The role of family factors in the association between early adulthood BMI and risk of cardiovascular disease. An intergenerational study of BMI in early adulthood and cardiovascular mortality in parents, aunts and uncles.
Journal
International journal of obesity (2005)
ISSN: 1476-5497
Titre abrégé: Int J Obes (Lond)
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101256108
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 2022
01 2022
Historique:
received:
01
03
2021
accepted:
05
10
2021
revised:
01
10
2021
pubmed:
16
10
2021
medline:
19
2
2022
entrez:
15
10
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
High body mass index (BMI) in childhood and adolescence is related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Causality is not established because common genetic or early life socioeconomic factors (family factors) may explain this relationship. We aimed to study the role of family factors in the association between BMI and CVD by investigating if early adulthood BMI in conscripts and CVD mortality in their parents/aunts/uncles are related. Data from the Armed Forces Personnel Database (including height and weight among conscripts) were linked with data from the Norwegian Population Registry, generational data from the Norwegian Family Based Life Course Study, the National Educational Registry and the Cause of Death Registry using unique personal identification numbers. The study sample (N = 369,464) was Norwegian males born 1967-1993, who could be linked to both parents and at least one maternal and one paternal aunt or uncle. Subsamples were identified as conscripts whose parents/aunts/uncles had data on cardiovascular risk factors available from Norwegian health surveys. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of CVD mortality in the parental generation according to BMI categories of conscripts. Parents of conscripts with obesity or overweight had a higher hazard of CVD death (fathers HR obese: 1.99 (1.79, 2.21), overweight: 1.33 (1.24, 1.42) mothers HR obese: 1.65 (1.32, 2.07), overweight: 1.23 (1.07, 1.42)) than parents of normal- or underweight conscripts. Aunts and uncles of conscripts with obesity and overweight had an elevated hazard of CVD death, but less so than parents. Adjustment for CVD risk factors attenuated the results in parents, aunts and uncles. Family factors may impact the relationship between early adulthood overweight and CVD in parents. These can be genes with impact on BMI over generations and genes with a pleiotropic effect on both obesity and CVD, as well as shared environment over generations.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
High body mass index (BMI) in childhood and adolescence is related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Causality is not established because common genetic or early life socioeconomic factors (family factors) may explain this relationship. We aimed to study the role of family factors in the association between BMI and CVD by investigating if early adulthood BMI in conscripts and CVD mortality in their parents/aunts/uncles are related.
METHODS
Data from the Armed Forces Personnel Database (including height and weight among conscripts) were linked with data from the Norwegian Population Registry, generational data from the Norwegian Family Based Life Course Study, the National Educational Registry and the Cause of Death Registry using unique personal identification numbers. The study sample (N = 369,464) was Norwegian males born 1967-1993, who could be linked to both parents and at least one maternal and one paternal aunt or uncle. Subsamples were identified as conscripts whose parents/aunts/uncles had data on cardiovascular risk factors available from Norwegian health surveys. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of CVD mortality in the parental generation according to BMI categories of conscripts.
RESULTS
Parents of conscripts with obesity or overweight had a higher hazard of CVD death (fathers HR obese: 1.99 (1.79, 2.21), overweight: 1.33 (1.24, 1.42) mothers HR obese: 1.65 (1.32, 2.07), overweight: 1.23 (1.07, 1.42)) than parents of normal- or underweight conscripts. Aunts and uncles of conscripts with obesity and overweight had an elevated hazard of CVD death, but less so than parents. Adjustment for CVD risk factors attenuated the results in parents, aunts and uncles.
CONCLUSIONS
Family factors may impact the relationship between early adulthood overweight and CVD in parents. These can be genes with impact on BMI over generations and genes with a pleiotropic effect on both obesity and CVD, as well as shared environment over generations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34650201
doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-00987-z
pii: 10.1038/s41366-021-00987-z
pmc: PMC7612210
mid: EMS136097
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
228-234Subventions
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_00011/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Umer A, Kelley GA, Cottrell LE, Giacobbi P, Innes KE, Lilly CL. Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analyses. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:683.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4691-z
Kjøllesdal M, Ariansen I, Næss Ø. Early adulthood weight, subsequent midlife weight change and risk of cardiovascular disease mortality: an analysis of Norwegian cardiovascular surveys. Int J Obes. 2020;44:399–408.
doi: 10.1038/s41366-019-0467-0
Lloyd LJ, Langley-Evans SC, McMullen S. Childhood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36:1–11.
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.186
de Mestral C, Stringhini S. Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease: an update. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19:115.
doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0917-z
McLaren L. Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:29–48.
doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxm001
Newton S, Braithwaite D, Akinyemiju TF. Socio-economic status over the life course and obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0177151.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177151
Loos RJ. The genetics of adiposity. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;50:86–95.
doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.02.009
Richardson TG, Sanderson E, Elsworth B, Tilling K, Davey Smith G. Use of genetic variation to separate the effects of early and later life adiposity on disease risk: Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1203 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1203 .
doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1203
pubmed: 32376654
pmcid: 7201936
Dhana K, Haines J, Liu G, Zhang C, Wang X, Field AE, et al. Association between maternal adherence to healthy lifestyle practices and risk of obesity in offspring: results from two prospective cohort studies of mother-child pairs in the United States. BMJ. 2018;362:k2486 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2486 .
doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2486
pubmed: 29973352
pmcid: 6031199
Næss M, Sund E, Holmen TL, Kvaløy K. Implications of parental lifestyle changes and education level on adolescent offspring weight: a population based cohort study—The HUNT Study, Norway. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e023406 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023406 .
