Environmental risk factors and cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive expert review.

Air pollution Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular risk factors Environmental stressors Heat Light pollution Noise Oxidative stress

Journal

Cardiovascular research
ISSN: 1755-3245
Titre abrégé: Cardiovasc Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0077427

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
10 11 2022
Historique:
received: 24 07 2021
revised: 02 09 2021
accepted: 30 09 2021
pubmed: 6 10 2021
medline: 15 11 2022
entrez: 5 10 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are fatal for more than 38 million people each year and are thus the main contributors to the global burden of disease accounting for 70% of mortality. The majority of these deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD). The risk of NCDs is strongly associated with exposure to environmental stressors such as pollutants in the air, noise exposure, artificial light at night, and climate change, including heat extremes, desert storms, and wildfires. In addition to the traditional risk factors for CVD such as diabetes, arterial hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, and genetic predisposition, there is a growing body of evidence showing that physicochemical factors in the environment contribute significantly to the high NCD numbers. Furthermore, urbanization is associated with accumulation and intensification of these stressors. This comprehensive expert review will summarize the epidemiology and pathophysiology of environmental stressors with a focus on cardiovascular NCDs. We will also discuss solutions and mitigation measures to lower the impact of environmental risk factors with focus on CVD.

Identifiants

pubmed: 34609502
pii: 6381568
doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvab316
pmc: PMC9648835
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

2880-2902

Informations de copyright

© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Conflict of interest: none declared.

