad JS, et al. Perineuronal nets stabilize the grid cell network. Nat Commun. 2021;12:253.

pubmed: 33431847 pmcid: 7801665 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20241-w

Carulli D, Broersen R, de Winter F, Muir EM, Mešković M, de Waal M, et al. Cerebellar plasticity and associative memories are controlled by perineuronal nets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:6855–65.

pubmed: 32152108 pmcid: 7104182 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1916163117

Cabungcal JH, Steullet P, Morishita H, Kraftsik R, Cuenod M, Hensch TK, et al. Perineuronal nets protect fast-spiking interneurons against oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:9130–5.

pubmed: 23671099 pmcid: 3670388 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1300454110

Miyata S, Nishimura Y, Nakashima T. Perineuronal nets protect against amyloid beta-protein neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. Brain Res. 2007;1150:200–6.

pubmed: 17397805 doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.066

Balmer, TS. Perineuronal nets enhance the excitability of fast-spiking neurons. eNeuro 2016;3:ENEURO.0112-16.2016.

Dityatev A, Brückner G, Dityateva G, Grosche J, Kleene R, Schachner M. Activity-dependent formation and functions of chondroitin sulfate-rich extracellular matrix of perineuronal nets. Dev Neurobiol. 2007;67:570–88.

pubmed: 17443809 doi: 10.1002/dneu.20361

Tewari BP, Chaunsali L, Campbell SL, Patel DC, Goode AE, Sontheimer H. Perineuronal nets decrease membrane capacitance of peritumoral fast spiking interneurons in a model of epilepsy. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4724.

pubmed: 30413686 pmcid: 6226462 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07113-0

Blosa M, Sonntag M, Jäger C, Weigel S, Seeger J, Frischknecht R, et al. The extracellular matrix molecule brevican is an integral component of the machinery mediating fast synaptic transmission at the calyx of Held. J Physiol. 2015;593:4341–60.

pubmed: 26223835 pmcid: 4594243 doi: 10.1113/JP270849

Favuzzi E, Marques-Smith A, Deogracias R, Winterflood CM, Sánchez-Aguilera A, Mantoan L, et al. Activity-dependent gating of parvalbumin interneuron function by the perineuronal net protein brevican. Neuron. 2017;95:639–655.e10.

pubmed: 28712654 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.028

Gottschling C, Wegrzyn D, Denecke B, Faissner A. Elimination of the four extracellular matrix molecules tenascin-C, tenascin-R, brevican, and neurocan alters the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Sci Rep. 2019;9:13939.

pubmed: 31558805 pmcid: 6763627 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50404-9

Geissler M, Gottschling C, Aguado A, Rauch U, Wetzel CH, Hatt H, et al. Primary hippocampal neurons, which lack four crucial extracellular matrix molecules, display abnormalities of synaptic structure and function and severe deficits in perineuronal net formation. J Neurosci. 2013;33:7742–55.

pubmed: 23637166 pmcid: 6618965 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3275-12.2013

Frischknecht R, Seidenbecher CI. Brevican: a key proteoglycan in the perisynaptic extracellular matrix of the brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012;44:1051–4.

pubmed: 22537913 doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.03.022

Franklin SL, Love S, Greene JR, Betmouni S. Loss of perineuronal net in ME7 prion disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67:189–99.

pubmed: 18344910 doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181654386

Bitanihirwe BKY, Woo T-UW. Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: the importance of neuronal coatings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;45:85–99.

pubmed: 24709070 pmcid: 4447499 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.018

Belichenko PV, Miklossy J, Celio MR. HIV-I induced destruction of neocortical extracellular matrix components in AIDS victims. Neurobiol Dis. 1997;4:301–10.

pubmed: 9361307 doi: 10.1006/nbdi.1997.0143

Gray E, Thomas TL, Betmouni S, Scolding N, Love S. Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 and degradation of perineuronal nets in cerebrocortical multiple sclerosis plaques. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67:888–99.

pubmed: 18716555 doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e318183d003

Mangiarini L, Sathasivam K, Seller M, Cozens B, Harper A, Hetherington C, et al. Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice. Cell. 1996;87:493–506.

pubmed: 8898202 doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81369-0

Oakley H, Cole SL, Logan S, Maus E, Shao P, Craft J, et al. Intraneuronal β-amyloid aggregates, neurodegeneration, and neuron loss in transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations: potential factors in amyloid plaque formation. J Neurosci. 2006;26:10129–40.

pubmed: 17021169 pmcid: 6674618 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1202-06.2006

Chitu V, Gokhan S, Gulinello M, Branch CA, Patil M, Basu R, et al. Phenotypic characterization of a Csf1r haploinsufficient mouse model of adult-onset leukodystrophy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP). Neurobiol Dis. 2015;74:219–28.

pubmed: 25497733 doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.001

Biundo F, Chitu V, Shlager G, Park ES, Gulinello ME, Saha K, et al. Microglial reduction of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor expression is sufficient to confer adult onset leukodystrophy. Glia. 2021;69:779–91.

pubmed: 33079443 doi: 10.1002/glia.23929

Arreola MA, Soni N, Crapser JD, Hohsfield LA, Elmore MRP, Matheos DP, et al. Microglial dyshomeostasis drives perineuronal net and synaptic loss in a CSF1R+/− mouse model of ALSP which can be rescued via CSF1R inhibitors. Science Advances. In Press.

Venturino, A, Schulz R., De Jesús-Cortés H., Maes M.E., Nagy B., Reilly-Andújar F., et al. Microglia enable mature perineuronal nets disassembly upon anesthetic ketamine exposure or 60-Hz light entrainment in the healthy brain. Cell Rep. 2021;36:109313.

