A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows.
autonomic nervous system
cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
critical window
fetal development
heart rate variability
maternal health
vagus nerve
Journal
Frontiers in neuroscience
ISSN: 1662-4548
Titre abrégé: Front Neurosci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101478481
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
07
06
2021
accepted:
19
08
2021
entrez:
7
10
2021
pubmed:
8
10
2021
medline:
8
10
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible "critical windows" that could impact its maturation. These "critical windows" could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors-i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure-may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned "critical window" and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34616274
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.721605
pmc: PMC8488382
doi:
Types de publication
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
721605Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 Cerritelli, Frasch, Antonelli, Viglione, Vecchi, Chiera and Manzotti.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
MF has patents on aECG (WO2018160890A1) and EEG technologies for fetal monitoring (US9215999). The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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