Références

BMJ. 2015 Mar 24;350:h1295
pubmed: 25810496
Health Place. 2013 Jan;19:89-98
pubmed: 23207291
Environ Int. 2016 May;91:341-9
pubmed: 27030897
Eur Heart J. 2021 Jul 1;42(25):2487-2497
pubmed: 33780974
BMJ. 2010 Aug 10;341:c3823
pubmed: 20699305
Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Sep;124(9):1334-43
pubmed: 27082891
Stroke. 2017 Nov;48(11):3126-3129
pubmed: 28954921
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 29;18(7):
pubmed: 33805472
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Oct;28(10):1760-6
pubmed: 18599801
Occup Environ Med. 2016 Dec;73(12):849-856
pubmed: 27343184
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Apr;29(4):511-7
pubmed: 19150882
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Feb;5(2):92
pubmed: 27993514
Heart. 2011 Jul;97(14):1128-31
pubmed: 21685481
Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Dec 1;20(12):1365-1367
pubmed: 31628795
Eur J Public Health. 2020 Jun 1;30(3):516-521
pubmed: 32034913
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2018 Mar 20;28(9):735-740
pubmed: 29278923
Circulation. 2005 Dec 20;112(25):3930-6
pubmed: 16365212
Inhal Toxicol. 2012 Oct;24(12):858-67
pubmed: 23033999
Circulation. 2017 Aug 15;136(7):618-627
pubmed: 28808144
Inhal Toxicol. 2006 Oct;18(11):845-53
pubmed: 16864402
Environ Health. 2012 Mar 30;11:19
pubmed: 22463704
N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 13;357(11):1075-82
pubmed: 17855668
Circ Res. 2000 Nov 24;87(11):999-1005
pubmed: 11090544
Comp Med. 2005 Feb;55(1):12-23
pubmed: 15766204
Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012 Mar;18(2):155-60
pubmed: 22189455
Environ Pollut. 2018 May;236:983-991
pubmed: 29122366
Lancet Planet Health. 2020 Oct;4(10):e474-e482
pubmed: 32976757
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Aug 15;176(4):395-400
pubmed: 17446340
Environ Int. 2020 Jan;134:105132
pubmed: 31515043
Environ Res. 2015 Nov;143(Pt A):154-61
pubmed: 26492400
JAMA. 2005 Dec 21;294(23):3003-10
pubmed: 16414948
Thorax. 2014 Sep;69(9):876-8
pubmed: 24906490
Chronobiol Int. 2014 Jul;31(6):779-86
pubmed: 24673296
Lancet. 2014 Mar 1;383(9919):785-95
pubmed: 24332274
J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Jan 5;10(1):e016890
pubmed: 33381983
Indoor Air. 2017 Jan;27(1):191-204
pubmed: 26843218
Clin Res Cardiol. 2015 Jan;104(1):23-30
pubmed: 25145323
Sci Adv. 2017 May 26;3(5):e1601555
pubmed: 28560320
Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Sep;124(9):1421-8
pubmed: 27152932
Acta Biochim Pol. 2019 Sep 10;66(3):269-283
pubmed: 31509369
Circ Res. 2002 Mar 8;90(4):E58-65
pubmed: 11884382
Circ Res. 2011 Mar 18;108(6):716-26
pubmed: 21273555
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Sep 18;115(38):9592-9597
pubmed: 30181279
Lancet. 2016 Dec 10;388(10062):2912-2924
pubmed: 27671668
Lancet. 2009 Dec 19;374(9707):2091-2103
pubmed: 19942276
Lancet Planet Health. 2021 Sep;5(9):e579-e587
pubmed: 34508679
Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Mar;116(3):375-80
pubmed: 18335106
Circ Res. 2018 Apr 27;122(9):1259-1275
pubmed: 29700071
Eur Heart J. 2017 Aug 01;38(29):2290-2296
pubmed: 28575405
Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1223-1249
pubmed: 33069327
Diabetes. 2012 Dec;61(12):3037-45
pubmed: 23172950
BMJ. 2021 Mar 24;372:n534
pubmed: 33762259
Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 Jun;27(9):965-974
pubmed: 31189380
Epidemiology. 2012 Jul;23(4):594-606
pubmed: 22531668
Eur Heart J. 2021 Jul 1;42(25):2422-2438
pubmed: 34005032
Cardiovasc Res. 2020 Aug 1;116(10):e126-e128
pubmed: 32463078
Eur Heart J. 2017 Apr 1;38(13):983-990
pubmed: 28417138
Lancet. 2013 Sep 21;382(9897):1039-48
pubmed: 23849322
Chemosphere. 2020 Jul;251:126392
pubmed: 32146191
Science. 2012 Sep 21;337(6101):1499-501
pubmed: 22997329
Circulation. 2020 Dec 8;142(23):e411-e431
pubmed: 33150789
J Clin Invest. 2007 Apr;117(4):902-9
pubmed: 17364026
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jul 1;776:145968
pubmed: 33640547
Environ Res. 2020 Dec;191:110013
pubmed: 32805247
Cardiovasc Res. 2020 Sep 1;116(11):1910-1917
pubmed: 32123898
Environ Res. 2021 Apr;195:110754
pubmed: 33577774
Prev Med. 2016 Jun;87:233-236
pubmed: 27156248
Environ Int. 2016 Sep;94:251-262
