Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3-C7): A skeletal study.
aging
cervical spine
osteophytosis
sex
skeletal study
zygapophyseal joints
Journal
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
ISSN: 1932-8494
Titre abrégé: Anat Rec (Hoboken)
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101292775
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 2022
05 2022
Historique:
revised:
01
07
2021
received:
09
05
2021
accepted:
06
07
2021
pubmed:
1
9
2021
medline:
13
4
2022
entrez:
31
8
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Previous studies have reported that osteophytes in the cervical vertebrae may cause immobility, neck stiffness, osteoarthritis, headaches, nerve entrapment syndromes, and compression of the vertebral artery. Our objective was to explore the osteophytes' expression on zygapophyseal joints C3-C7. This is a cross-sectional observational skeletal study. The study sample comprised 273 human skeletons of both sexes, aged 20-93, housed at the Natural History Museum, OH, USA. A grading system assessed the presence and severity of osteophytosis on the zygapophyseal joints. The chi-square test (SPSS 25.0) examined the association between osteophytes and demographic factors. The level of significance (α) was set at .05. The highest prevalence of osteophytes was found on C5 vertebra, the lowest on C7. On vertebrae C3, C4, C6, the rate of moderate and severe osteophytes found on the superior and inferior facets were comparable. Moderate and severe degrees of osteophytes were observed more frequently on the superior facets, whereas, on vertebra C7, osteophytes were found on the inferior facet joints. Osteophytes' prevalence was significantly higher in the elderly compared to the younger population. Osteophytes in the C3-C7 zygapophyseal joints are age-dependent. No significant sex and ethnic differences were observed. Vertebra C5 was most prone to develop osteophytes, most probably due to its location in the cervical lordotic peak, C5 in the superior ZF; C7 in the inferior ZF are significant (p = .05). The zygapophyseal joints of C7 were least frequent overall, yet, the C7 inferior facets had significantly more moderate-severe osteophytes compared to other cervical vertebrae.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Observational Study
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1065-1072Informations de copyright
© 2021 American Association for Anatomy.
Références
Aho, A., Vartianen, O., & Salo, O. (1995). Segmentary anterior-posterior mobility of the cervical spine. Annales Medicinae Internae Fenniae, 44, 287-299.
Albert, T. J., & Vaccaro, A. (1998). Postlaminectomy kyphosis. Spine, 23, 2738-2745.
Been, E., Shefi, S., & Soudack, M. (2017). Cervical lordosis: The effect of age and gender. The Spine Journal, 17, 880-888.
Bhalla, S. K., & Simmons, E. H. (1969). Normal ranges of intervertebral joint motion of the cervical spine. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 12, 181-187.
Cave, A. J. E., Griffiths, J. D., & Whiteley, M. M. (1955). Osteo-arthritis deformans of the Luschka joints. Lancet, 265, 176-179.
Chanapa, P., Yoshiyuki, T., & Mahakkanukrauh, P. (2014). Distribution and length of osteophytes in the lumbar vertebrae and risk of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A study of dry bones from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Anatomy Cell Biology, 47, 157-161.
Deutsch, H., Haid, R. W., Rodts, G. E., & Mummaneni, P. V. (2003). Postlaminectomy cervical deformity. Neurosurgical Focus, 15, 1-5.
Dvorak, J., Froehlich, D., Penning, L., Baumgartner, H., & Panjabi, M. M. (1988). Functional radiographic diagnosis of the cervical spine: Flexion and extension. Spine, 13, 748-755.
Ezra, D., Been, E., Alperovitch-Najenson, D., & Kalichman, L. (2019). Cervical posture, pain, and pathology: Developmental, evolutionary, and occupational perspective. In E. Been, A. G. Olivencia, & P. Kramer (Eds.), Spinal evolution (pp. 321-339). Cham: Springer.
Ezra, D., Hershkovitz, I., Salame, K., Aleprovitch-Najenson, D., & Slon, V. (2019). Osteophytes in the cervical vertebral bodies (C3-C7)-demographical perspectives. The Anatomical Record, 302, 226-331.