Belichenko PV, Miklossy J, Belser B, Budka H, Celio MR. Early destruction of the extracellular matrix around parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons in Creutzfeldt−Jakob disease. Neurobiol Dis. 1999;6:269–79.

pubmed: 10448054 doi: 10.1006/nbdi.1999.0245

Borner R, Bento-Torres J, Souza DR, Sadala DB, Trevia N, Farias JA, et al. Early behavioral changes and quantitative analysis of neuropathological features in murine prion disease: stereological analysis in the albino Swiss mice model. Prion. 2011;5:215–27.

pubmed: 21862877 pmcid: 3226049 doi: 10.4161/pri.5.3.16936

Bozzelli PL, Caccavano A, Avdoshina V, Mocchetti I, Wu JY, Conant K. Increased matrix metalloproteinase levels and perineuronal net proteolysis in the HIV-infected brain; relevance to altered neuronal population dynamics. Exp Neurol. 2020;323:113077.

pubmed: 31678140 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113077

Medina-Flores R, Wang G, Bissel SJ, Murphey-Corb M, Wiley CA. Destruction of extracellular matrix proteoglycans is pervasive in simian retroviral neuroinfection. Neurobiol Dis. 2004;16:604–16.

pubmed: 15262273 doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.04.011

Hobohm C, Günther A, Grosche J, Rossner S, Schneider D, Brückner G. Decomposition and long-lasting downregulation of extracellular matrix in perineuronal nets induced by focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Neurosci Res. 2005;80:539–48.

pubmed: 15806566 doi: 10.1002/jnr.20459

Quattromani MJ, Pruvost M, Guerreiro C, Backlund F, Englund E, Aspberg A, et al. Extracellular matrix modulation is driven by experience-dependent plasticity during stroke recovery. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:2196–213.

pubmed: 28290150 doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0461-2

Härtig, W, Mages B., Aleithe S., Nitzsche B., Altmann S., Barthel H. et al. Damaged neocortical perineuronal nets due to experimental focal cerebral ischemia in mice, rats and sheep. Front Integr Neurosci. 2017;11:15.

Dzyubenko E, Manrique-Castano D, Kleinschnitz C, Faissner A, Hermann DM. Topological remodeling of cortical perineuronal nets in focal cerebral ischemia and mild hypoperfusion. Matrix Biol. 2018;74:121–32.

pubmed: 30092283 doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.08.001

Karetko-Sysa M, Skangiel-Kramska J, Nowicka D. Disturbance of perineuronal nets in the perilesional area after photothrombosis is not associated with neuronal death. Exp Neurol. 2011;231:113–26.

pubmed: 21683696 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.05.022

Vita, SM., Grayson B E, Grill R J. Acute damage to the blood–brain barrier and perineuronal net integrity in a clinically-relevant rat model of traumatic brain injury. NeuroReport 2020;31:1167−1174.

Wiley CA, Bissel SJ, Lesniak A, Dixon CE, Franks J, Beer Stolz D, et al. Ultrastructure of diaschisis lesions after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33:1866–82.

pubmed: 26914973 pmcid: 5079449 doi: 10.1089/neu.2015.4272

Sánchez-Ventura J, Giménez-Llort L, Penas C, Udina E. Voluntary wheel running preserves lumbar perineuronal nets, enhances motor functions, and prevents hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2021;336:113533.

pubmed: 33264633 doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113533

McRae PA, Baranov E, Rogers SL, Porter BE. Persistent decrease in multiple components of the perineuronal net following status epilepticus. Eur J Neurosci. 2012;36:3471–82.

pubmed: 22934955 pmcid: 4058987 doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08268.x

Rankin-Gee EK, McRae PA, Baranov E, Rogers S, Wandrey L, Porter BE. Perineuronal net degradation in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1124–33.

pubmed: 26032766 doi: 10.1111/epi.13026

Reichelt AC, Lemieux CA, Princz-Lebel O, Singh A, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Age-dependent and region-specific alteration of parvalbumin neurons, perineuronal nets, and microglia in the mouse prefrontal cortex and hippocampus following obesogenic diet consumption. Sci Rep. 2021;11:5593.

pubmed: 33692414 pmcid: 7970944 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85092-x

Baig S, Wilcock GK, Love S. Loss of perineuronal net N-acetylgalactosamine in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2005;110:393–401.

pubmed: 16133543 doi: 10.1007/s00401-005-1060-2

Kobayashi K, Emson PC, Mountjoy CQ. Vicia villosa lectin-positive neurones in human cerebral cortex. Loss in Alzheimer-type dementia. Brain Res. 1989;498:170–4.

pubmed: 2790470 doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90416-2

Cattaud V, Bezzina C, Rey CC, Lejards C, Dahan L, Verret L. Early disruption of parvalbumin expression and perineuronal nets in the hippocampus of the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease can be rescued by enriched environment. Neurobiol Aging. 2018;72:147–58.

pubmed: 30273829 doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.024

Pantazopoulos H, Woo TU, Lim MP, Lange N, Berretta S. Extracellular matrix-glial abnormalities in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:155–66.

pubmed: 20124115 pmcid: 4208310 doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.196

Mauney SA, Athanas KM, Pantazopoulos H, Shaskan N, Passeri E, Berretta S, et al. Developmental pattern of perineuronal nets in the human prefrontal cortex and their deficit in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:427–35.

pubmed: 23790226 pmcid: 3752333 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.007

Pantazopoulos H, Berretta S. In sickness and in health: perineuronal nets and synaptic plasticity in psychiatric disorders. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:9847696.

pubmed: 26839720 doi: 10.1155/2016/9847696

Hijazi S, Heistek TS, Scheltens P, Neumann U, Shimshek DR, Mansvelder HD, et al. Early restoration of parvalbumin interneuron activity prevents memory loss and network hyperexcitability in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:3380–98.

pubmed: 31431685 doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0483-4

Verret L, Mann EO, Hang GB, Barth AM, Cobos I, Ho K, et al. Inhibitory interneuron deficit links altered network activity and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer model. Cell. 2012;149:708–21.

pubmed: 22541439 pmcid: 3375906 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.046

Iaccarino HF, Singer AC, Martorell AJ, Rudenko A, Gao F, Gillingham TZ, et al. Gamma frequency entrainment attenuates amyloid load and modifies microglia. Nature. 2016;540:230–5.