pubmed: 27276440
Stroke. 2006 Apr;37(4):951-7
pubmed: 16527994
Science. 1981 Mar 27;211(4489):1450-2
pubmed: 7466404
Environ Health. 2009 Sep 16;8:40
pubmed: 19758453
Heart. 2021 Jan;107(2):113-119
pubmed: 32988988
J Environ Manage. 2019 Oct 15;248:109227
pubmed: 31362173
Curr Environ Health Rep. 2021 Jun;8(2):138-145
pubmed: 33666869
Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017 Mar;4(1):21-29
pubmed: 28110470
Environ Health Perspect. 2020 Aug;128(8):87001
pubmed: 32783534
BMJ. 2012 Dec 13;345:e8050
pubmed: 23243290
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021 Feb;41(2):628-637
pubmed: 33327745
Epidemiology. 2010 May;21(3):405-13
pubmed: 20386173
Circulation. 2003 Mar 4;107(8):1202-8
pubmed: 12615802
Circ Heart Fail. 2012 Jul 1;5(4):452-61
pubmed: 22661498
J Clin Invest. 2008 Jul;118(7):2383-6
pubmed: 18568080
iScience. 2020 Oct 24;23(11):101728
pubmed: 33241196
Physiol Behav. 2004 Dec 30;83(4):549-55
pubmed: 15621059
Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-1259
pubmed: 28919117
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Jan 18;14(1):
pubmed: 28106813
Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Feb;110(2):187-91
pubmed: 11836148
Redox Biol. 2020 Oct;37:101621
pubmed: 32863186
Environ Pollut. 2020 Oct;265(Pt A):115126
pubmed: 32806422
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Mar 8;113(10):E1402-11
pubmed: 26858430
Cardiovasc Res. 2021 Apr 23;117(5):1382-1390
pubmed: 32914847
Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jan 20;162(2):123-32
pubmed: 25599350
Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Sep 26;125(9):097021
pubmed: 28953453
Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2019 Nov;(203):1-87
pubmed: 31909580
Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 31;8(1):16097
pubmed: 30382168
Nature. 2005 Nov 17;438(7066):310-7
pubmed: 16292302
Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 21;42(8):822-830
pubmed: 33205210
Noise Health. 2018 Jul-Aug;20(95):152-161
pubmed: 30136675
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018 Sep;221(8):1133-1141
pubmed: 30078646
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Jan;72(1):194-202
pubmed: 1537714
Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 08;6:32916
pubmed: 27605301
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 Feb;15(2):75-89
pubmed: 30531917
Eur Heart J. 2015 Oct 14;36(39):2653-61
pubmed: 26104392
Environ Health Perspect. 2020 Jun;128(6):67003
pubmed: 32484729
Environ Res. 2017 Jan;152:263-271
pubmed: 27816007
Lancet. 2018 Feb 3;391(10119):462-512
pubmed: 29056410
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Feb 13;71(6):688-697
pubmed: 29420965
Circulation. 2000 Oct 17;102(16):1912-6
pubmed: 11034938
Occup Environ Med. 2019 Apr;76(4):201-207
pubmed: 30804165
Environ Int. 2016 Jul-Aug;92-93:457-63
pubmed: 27164554
Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018 Jul;15(7):432-438
pubmed: 29654256
Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Nov 20;125(11):117005
pubmed: 29161230
Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 21;42(8):835-843
pubmed: 33245107
Environ Health Perspect. 2016 May;124(5):578-85
pubmed: 26606640
Science. 2005 May 13;308(5724):1043-5
pubmed: 15845877
Chem Rev. 2015 May 27;115(10):4440-75
pubmed: 25856774
J Environ Manage. 2011 Oct;92(10):2714-22
pubmed: 21745709
Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Jan;125(1):89-96
pubmed: 27346385
Eur Heart J. 2015 Jan 7;36(2):83-93b
pubmed: 25492627
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jul 1;184(1):82-91
pubmed: 21493736
Inhal Toxicol. 2010 Dec;22 Suppl 2:95-9
pubmed: 20936915
PLoS One. 2017 Oct 30;12(10):e0187084
pubmed: 29084230
Stroke. 2015 Nov;46(11):3058-66
pubmed: 26463695
Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):367-71
pubmed: 26381985
Epidemiology. 2014 May;25(3):359-64
pubmed: 24598414
Basic Res Cardiol. 2021 Apr 30;116(1):31
pubmed: 33929610
Front Integr Neurosci. 2013 Dec 02;7:86
pubmed: 24348350
Occup Environ Med. 2017 Nov;74(11):830-837
pubmed: 28611191
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Apr 1;449:390-400
pubmed: 23454700
Eur Heart J. 2019 May 21;40(20):1600-1608
pubmed: 30859207
Eur Heart J. 2013 May;34(17):1306-11
pubmed: 23423735
