The lymphatic system and sentinel lymph nodes: conduit for cancer metastasis.
Cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system
Lymphatic system
Sentinel lymph nodes
Journal
Clinical & experimental metastasis
ISSN: 1573-7276
Titre abrégé: Clin Exp Metastasis
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 8409970
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
02 2022
02 2022
Historique:
received:
12
05
2021
accepted:
06
07
2021
pubmed:
16
10
2021
medline:
2
4
2022
entrez:
15
10
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The lymphatic system is a complicated system consisting of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes draining the extracellular fluid containing cellular debris, excess water and toxins to the circulatory system. The lymph nodes serve as a filter, thus, when the lymph fluid returns to the heart, it is completely sterile. In addition, the lymphatic system includes the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, such as tonsils, adenoids, Peyers patches in the small bowel and even the appendix. Taking advantage of the drainage system of the lymphatics, cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and then the lymph nodes. In general, the lymph nodes may serve as a gateway in the majority of cases in early cancer. Occasionally, the cancer cells may enter the blood vessels. This review article emphasizes the structural integrity of the lymphatic system through which cancer cells may spread. Using melanoma and breast cancer sentinel lymph node model systems, the spread of early cancer through the lymphatic system is progressive in a majority of cases. The lymphatic systems of the internal organs are much more complicated and difficult to study. Knowledge from melanoma and breast cancer spread to the sentinel lymph node may establish the basic principles of cancer metastasis. The goal of this review article is to emphasize the complexity of the lymphatic system. To date, the molecular mechanisms of cancer spread from the cancer microenvironment to the sentinel lymph node and distant sites are still poorly understood and their elucidation should take major priority in cancer metastasis research.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34651243
doi: 10.1007/s10585-021-10123-w
pii: 10.1007/s10585-021-10123-w
pmc: PMC8967769
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
139-157Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s).
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