pubmed: 27929004 pmcid: 5656389 doi: 10.1038/nature20587

Ali F, Baringer SL, Neal A, Choi EY, Kwan AC. Parvalbumin-positive neuron loss and amyloid-β deposits in the frontal cortex of Alzheimer’s disease-related mice. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2019;72:1323–39.

doi: 10.3233/JAD-181190

Guentchev M, Groschup MH, Kordek R, Liberski PP, Budka H. Severe, early and selective loss of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in experimental transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Brain Pathol. 1998;8:615–23.

pubmed: 9804371 doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00188.x

Morawski M, Brückner G, Jäger C, Seeger G, Matthews RT, Arendt T. Involvement of perineuronal and perisynaptic extracellular matrix in Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. Brain Pathol. 2012;22:547–61.

pubmed: 22126211 pmcid: 3639011 doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00557.x

Morawski M, Brückner G, Jäger C, Seeger G, Arendt T. Neurons associated with aggrecan-based perineuronal nets are protected against tau pathology in subcortical regions in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience. 2010;169:1347–63.

pubmed: 20497908 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.022

Brückner G, Hausen D, Härtig W, Drlicek M, Arendt T, Brauer K. Cortical areas abundant in extracellular matrix chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans are less affected by cytoskeletal changes in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience. 1999;92:791–805.

pubmed: 10426522 doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00071-8

Lendvai D, Morawski M, Négyessy L, Gáti G, Jäger C, Baksa G, et al. Neurochemical mapping of the human hippocampus reveals perisynaptic matrix around functional synapses in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;125:215–29.

pubmed: 22961619 doi: 10.1007/s00401-012-1042-0

Ueno H, Fujii K, Takao K, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, et al. Alteration of parvalbumin expression and perineuronal nets formation in the cerebral cortex of aged mice. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2019;95:31–42.

pubmed: 30610998 doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.12.008

Mafi AM, Hofer LN, Russ MG, Young JW, Mellott JG. The density of perineuronal nets increases with age in the inferior colliculus in the fischer brown norway rat. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:27.

pubmed: 32116654 pmcid: 7026493 doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00027

Hilbig H, Bidmon HJ, Steingrüber S, Reinke H, Dinse HR. Enriched environmental conditions reverse age-dependent gliosis and losses of neurofilaments and extracellular matrix components but do not alter lipofuscin accumulation in the hindlimb area of the aging rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat. 2002;23:199–209.

pubmed: 11861126 doi: 10.1016/S0891-0618(01)00159-4

Brewton DH, Kokash J, Jimenez O, Pena ER, Razak KA. Age-related deterioration of perineuronal nets in the primary auditory cortex of mice. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:270.

pubmed: 27877127 pmcid: 5099154 doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00270

Miyata S, Nishimura Y, Hayashi N, Oohira A. Construction of perineuronal net-like structure by cortical neurons in culture. Neuroscience. 2005;136:95–104.

pubmed: 16182457 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.031

Lander C, Zhang H, Hockfield S. Neurons produce a neuronal cell surface-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. J Neurosci. 1998;18:174–83.

pubmed: 9412498 pmcid: 6793429 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00174.1998

Fowke TM, Karunasinghe RN, Bai JZ, Jordan S, Gunn AJ, Dean JM. Hyaluronan synthesis by developing cortical neurons in vitro. Sci Rep. 2017;7:44135.

pubmed: 28287145 pmcid: 5347017 doi: 10.1038/srep44135

Carulli D, Pizzorusso T, Kwok JC, Putignano E, Poli A, Forostyak S, et al. Animals lacking link protein have attenuated perineuronal nets and persistent plasticity. Brain. 2010;133:2331–47.

pubmed: 20566484 doi: 10.1093/brain/awq145

Kwok JC, Carulli D, Fawcett JW. In vitro modeling of perineuronal nets: hyaluronan synthase and link protein are necessary for their formation and integrity. J Neurochem. 2010;114:1447–59.

pubmed: 20584105

Jäger C, Lendvai D, Seeger G, Brückner G, Matthews RT, Arendt T, et al. Perineuronal and perisynaptic extracellular matrix in the human spinal cord. Neuroscience. 2013;238:168–84.

pubmed: 23428622 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.014

Hohsfield, LA et al. Subventricular zone/white matter microglia reconstitute the empty adult microglial niche in a dynamic wave. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.17.431594 (2021).

Ribot J, Breton R, Calvo CF, Moulard J, Ezan P, Zapata J, et al. Astrocytes close the mouse critical period for visual plasticity. Science. 2021;373:77–81.

pubmed: 34210880 doi: 10.1126/science.abf5273

Kohnke S, Buller S, Nuzzaci D, Ridley K, Lam B, Pivonkova H, et al. Nutritional regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation regulates perineuronal net remodeling in the median eminence. Cell Rep. 2021;36:109362.

pubmed: 34260928 pmcid: 8293628 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109362

Matthews RT, Kelly GM, Zerillo CA, Gray G, Tiemeyer M, Hockfield S. Aggrecan glycoforms contribute to the molecular heterogeneity of perineuronal nets. J Neurosci. 2002;22:7536–47.

pubmed: 12196577 pmcid: 6757962 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-17-07536.2002

Li KW, Hornshaw MP, Van der Schors RC, Watson R, Tate S, Casetta B, et al. Proteomics analysis of rat brain postsynaptic density: implications of the diverse protein functional groups for the integration of synaptic physiology. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:987–1002.

pubmed: 14532281 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M303116200

Seidenbecher CI, Richter K, Rauch U, Fässler R, Garner CC, Gundelfinger ED.Brevican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of rat brain, occurs as secreted and cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Isoforms.J Biol Chem.1995;270:27206–12.

pubmed: 7592978 doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.45.27206

Pintér A, Hevesi Z, Zahola P, Alpár A, Hanics J. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-5 forms perisynaptic matrix assemblies in the adult rat cortex. Cell Signal. 2020;74:109710.