Circ Res. 2014 Oct 10;115(9):770-780
pubmed: 25186795
J Biomed Sci. 1994 Dec;1(1):49-53
pubmed: 11725006
Nature. 2017 Nov 16;551(7680):291-293
pubmed: 29144470
Eur Heart J. 2021 Apr 21;42(16):1582-1591
pubmed: 33527989
Circ Res. 2001 Feb 2;88(2):E14-22
pubmed: 11157681
Toxicol Pathol. 2013 Feb;41(2):361-73
pubmed: 23104765
Science. 2021 May 20;:
pubmed: 34016743
Am J Cardiol. 2018 Mar 1;121(5):628-633
pubmed: 29304993
Environ Int. 2020 Sep;142:105876
pubmed: 32590284
Environ Int. 2018 May;114:191-201
pubmed: 29518662
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Aug;14(8):1847-50
pubmed: 16103423
Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Jan;121(1):46-52
pubmed: 23060364
Can J Cardiol. 2013 Jun;29(6):734-41
pubmed: 23219609
Eur Heart J. 2019 May 21;40(20):1590-1596
pubmed: 30860255
BMJ. 2014 Jan 21;348:f7412
pubmed: 24452269
Epidemiology. 2013 Jan;24(1):44-53
pubmed: 23222514
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 23;72(17):2054-2070
pubmed: 30336830
Environ Res. 2017 Aug;157:110-117
pubmed: 28554004
BMC Neurol. 2015 Nov 12;15:233
pubmed: 26563170
Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Sep;122(9):919-25
pubmed: 24835336
Basic Res Cardiol. 2019 Oct 29;114(6):46
pubmed: 31664594
Immunol Invest. 2002 May;31(2):73-91
pubmed: 12148950
Bull World Health Organ. 2011 Jul 1;89(7):478-86
pubmed: 21734761
Eur Heart J. 2020 Feb 1;41(6):772-782
pubmed: 31769799
Geohealth. 2021 Jul 01;5(7):e2021GH000414
pubmed: 34250370
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014 Sep;7(5):743-8
pubmed: 25074374
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 May 15;193(10):1134-42
pubmed: 26680605
Nat Commun. 2016 Mar 09;7:10889
pubmed: 26955885
Nature. 2010 Jul 29;466(7306):627-31
pubmed: 20562852
Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Dec;115(12):1701-3
pubmed: 18087586
J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Dec 08;4(12):
pubmed: 26645834
Environ Int. 2018 Dec;121(Pt 1):879-889
pubmed: 30347370
Circulation. 1999 Jul 6;100(1):E1-7
pubmed: 10393689
Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Jul;116(7):937-42
pubmed: 18629317
Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Jan;117(1):A20-7
pubmed: 19165374
Redox Biol. 2020 Jul;34:101515
pubmed: 32345536
Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021 Sep;18(9):619-636
pubmed: 33790462
J Phys Act Health. 2015 Aug;12(8):1074-81
pubmed: 25423667
Annu Rev Public Health. 2020 Apr 2;41:309-328
pubmed: 31922930
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Mar 14;15(3):
pubmed: 29538344
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Aug;13(8):e010337
pubmed: 32787499
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Jun;33(6):1153-61
pubmed: 23559632
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2016 Nov;219(8):749-758
pubmed: 27667192
Sci Adv. 2016 Jun 10;2(6):e1600377
pubmed: 27386582
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017 Jun;37(6):1022-1028
pubmed: 28450299
Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:619523
pubmed: 24058272
Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Sep 07;125(9):097004
pubmed: 28934719
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan 07;17(2):
pubmed: 31936110
Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 21;42(8):831-834
pubmed: 33221876
Eur Heart J. 2020 Feb 1;41(6):783-785
pubmed: 31859340
Circulation. 2010 Jun 1;121(21):2331-78
pubmed: 20458016
Noise Health. 2002;4(16):1-11
pubmed: 12537836
Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Apr 19;10(4):
pubmed: 33921821
Nat Commun. 2016 Feb 02;7:10448
pubmed: 26835600
Lancet Planet Health. 2021 Sep;5(9):e599-e607
pubmed: 34508681
Eur Heart J. 2013 Dec;34(45):3508-14a
pubmed: 23821397
PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20827
pubmed: 21695220
Inhal Toxicol. 2007 Nov;19(14):1107-19
pubmed: 17987463
Cell Metab. 2007 Nov;6(5):414-21
pubmed: 17983587
Toxicol Sci. 2005 Nov;88(1):95-102
pubmed: 16093524
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Oct 15;170(8):891-7
pubmed: 15256391
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 May;296(5):H1540-50
pubmed: 19286943
Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Oct;17(10):656-672
pubmed: 32382149