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023406
pubmed: 30166309
pmcid: 6119406
Davey Smith G, Hypponen E, Power C, Lawlor DA. Offspring birthweight and parentsal mortality: prospective observational study and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166:160–9.
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm054
Carreras-Torres R, Johansson M, Haycock PC, Relton CL, Davey Smith G, Brennan P, et al. Role of obesity in smoking behaviour: Mendelian randomization study in UK Biobank. BMJ. 2018;361:k1767.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.k1767
Paajanen TA, Oksala NK, Kuukasjarvi P, Karhunen PJ. Short stature is associated with coronary heart disease: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1802–9.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq155
Nelson CP, Hamby SE, Saleheen D, Hopewell JC, Zeng L, Assimes TL, et al. Genetically determined height and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1608–18.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404881
Collaboration TERF. Adult height and the risk of cause-specific death and vascular morbidity in 1 million people: individual participant meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:1419–33.
doi: 10.1093/ije/dys086
Bjartveit K, Foss OP, Gjervig T, Lund-Larsen PG. The cardiovascular disease study in Norwegian counties. Background and organization. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1979;634:1–70.
pubmed: 293122
Tverdal A, Hjellvik V, Selmer R. Heart rate and mortality from cardiovascular causes: a 12 year follow-up study of 379,843 men and women aged 40-45 years. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2772–81.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn435
Naess O, Sogaard AJ, Arnesen E, Beckstrom AC, Bjertness E, Engeland A, et al. Cohort profile: cohort of Norway (CONOR). Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37:481–5.
doi: 10.1093/ije/dym217
Graff-Iversen S. External female hormones, serum lipids and mortality—Population studies of Norwegian women. Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo; 2005.
Thelle DS, Selmer R, Gjesdal K, Sakshaug S, Jugessur A, Graff-Iversen S, et al. Resting heart rate and physical activity as risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation: a prospective study of 309,540 men and women. Heart. 2013;99:1755–60.
doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303825
Foss OP, Urdal P. Cholesterol for more than 25 years: could the results be compared throughout all this time? Norsk Epidemiologi. 2003;13:85–8.
Davey Smith G. Assessing Intrauterine Influences on Offspring Health Outcomes: Can Epidemiological Studies Yield Robust Findings? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;102:245–56.
doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00191.x
Shaikh F, Kjøllesdal M, Carslake D, Thoresen M, Næss Ø. Cardiovascular risk factors in extended family members and birthweight in offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2021;11:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174421000076 .
Shaikh F, Kjøllesdal MK, Carslake D, Stoltenberg C, Davey Smith G, Næss Ø. Birthweight in offspring and cardiovascular mortality in their parents, aunts and uncles: a family-based cohort study of 1.35 million births. Int J Epidemiol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz156 .
Kong A, Thorleifsson G, Frigge ML, Vilhjalmsson BJ, Young AI, Thorgeirsson TE, et al. The nature of nurture. Effects of parental genotypes. Science. 2018;359:424–8.
doi: 10.1126/science.aan6877
Brumpton B, Sanderson E, Heilbron K, Hartwig FP, Harrison S, Vie GÅ, et al. Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses. Nat Commun. 2020;14:3325.
Fleten C, Nystad W, Stigum H, Skjaerven R, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, et al. Parent-offspring body mass index associations in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study: a family-based approach to studying the role of the intrauterine environment in childhood adiposity. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176:83–92.
doi: 10.1093/aje/kws134
Davey Smith G, Sterne JA, Fraser A, Tynelius P, Lawlor DA, Rasmussen F. The association between BMI and mortality using offspring BMI as an indicator of own BMI: large intergenerational mortality study. BMJ. 2009;39:b5043 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b5043 .
doi: 10.1136/bmj.b5043
Vik KL, Romundstad P, Carslake D, Davey Smith G, Nilsen T. Comparison of father-offspring and mother-offspring associations of cardiovascular risk factors: family linkage within the population-based HUNT study, Norway. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:760–71.
doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt250
Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, Welborn TA, Bartholomew HC. Familial correlations, cohabitation effects, and heritability for cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6:188–94.
doi: 10.1016/1047-2797(96)00004-X
Hu Y, He L, Wu Y, Ma G, Li L, Hu Y. Familial correlation and aggregation of body mass index and blood pressure in Chinese Han population. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:686.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-686
Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Public Health report. Overweight and Obesity in Norway. https://www.fhi.no/en/op/hin/health-disease/overweight-and-obesity-in-norway-/ . Assessed 25-08.2021.