pubmed: 32653642 doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109710

Jüttner R, Montag D, Craveiro RB, Babich A, Vetter P, Rathjen FG. Impaired presynaptic function and elimination of synapses at premature stages during postnatal development of the cerebellum in the absence of CALEB (CSPG5/neuroglycan C). Eur J Neurosci. 2013;38:3270–80.

pubmed: 23889129 doi: 10.1111/ejn.12313

Bekku Y, Saito M, Moser M, Fuchigami M, Maehara A, Nakayama M, et al. Bral2 is indispensable for the proper localization of brevican and the structural integrity of the perineuronal net in the brainstem and cerebellum. J Comp Neurol. 2012;520:1721–36.

pubmed: 22121037 doi: 10.1002/cne.23009

Orlando C, Ster J, Gerber U, Fawcett JW, Raineteau O. Perisynaptic chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans restrict structural plasticity in an integrin-dependent manner. J Neurosci. 2012;32:18009–17.

pubmed: 23238717 pmcid: 6621736 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2406-12.2012

Lendvai D, Morawski M, Brückner G, Négyessy L, Baksa G, Glasz T, et al. Perisynaptic aggrecan-based extracellular matrix coats in the human lateral geniculate body devoid of perineuronal nets. J Neurosci Res. 2012;90:376–87.

pubmed: 21959900 doi: 10.1002/jnr.22761

Blosa M, Sonntag M, Brückner G, Jäger C, Seeger G, Matthews RT, et al. Unique features of extracellular matrix in the mouse medial nucleus of trapezoid body—implications for physiological functions. Neuroscience. 2013;228:215–34.

pubmed: 23069754 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.003

Faissner A, Pyka M, Geissler M, Sobik T, Frischknecht R, Gundelfinger ED, et al. Contributions of astrocytes to synapse formation and maturation potential functions of the perisynaptic extracellular matrix. Brain Res Rev. 2010;63:26–38.

pubmed: 20096729 doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.01.001

Mitlöhner J, Kaushik R, Niekisch H, Blondiaux A, Gee C E, Happel M F K. et al. Dopamine receptor activation modulates the integrity of the perisynaptic extracellular matrix at excitatory synapses. Cells. 2020;9:260.

Brückner G, Morawski M, Arendt T. Aggrecan-based extracellular matrix is an integral part of the human basal ganglia circuit. Neuroscience. 2008;151:489–504.

pubmed: 18055126 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.033

de Vivo L, Landi S, Panniello M, Baroncelli L, Chierzi S, Mariotti L, et al. Extracellular matrix inhibits structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines in the adult visual cortex. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1484.

pubmed: 23403561 doi: 10.1038/ncomms2491

Stoyanov S, Sun W, Düsedau HP, Cangalaya C, Choi I, Mirzapourdelavar H, et al. Attenuation of the extracellular matrix restores microglial activity during the early stage of amyloidosis. Glia. 2021;69:182–200.

pubmed: 32865286 doi: 10.1002/glia.23894

Végh MJ, Heldring CM, Kamphuis W, Hijazi S, Timmerman AJ, Li KW, et al. Reducing hippocampal extracellular matrix reverses early memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014;2:76.

pubmed: 24974208 pmcid: 4149201

Howell MD, Bailey LA, Cozart MA, Gannon BM, Gottschall PE. Hippocampal administration of chondroitinase ABC increases plaque-adjacent synaptic marker and diminishes amyloid burden in aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2015;3:54.

pubmed: 26337292 pmcid: 4559967 doi: 10.1186/s40478-015-0233-z

Lau LW, Keough MB, Haylock-Jacobs S, Cua R, Döring A, Sloka S, et al. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in demyelinated lesions impair remyelination. Ann Neurol. 2012;72:419–32.

pubmed: 23034914 doi: 10.1002/ana.23599

Lehrman EK, Wilton DK, Litvina EY, Welsh CA, Chang ST, Frouin A, et al. CD47 protects synapses from excess microglia-mediated pruning during development. Neuron. 2018;100:120–134.e6.

pubmed: 30308165 pmcid: 6314207 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.017

Sobel RA, Ahmed AS. White matter extracellular matrix chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in multiple sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2001;60:1198–207.

pubmed: 11764092 doi: 10.1093/jnen/60.12.1198

Deepa SS, Carulli D, Galtrey C, Rhodes K, Fukuda J, Mikami T, et al. Composition of perineuronal net extracellular matrix in rat brain: a different disaccharide composition for the net-associated proteoglycans. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:17789–800.

pubmed: 16644727 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600544200

Yong VW, Power C, Forsyth P, Edwards DR. Metalloproteinases in biology and pathology of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:502–11.

pubmed: 11433375 pmcid: 7097548 doi: 10.1038/35081571

Cross AK, Woodroofe MN. Chemokine modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP production in adult rat brain microglia and a human microglial cell line in vitro. Glia. 1999;28:183–9.

pubmed: 10559777 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199912)28:3<183::AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-3

Welser-Alves JV, Crocker SJ, Milner R. A dual role for microglia in promoting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) expression in glial cells in response to neuroinflammatory stimuli. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:61.

pubmed: 21631912 pmcid: 3120696 doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-61

Takeuchi H, Jin S, Wang J, Zhang G, Kawanokuchi J, Kuno R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α induces neurotoxicity via glutamate release from hemichannels of activated microglia in an autocrine manner. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:21362–8.

pubmed: 16720574 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600504200

Szklarczyk A, Lapinska J, Rylski M, McKay RD, Kaczmarek L. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 undergoes expression and activation during dendritic remodeling in adult hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2002;22:920–30.

pubmed: 11826121 pmcid: 6758472 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00920.2002

Nakanishi H. Microglial functions and proteases. Mol Neurobiol. 2003;27:163–76.