Int J Epidemiol. 2021 Aug 30;50(4):1147-1156
pubmed: 33755127
Lancet. 2016 Dec 10;388(10062):2925-2935
pubmed: 27671671
JAMA. 2012 Feb 15;307(7):713-21
pubmed: 22337682
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Aug 1;230(3):346-51
pubmed: 18455212
Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Dec 1;20(12):1355-1364
pubmed: 31410457
Front Immunol. 2019 Oct 31;10:2518
pubmed: 31736954
Environ Int. 2021 Jan;146:106267
pubmed: 33276316
Eur Heart J. 2014 Apr;35(13):853-60
pubmed: 24194529
Eur Heart J. 2011 Jun;32(12):1484-92
pubmed: 21300732
Eur Heart J. 2020 Nov 1;41(41):4057-4070
pubmed: 32585699
Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019 Jul;16(7):437-447
pubmed: 30796369
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Feb 22;15(2):
pubmed: 29470452
Noise Health. 2014 Jan-Feb;16(68):1-9
pubmed: 24583674
Psychosom Med. 1994 Jul-Aug;56(4):337-44
pubmed: 7972616
Eur Heart J. 2017 Oct 1;38(37):2838-2849
pubmed: 28329261
Lancet Planet Health. 2021 Mar;5(3):e121-e134
pubmed: 33482109
Eur Heart J. 2014 Apr;35(13):861-8
pubmed: 24302272
J Thorac Dis. 2016 Jan;8(1):E69-74
pubmed: 26904255
Eur Heart J. 2017 Feb 21;38(8):557-564
pubmed: 27460891
Am J Hypertens. 2019 Oct 16;32(11):1054-1065
pubmed: 31350540
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2005 Sep;68(17-18):1457-64
pubmed: 16076758
Redox Biol. 2021 Oct;46:102063
pubmed: 34274810
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 1;242(3):310-7
pubmed: 19891982
Eur J Epidemiol. 2017 Apr;32(4):307-315
pubmed: 28280950
Lancet. 2017 May 13;389(10082):1907-1918
pubmed: 28408086
Lancet. 2014 Apr 12;383(9925):1325-1332
pubmed: 24183105
Eur Heart J. 2014 Apr;35(13):829-36
pubmed: 24616334
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jan 15;269:116222
pubmed: 33307398
Environ Health Perspect. 2020 Jun;128(6):66001
pubmed: 32589456
Environ Int. 2018 May;114:231-241
pubmed: 29524919
Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Feb 1;43(3):954-60
pubmed: 19245042
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014 Jan;68(1):37-43
pubmed: 24101168
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2021 Mar;232:113666
pubmed: 33296779
Chronobiol Int. 2013 May;30(4):470-7
pubmed: 23281716
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018 Feb;27(2):404-417
pubmed: 29074064
Eur Heart J. 2017 Feb 21;38(8):550-556
pubmed: 27460892
Occup Environ Med. 2015 May;72(5):323-9
pubmed: 25691696
Eur Heart J. 2018 Oct 7;39(38):3528-3539
pubmed: 29905797
Lancet. 2015 Nov 7;386(10006):1861-914
pubmed: 26111439
N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 1;356(5):447-58
pubmed: 17267905
Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Jan;122(1):79-86
pubmed: 24240275
Environ Int. 2020 Jul;140:105661
pubmed: 32307209
Eur Heart J. 2010 Aug;31(16):2034-40
pubmed: 20538735
Stroke. 2018 Apr;49(4):835-841
pubmed: 29540609
Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7834):414-419
pubmed: 33208962
Toxicol Sci. 2009 Sep;111(1):80-8
pubmed: 19182107
Environ Health. 2013 May 28;12(1):43
pubmed: 23714370
Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Nov;120(11):1503-11
pubmed: 22728254
Eur Heart J. 2018 Oct 7;39(38):3543-3550
pubmed: 30124840
Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Dec;177(23):5393-5412
pubmed: 31833063
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Aug;220(6):1006-1013
pubmed: 28579229
Eur J Heart Fail. 2020 Aug;22(8):1342-1356
pubmed: 32483830
Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021 Jan;18(1):1-2
pubmed: 33169005
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1992 Dec;19(12):833-8
pubmed: 1473299
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012 Feb 15;302(4):L399-409
pubmed: 22160305

Auteurs

Thomas Münzel (T)

Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.

Omar Hahad (O)

Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.

Mette Sørensen (M)

Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.

Jos Lelieveld (J)

Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.

Georg Daniel Duerr (GD)

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.

Mark Nieuwenhuijsen (M)

Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.

Andreas Daiber (A)

Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH