Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.
PD-1
PD-L1
biomarkers
bladder cancer
immune checkpoint blockade
urothelial carcinoma
Journal
Cancers
ISSN: 2072-6694
Titre abrégé: Cancers (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101526829
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
31 Aug 2021
31 Aug 2021
Historique:
received:
28
07
2021
revised:
26
08
2021
accepted:
28
08
2021
entrez:
10
9
2021
pubmed:
11
9
2021
medline:
11
9
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Until recently, the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial BC was based on the use of chemotherapy alone. Since 2016, five immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in different settings, i.e., first-line, maintenance and second-line treatment, while several trials are still ongoing in the perioperative context. Lately, pembrolizumab, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor, has been approved for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), using immunotherapy at an early stage of the disease. This review investigates the current state and future perspectives of immunotherapy in BC, focusing on the rationale and results of combining immunotherapy with other therapeutic strategies.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34503220
pii: cancers13174411
doi: 10.3390/cancers13174411
pmc: PMC8431680
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
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