pubmed: 12777686 doi: 10.1385/MN:27:2:163

Könnecke H, Bechmann I. The role of microglia and matrix metalloproteinases involvement in neuroinflammation and gliomas. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:914104

pubmed: 24023566 pmcid: 3759277 doi: 10.1155/2013/914104

Siri A, Knäuper V, Veirana N, Caocci F, Murphy G, Zardi L. Different susceptibility of small and large human tenascin-C isoforms to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:8650–4.

pubmed: 7536739 doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.15.8650

Nakamura H, Fujii Y, Inoki I, Sugimoto K, Tanzawa K, Matsuki H, et al. Brevican is degraded by matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS4) at different sites. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:38885–90.

pubmed: 10986281 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M003875200

Planas AM, Solé S, Justicia C. Expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis. 2001;8:834–46.

pubmed: 11592852 doi: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0435

Rosell A, Ortega-Aznar A, Alvarez-Sabín J, Fernández-Cadenas I, Ribó M, Molina CA, et al. Increased brain expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 after ischemic and hemorrhagic human. Stroke. 2006;37:1399–406.

pubmed: 16690896 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000223001.06264.af

Maeda A, Sobel RA. Matrix metalloproteinases in the normal human central nervous system, microglial nodules, and multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1996;55:300–9.

pubmed: 8786388 doi: 10.1097/00005072-199603000-00005

Milner R, Crocker SJ, Hung S, Wang X, Frausto RF, del Zoppo GJ. Fibronectin- and vitronectin-induced microglial activation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression is mediated by integrins alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta5. J Immunol. 2007;178:8158–67.

pubmed: 17548654 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.8158

Hu F, Ku MC, Markovic D, Dzaye O, Lehnardt S, Synowitz M, et al. Glioma-associated microglial MMP9 expression is upregulated by TLR2 signaling and sensitive to minocycline. Int J Cancer. 2014;135:2569–78.

pubmed: 24752463 pmcid: 4519695 doi: 10.1002/ijc.28908

Markovic DS, Glass R, Synowitz M, Rooijen NV, Kettenmann H. Microglia stimulate the invasiveness of glioma cells by increasing the activity of metalloprotease-2. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2005;64:754–62.

pubmed: 16141784 doi: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000178445.33972.a9

Kelly, E, Russo A S, Jackson C D, Lamantia C E, Majewska A K. Proteolytic regulation of synaptic plasticity in the mouse primary visual cortex: analysis of matrix metalloproteinase 9 deficient mice. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:369.

Murase S, Lantz CL, Quinlan EM. Light reintroduction after dark exposure reactivates plasticity in adults via perisynaptic activation of MMP-9. eLife. 2017;6:e27345.

pubmed: 28875930 pmcid: 5630258 doi: 10.7554/eLife.27345

Wen TH, Afroz S, Reinhard SM, Palacios AR, Tapia K, Binder DK, et al. Genetic reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes formation of perineuronal nets around parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and normalizes auditory cortex responses in developing Fmr1 knock-out mice. Cereb Cortex. 2018;28:3951–64.

pubmed: 29040407 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx258

Pirbhoy PS, Rais M, Lovelace JW, Woodard W, Razak KA, Binder DK, et al. Acute pharmacological inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity during development restores perineuronal net formation and normalizes auditory processing in Fmr1 KO mice. J Neurochem. 2020;155:538–58.

pubmed: 32374912 doi: 10.1111/jnc.15037 pmcid: 7644613

Lemarchant S, Pruvost M, Montaner J, Emery E, Vivien D, Kanninen K, et al. ADAMTS proteoglycanases in the physiological and pathological central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation. 2013;10:133–133.

pubmed: 24176075 pmcid: 4228433 doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-133

Hamel MG, Mayer J, Gottschall PE. Altered production and proteolytic processing of brevican by transforming growth factor β in cultured astrocytes. J Neurochem. 2005;93:1533–41.

pubmed: 15935069 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03144.x

Tortorella MD, Burn TC, Pratta MA, Abbaszade I, Hollis JM, Liu R, et al. Purification and cloning of aggrecanase-1: a member of the ADAMTS family of proteins. Science. 1999;284:1664–6.

pubmed: 10356395 doi: 10.1126/science.284.5420.1664

Cua RC, Lau LW, Keough MB, Midha R, Apte SS, Yong VW. Overcoming neurite-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the astrocyte matrix. Glia. 2013;61:972–84.

pubmed: 23554135 doi: 10.1002/glia.22489

Lemarchant S, Pomeshchik Y, Kidin I, Kärkkäinen V, Valonen P, Lehtonen S, et al. ADAMTS-4 promotes neurodegeneration in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener. 2016;11:10.

pubmed: 26809777 pmcid: 4727317 doi: 10.1186/s13024-016-0078-3

Fang L, Teuchert M, Huber-Abel F, Schattauer D, Hendrich C, Dorst J, et al. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are elevated in spinal cord and skin in a mouse model of ALS. J Neurol Sci. 2010;294:51–6.

pubmed: 20441996 doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.04.005

Nakanishi H. Cathepsin regulation on microglial function. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)—Proteins Proteom. 2020;1868:140465.

doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140465

Ryan RE, Sloane BF, Sameni M, Wood PL. Microglial cathepsin B: an immunological examination of cellular and secreted species. J Neurochem. 1995;65:1035–45.

pubmed: 7643083 doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65031035.x

Petanceska S, Canoll P, Devi LA. Expression of rat cathepsin S in phagocytic cells (∗). J Biol Chem. 1996;271:4403–9.

pubmed: 8626791 doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.8.4403

Hao HP, Doh-Ura K, Nakanishi H. Impairment of microglial responses to facial nerve axotomy in cathepsin S–deficient mice. J Neurosci Res. 2007;85:2196–206.

pubmed: 17539023 doi: 10.1002/jnr.21357

Pantazopoulos, H, Gisabella B, Rexrode L, Benefield D, Yildiz E, Seltzer P, et al. Circadian rhythms of perineuronal net composition. eNeuro. 2020;7:ENEURO.0034-19.2020.