Ezra, D., Masharawi, Y., Salame, K., Slon, V., Aleprovitch-Najenson, D., & Hershkovitz, I. (2017). Demographic aspects in cervical vertebral bodies' size and shape (C3-C7): A skeletal study. The Spine Journal, 17, 135-142.
Fujiwara, A., Lim, T. H., An, H. S., Tanaka, N., Jeon, C. H., Andersson, G. B., & Haughton, V. M. (2000). The effect of disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis on the segmental flexibility of the lumbar spine. Spine, 25, 3036-3044.
Harms-Ringdahl, K., Ekholm, J., Schüldt, K., Németh, G., & Arborelius, U. P. (1986). Load moments and myoelectric activity when the cervical spine is held in full flexion and extension. Ergonomics, 29, 1539-1552.
Harrison, D. E., Harrison, D., Janik, T. J., Jones, E. W., Cailliet, R., & Normand, M. (2001). Comparison of axial and flexural stresses in lordosis and three buckled configurations of the cervical spine. Clinical Biomechanics, 16, 276-284.
Hughes, T. A., Wiles, C. M., Lawrie, B. W., & Smith, A. P. (1994). Case report: Dysphagia and sleep apnea associated with cervical osteophytes due to diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 57, 384.
Kettler, A., Werner, K., & Wilke, H. J. (2007). Morphological changes of cervical facet joints in elderly individuals. European Spine Journal, 16, 987-992.
Kiefer, A., Shirazi-Adl, A., & Parnianpour, M. (1998). Synergy of the human spine in neutral postures. European Spine Journal, 7, 471-479.
Kim, D. K., Kim, M. J., Kim, Y. S., Oh, C. S., & Shin, D. H. (2012). Vertebral osteophyte of pre-modern Korean skeletons from Joseon tombs. Anatomy & Cell Biology, 45, 274-281.
Klaassen, Z., Tubbs, R. S., Apaydin, N., Hage, R., Jordan, R., & Loukas, M. (2011). Vertebral spinal osteophytes. Anatomical Science International, 86, 1-9.
Laus, M., Malaguti, M. C., Alfonso, C., Ferrari, D., Zappoli, F. A., & Giunti, A. (1995). Dysphagia due to cervical osteophytosis. La Chirurgia Degli Organi di Movimento, 80, 263-271.
Lind, B., Sihlbom, H., Nordwall, A., & Malchau, H. (1989). Normal ranges of motion of the cervical spine. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 70, 692-695.
McCormick, D. P., Ponder, S. W., Fawcett, H. D., & Palmer, J. L. (1991). Spinal bone mineral density in 335 normal and obese children and adolescents: Evidence for ethnic and sex differences. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 6, 507-513.
Milne, N. (1991). The role of zygapophysial joint orientation and uncinate processes in controlling motion in the cervical spine. Journal of Anatomy, 178, 189-201.
Miura, T., Panjabi, M. M., & Cripton, P. A. (2002). A method to simulate in vivo cervical spine kinemat ics using in vitro compressive preload. Spine, 27, 43-48.
Namking, M., Buranaurgsa, M., Jeeravipoolvarn, P., & Deesart, M. (2008). The prevalence of vertebral osteophyte formation in northeast Thais. Srinagarind Medical Journal, 23, 81-92.
Nathan, H. (1962). Osteophytes of the vertebral column. An anatomical study of their development according to age, race and sex with considerations as to their etiology and significance. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 44, 243-268.
Nathan, H. (1987). Osteophytes of the spine compressing the sympathetic trunk and splanchnic nerves in the thorax. Spine, 12, 527-532.
Nelson, D. A., Barondess, D. A., Hendrix, S. L., & Beck, T. J. (2000). Cross-sectional geometry, bone strength, and bone mass in the proximal femur in black and white postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 15, 1992-1997.
O'Neill, T. W., McCloskey, E. V., Kanis, J. A., Bhalla, A. K., Reeve, J., Reid, D. M., … Silman, A. J. (1999). The distribution, determinants, and clinical correlates of vertebral osteophytosis: A population based survey. The Journal of Rheumatology, 26, 842-848.
Ozgocmen, S., Kiris, A., Kocakoc, E., & Ardicoglu, O. (2002). Osteophyte-induced dysphagia: Report of three cases. Joint, Bone, Spine, 69, 226-229.