Hoshiko M, Arnoux I, Avignone E, Yamamoto N, Audinat E. Deficiency of the microglial receptor CX3CR1 impairs postnatal functional development of thalamocortical synapses in the barrel cortex. J Neurosci. 2012;32:15106–11.

pubmed: 23100431 pmcid: 6704837 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1167-12.2012

Basilico B, Pagani F, Grimaldi A, Cortese B, Di Angelantonio S, Weinhard L, et al. Microglia shape presynaptic properties at developing glutamatergic synapses. Glia. 2019;67:53–67.

pubmed: 30417584 doi: 10.1002/glia.23508

Liang KJ, Lee JE, Wang YD, Ma W, Fontainhas AM, Fariss RN, et al. Regulation of dynamic behavior of retinal microglia by CX3CR1 signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:4444–51.

pubmed: 19443728 doi: 10.1167/iovs.08-3357

Harrison JK, Jiang Y, Chen S, Xia Y, Maciejewski D, McNamara RK, et al. Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1-expressing microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95:10896–901.

pubmed: 9724801 pmcid: 27992 doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10896

Bolós M, Perea JR, Terreros-Roncal J, Pallas-Bazarra N, Jurado-Arjona J, Ávila J, et al. Absence of microglial CX3CR1 impairs the synaptic integration of adult-born hippocampal granule neurons. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;68:76–89.

pubmed: 29017970 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.002

Sipe GO, Lowery RL, Tremblay MÈ, Kelly EA, Lamantia CE, Majewska AK. Microglial P2Y12 is necessary for synaptic plasticity in mouse visual cortex. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10905.

pubmed: 26948129 pmcid: 4786684 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10905

Easley-Neal C, Foreman O, Sharma N, Zarrin AA, Weimer RM. CSF1R ligands IL-34 and CSF1 are differentially required for microglia development and maintenance in white and gray matter brain regions. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2199.

pubmed: 31616414 pmcid: 6764286 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02199

Huntley GW. Synaptic circuit remodelling by matrix metalloproteinases in health and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:743–57.

pubmed: 23047773 pmcid: 4900464 doi: 10.1038/nrn3320

Gottschall PE, Howell MD. ADAMTS expression and function in central nervous system injury and disorders. Matrix Biol. 2015;44-46:70–76.

pubmed: 25622912 pmcid: 5068130 doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.014

Wake H, Moorhouse AJ, Jinno S, Kohsaka S, Nabekura J. Resting microglia directly monitor the functional state of synapses in vivo and determine the fate of ischemic terminals. J Neurosci. 2009;29:3974–80.

pubmed: 19339593 pmcid: 6665392 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4363-08.2009

Tremblay MÈ, Zettel ML, Ison JR, Allen PD, Majewska AK. Effects of aging and sensory loss on glial cells in mouse visual and auditory cortices. Glia. 2012;60:541–58.

pubmed: 22223464 pmcid: 3276747 doi: 10.1002/glia.22287

Bialas AR, Stevens B. TGF-β signaling regulates neuronal C1q expression and developmental synaptic refinement. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1773–82.

pubmed: 24162655 pmcid: 3973738 doi: 10.1038/nn.3560

Linnartz B, Kopatz J, Tenner AJ, Neumann H. Sialic acid on the neuronal glycocalyx prevents complement C1 binding and complement receptor-3-mediated removal by microglia. J Neurosci. 2012;32:946–52.

pubmed: 22262892 pmcid: 4037907 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3830-11.2012

Lim S-H, Park E, You B, Jung Y, Park A-R, Park SG, et al. Neuronal synapse formation induced by microglia and interleukin 10. PLoS One. 2013;8:e81218.

pubmed: 24278397 pmcid: 3838367 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081218

Parkhurst CN, Yang G, Ninan I, Savas JN, Yates JR, Lafaille JJ, et al. Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Cell. 2013;155:1596–609.

pubmed: 24360280 pmcid: 4033691 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.030

Rubino SJ, Mayo L, Wimmer I, Siedler V, Brunner F, Hametner S, et al. Acute microglia ablation induces neurodegeneration in the somatosensory system. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4578.

pubmed: 30385785 pmcid: 6212411 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05929-4

Milinkeviciute G, Henningfield CM, Muniak MA, Chokr SM, Green KN, Cramer KS. Microglia regulate pruning of specialized synapses in the auditory brainstem. Front Neural Circuits. 2019;13:55.

pubmed: 31555101 pmcid: 6722190 doi: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00055

Milinkeviciute, G, Chokr S M, Crame K S. Auditory brainstem deficits from early treatment with a CSF1R inhibitor largely recover with microglial repopulation. eNeuro. 2021;8:ENEURO.0318-20.2021.

Stowell RD, Wong EL, Batchelor HN, Mendes MS, Lamantia CE, Whitelaw BS, et al. Cerebellar microglia are dynamically unique and survey Purkinje neurons in vivo. Dev Neurobiol. 2018;78:627–44.

pubmed: 29285893 pmcid: 6544048 doi: 10.1002/dneu.22572

Kana V, Desland FA, Casanova-Acebes M, Ayata P, Badimon A, Nabel E, et al. CSF-1 controls cerebellar microglia and is required for motor function and social interaction. J Exp Med. 2019;216:2265–81.

pubmed: 31350310 pmcid: 6781012 doi: 10.1084/jem.20182037

Nakayama H, Abe M, Morimoto C, Iida T, Okabe S, Sakimura K, et al. Microglia permit climbing fiber elimination by promoting GABAergic inhibition in the developing cerebellum. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2830.

pubmed: 30026565 pmcid: 6053401 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05100-z

Marín-Teva JL, Dusart I, Colin C, Gervais A, van Rooijen N, Mallat M. Microglia promote the death of developing Purkinje cells. Neuron. 2004;41:535–47.

pubmed: 14980203 doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00069-8

Ju¨ttner R, Moré MI, Das D, Babich A, Meier J, Henning M, et al. Impaired synapse function during postnatal development in the absence of CALEB, an EGF-like protein processed by neuronal activity. Neuron. 2005;46:233–45.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.027

Brückner G, Grosche J, Schmidt S, Härtig W, Margolis RU, Delpech B, et al. Postnatal development of perineuronal nets in wild-type mice and in a mutant deficient in tenascin-R. J Comp Neurol. 2000;428:616–29.

pubmed: 11077416 doi: 10.1002/1096-9861(20001225)428:4<616::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-K

Aujla PK, Huntley GW. Early postnatal expression and localization of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 during establishment of rat hippocampal synaptic circuitry. J Comp Neurol. 2014;522:1249–63.

pubmed: 24114974 pmcid: 4909053 doi: 10.1002/cne.23468

Schecter RW, Maher EE, Welsh CA, Stevens B, Erisir A, Bear MF. Experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in V1 occurs without microglial CX3CR1. J Neuroscd. 2017;37:10541–53.

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2679-16.2017

Ma X, Chen K, Cui Y, Huang G, Nehme A, Zhang L. et al.2020) Depletion of microglia in developing cortical circuits reveals its critical role in glutamatergic synapse development, functional connectivity, and critical period plasticity.J Neurosci Res.2020;98:1968–86.

pubmed: 32594561 doi: 10.1002/jnr.24641

McRae PA, Rocco MM, Kelly G, Brumberg JC, Matthews RT. Sensory deprivation slters aggrecan and perineuronal net expression in the mouse barrel cortex. J Neurosci. 2007;27:5405–13.

pubmed: 17507562 pmcid: 6672348 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5425-06.2007

Gunner G, Cheadle L, Johnson KM, Ayata P, Badimon A, Mondo E, et al. Sensory lesioning induces microglial synapse elimination via ADAM10 and fractalkine signaling. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:1075–88.

pubmed: 31209379 pmcid: 6596419 doi: 10.1038/s41593-019-0419-y

Welsh CA, Stephany CÉ, Sapp RW, Stevens B. Ocular dominance plasticity in binocular primary visual cortex does not require C1q. J Neurosci. 2020;40:769–83.

pubmed: 31801811 pmcid: 6975301 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1011-19.2019

Li T, Chiou B, Gilman CK, Luo R, Koshi T, Yu D, et al. A splicing isoform of GPR56 mediates microglial synaptic refinement via phosphatidylserine binding. EMBO J. 2020;39:e104136.

pubmed: 32452062 pmcid: 7429740

Scott-Hewitt N, Perrucci F, Morini R, Erreni M, Mahoney M, Witkowska A, et al. Local externalization of phosphatidylserine mediates developmental synaptic pruning by microglia. EMBO J. 2020;39:e105380.

pubmed: 32657463 pmcid: 7429741 doi: 10.15252/embj.2020105380

Leventis PA, Grinstein S. The distribution and function of phosphatidylserine in cellular membranes. Annu Rev Biophys. 2010;39:407–27.

pubmed: 20192774 doi: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.093008.131234

Favuzzi, E, Huang S, Saldi G A, Binan L, Ibrahim L A, Fernández-Otero M, et al. GABA-receptive microglia selectively sculpt developing inhibitory circuits. Cell. 2021;184:4048−4063.e32.

Zamilpa R, Lopez EF, Chiao YA, Dai Q, Escobar GP, Hakala K, et al. Proteomic analysis identifies in vivo candidate matrix metalloproteinase-9 substrates in the left ventricle post-myocardial infarction. Proteomics. 2010;10:2214–23.

pubmed: 20354994 pmcid: 3017347 doi: 10.1002/pmic.200900587

Toth AB, Terauchi A, Zhang LY, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Larsen DJ, Sutton MA, et al. Synapse maturation by activity-dependent ectodomain shedding of SIRPα. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1417–25.

pubmed: 24036914 pmcid: 3820962 doi: 10.1038/nn.3516

Lopez ME, Klein AD, Scott MP. Complement is dispensable for neurodegeneration in Niemann−Pick disease type C. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:216.

pubmed: 22985423 pmcid: 3511250 doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-216

Kirschfink M, Blase L, Engelmann S, Schwartz-Albiez R. Secreted chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of human B cell lines binds to the complement protein C1q and inhibits complex formation of C1. J Immunol. 1997;158:1324–31.

pubmed: 9013976

Ma D, Liu S, Lal B, Wei S, Wang S, Zhan D, et al. Extracellular matrix protein tenascin C increases phagocytosis mediated by CD47 loss of function in glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 2019;79:2697–708.

pubmed: 30898840 pmcid: 8218246 doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-3125

Weinhard L, di Bartolomei G, Bolasco G, Machado P, Schieber NL, Neniskyte U, et al. Microglia remodel synapses by presynaptic trogocytosis and spine head filopodia induction. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1228.

pubmed: 29581545 pmcid: 5964317 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03566-5

Lim TK, Ruthazer ES. Microglial trogocytosis and the complement system regulate axonal pruning in vivo. Elife. 2021;10:e62167.

pubmed: 33724186 pmcid: 7963485 doi: 10.7554/eLife.62167

Reshef R, Kudryavitskaya E, Shani-Narkiss H, Isaacson B, Rimmerman N, Mizrahi A, et al. The role of microglia and their CX3CR1 signaling in adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. eLife. 2017;6,:e30809.

doi: 10.7554/eLife.30809

Wallace J, Lord J, Dissing-Olesen L, Stevens B, Murthy VN, et al. Microglial depletion disrupts normal functional development of adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb. Elife. 2020;9:e50531.

pubmed: 32150529 pmcid: 7062469 doi: 10.7554/eLife.50531

Wegrzyn D, Freund N, Faissner A, Juckel G. Poly I:C activated microglia disrupt perineuronal nets and modulate synaptic balance in primary hippocampal neurons in vitro. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2021;13:637549.

pubmed: 33708102 pmcid: 7940526 doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.637549