Pal, G. P., Routal, R. V., & Saggu, S. K. (2001). The orientation of the articular facets of the zygapophyseal joints at the cervical and upper thoracic region. Journal of Anatomy, 198, 431-441.
Papadakis, M., Sapkas, G., Papadopoulos, E. C., & Katonis, P. (2011). Pathophysiology and biomechanics of the aging spine. The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 5, 335-342.
Passias, P. G., Segreto, F. A., Horn, S. R., Lafage, V., Lafage, R., Smith, J. S., … Sciubba, D. M. (2020). Fatty infiltration of the cervical extensor musculature, cervical sagittal balance, and clinical outcomes: An analysis of operative adult cervical deformity patients. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 72, 134-141.
Pate, D., Goobar, J., Resnick, D., Haghighi, P., Sartoris, D. J., & Pathria, M. N. (1988). Traction osteophytes of the lumbar spine: Radiographic-pathologic correlation. Radiology, 166, 843-846.
Penning, L., & Wilmink, J. T. (1987). Rotation of the cervical spine. A CT study in normal subjects. Spine, 12, 732-738.
Pye, S. R., Reid, D. M., Lunt, M., Adams, J. E., Silman, A. J., & O'Neill, T. W. (2007). Lumbar disc degeneration: Association between osteophytes, end-plate sclerosis and disc space narrowing. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 66, 330-333.
Rosen, H. J. (1985). Dysphagia due to cervical spine osteophytes. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 133, 15.
Schmidt, H., Kettler, A., Rohlmann, A., Claes, L., & Wilke, H. J. (2007). The risk of disc prolapses with complex loading in different degrees of disc degeneration-a finite element analysis. Clinical Biomechanics, 22, 988-998.
Seawright, A. A., English, P. B., & Gartner, R. J. W. (1965). Hypervitaminosis A and hyperostosis of the cat. Nature, 206, 1171-1172.
Shedid, D., & Benzel, E. C. (2007). Cervical spondylosis anatomy: Pathophysiology and biomechanics. Neurosurgery, 60, S1-S7.
Simonovich, A., Naveh, Y., & Kalichman, L. (2020). Pattern of thoracic osteophytes development and the association between calcification of the aorta and thoracic osteophytes: CT study. Clinical Anatomy (Online ahead of print).
Strasser, G., Schima, W., Schober, E., Pokieser, P., Kaider, K., & Denk, D. M. (2000). Cervical osteophytes impinging on the pharynx: Importance of size and concurrent disorders for development of aspiration. American Journal of Roentgenology, 174, 449-453.
Taitz, C. (1999). Osteophytosis of the cervical spine in south African blacks and whites. Clinical Anatomy, 12, 103-109.
van der Merwe, A. E., Işcan, M. Y., & L'Abbé, E. N. (2006). The pattern of vertebral osteophyte development in a south African population. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 16, 459-464.
van Schaik, J. P., van Pinxteren, B., Verbiest, H., Crowe, A., & Zuiderveld, K. J. (1997). The facet orientation circle: A new parameter for facet joint angulation in the lower lumbar spine. Spine, 22, 531-536.
Williams, J. M., & Brandt, K. D. (1985). Triamcinolone hexacetonide protects against fibrillation and osteophyte formation following chemically induced articular cartilage damage. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 28, 1267-1274.
Wong, S. H. J., Chiu, K. Y., & Yan, C. H. (2016). Osteophytes. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 24, 403-410.
Wu, S.-K., Kuo, L.-C., Lan, H.-C. H., Tsai, S.-W., Chen, C.-L., & Su, F.-S. (2007). The quantitative measurements of the intervertebral angulation and translation during cervical flexion and extension. European Spine Journal, 6, 1435-1444.
Yee, C., Wong, H. Y., Fewe, H. D., & Rogers, A. G. (1985). Two cases of dysphagia due to cervical spine osteophytes successfully treated surgically. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 132, 810-812.
Yutan, E., Daras, M., & Koppel, B. S. (2001). Dysphagia due to cervical osteophytes. Clinical Imaging, 25, 262-264.