Scheff SW, Price DA. Synaptic pathology in Alzheimer’s disease: a review of ultrastructural studies. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:1029–46.

pubmed: 14643375 doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.08.002

Henstridge CM, Pickett E, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic pathology: a shared mechanism in neurological disease. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;28:72–84.

pubmed: 27108053 doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.005

Koffie RM, Hyman BT, Spires-Jones TL. Alzheimer’s disease: synapses gone cold. Mol Neurodegener. 2011;6:63.

pubmed: 21871088 pmcid: 3178498 doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-63

Terry RD, Masliah E, Salmon DP, Butters N, DeTeresa R, Hill R, et al. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer’s disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol. 1991;30:572–80.

doi: 10.1002/ana.410300410 pubmed: 1789684

Henstridge CM, Sideris DI, Carroll E, Rotariu S, Salomonsson S, Tzioras M, et al. Synapse loss in the prefrontal cortex is associated with cognitive decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;135:213–26.

pubmed: 29273900 doi: 10.1007/s00401-017-1797-4

Lee, E, Chung, W-S. Glial control of synapse number in healthy and diseased brain. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:42.

Hong S, Beja-Glasser VF, Nfonoyim BM, Frouin A, Li S, Ramakrishnan S, et al. Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models. Science. 2016;352:712–6.

pubmed: 27033548 pmcid: 5094372 doi: 10.1126/science.aad8373

Shi Q, Chowdhury S, Ma R, Le KX, Hong S, Caldarone BJ, et al. Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP/PS1 mice. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaaf6295.

pubmed: 28566429 pmcid: 6936623 doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6295

Fonseca MI, Zhou J, Botto M, Tenner AJ. Absence of C1q leads to less neuropathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2004;24:6457–65.

pubmed: 15269255 pmcid: 6729885 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0901-04.2004

Ding X, Wang J, Huang M, Chen Z, Liu J, Zhang Q, et al. Loss of microglial SIRPα promotes synaptic pruning in preclinical models of neurodegeneration. Nat Commun. 2021;12:2030.

pubmed: 33795678 pmcid: 8016980 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22301-1

Shi Q, Colodner KJ, Matousek SB, Merry K, Hong S, Kenison JE, et al. Complement C3-deficient mice fail to display age-related hippocampal decline. J Neurosci. 2015;35:13029–42.

pubmed: 26400934 pmcid: 6605437 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1698-15.2015

Socodato R, Portugal CC, Canedo T, Rodrigues A, Almeida TO, Henriques JF, et al. Microglia dysfunction caused by the loss of rhoa disrupts neuronal physiology and leads to neurodegeneration. Cell Rep. 2020;31:107796.

pubmed: 32579923 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107796

Cavanagh C, Tse YC, Nguyen HB, Krantic S, Breitner JC, Quirion R, et al. Inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α before amyloidosis prevents synaptic deficits in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;47:41–49.

pubmed: 27552480 doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.009

Zhang D, Li S, Hou L, Jing L, Ruan Z, Peng B, et al. Microglial activation contributes to cognitive impairments in rotenone-induced mouse Parkinson’s disease model. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:4.

pubmed: 33402167 pmcid: 7786472 doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-02065-z

Azevedo EP, Ledo JH, Barbosa G, Sobrinho M, Diniz L, Fonseca AC, et al. Activated microglia mediate synapse loss and short-term memory deficits in a mouse model of transthyretin-related oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e789.

pubmed: 24008733 pmcid: 3789183 doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.325

Wilton DK, Dissing-Olesen L, Stevens B. Neuron-glia signaling in synapse elimination. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2019;42:107–27.

pubmed: 31283900 doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050306

Bassell GJ, Warren ST. Fragile X syndrome: loss of local mRNA regulation alters synaptic development and function. Neuron. 2008;60:201–14.

pubmed: 18957214 pmcid: 3691995 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.004

Bilousova TV, Dansie L, Ngo M, Aye J, Charles JR, Ethell DW, et al. Minocycline promotes dendritic spine maturation and improves behavioural performance in the fragile X mouse model. J Med Genet. 2009;46:94–102.

pubmed: 18835858 doi: 10.1136/jmg.2008.061796

Sidhu H, Dansie LE, Hickmott PW, Ethell DW, Ethell IM. Genetic removal of matrix metalloproteinase 9 rescues the symptoms of fragile X syndrome in a mouse model. J Neurosci. 2014;34:9867–79.

pubmed: 25057190 pmcid: 4107404 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1162-14.2014

Glantz LA, Lewis DA. Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:65–73.

pubmed: 10632234 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.65

Sweet RA, Henteleff RA, Zhang W, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. Reduced dendritic spine density in auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:374–89.

pubmed: 18463626 doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.67

Stavisky SD, Willett FR, Wilson GH, Murphy BA, Rezaii P, Avansino DT, et al. Reduced dendritic spine density on cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:446–53.

doi: 10.1136/jnnp.65.4.446

Sellgren CM, Gracias J, Watmuff B, Biag JD, Thanos JM, Whittredge PB, et al. Increased synapse elimination by microglia in schizophrenia patient-derived models of synaptic pruning. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:374–85.

pubmed: 30718903 pmcid: 6410571 doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0334-7

Sekar A, Bialas AR, de Rivera H, Davis A, Hammond TR, Kamitaki N, et al. Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature. 2016;530:177–83.

pubmed: 26814963 pmcid: 4752392 doi: 10.1038/nature16549

Microglia as hackers of the matrix: sculpting synapses and the extracellular space.

Journal

Informations de publication

Résumé

Identifiants

Types de publication

Langues

Sous-ensembles de citation

Pagination

Subventions

Informations de copyright

Références

Auteurs

Joshua D Crapser (JD)

Miguel A Arreola (MA)

Kate I Tsourmas (KI)

Kim N Green (KN)

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Evaluation of Low-Value Services Across Major Medicare Advantage Insurers and Traditional Medicare.

Effectiveness of Virtual Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Classifications MeSH