Adipogenic progenitors in different organs: Pathophysiological implications.
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue-derived stromal and stem cells (ASCs)
Adiposopathy
Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT)
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)
Obesity
Signaling
Journal
Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders
ISSN: 1573-2606
Titre abrégé: Rev Endocr Metab Disord
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 100940588
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
02 2022
02 2022
Historique:
accepted:
02
09
2021
pubmed:
31
10
2021
medline:
15
3
2022
entrez:
30
10
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In physiological conditions, the adipose organ resides in well-defined areas, where it acts providing an energy supply and as an endocrine organ involved in the control of whole-body energy metabolism. Adipose tissue adipokines connect the body's nutritional status to the regulation of energy balance. When it surrounds organs, it provides also for mechanical protection. Adipose tissue has a complex and heterogenous cellular composition that includes adipocytes, adipose tissue-derived stromal and stem cells (ASCs) which are mesenchymal stromal cells, and endothelial and immune cells, which signal to each other and to other tissues to maintain homeostasis. In obesity and in other nutrition related diseases, as well as in age-related diseases, biological and functional changes of adipose tissue give rise to several complications. Obesity triggers alterations of ASCs, impairing adipose tissue remodeling and adipose tissue function, which induces low-grade systemic inflammation, progressive insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue grows by hyperplasia recruiting new ASCs and by hypertrophy, up to its expandability limit. To overcome this limitation and to store the excess of nutrients, adipose tissue develops ectopically, involving organs such as muscle, bone marrow and the heart. The origin of ectopic adipose organ is not clearly elucidated, and a possible explanation lies in the stimulation of the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells which normally differentiate toward a lineage specific for the organ in which they reside. The chronic exposition of these newly-formed adipose depots to the pathological environment, will confer to them all the phenotypic characteristics of a dysfunctional adipose tissue, perpetuating the organ alterations. Visceral fat, but also ectopic fat, either in the liver, muscle or heart, can increase the risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Being able to prevent and to target dysfunctional adipose tissue will avoid the progression towards the complications of obesity and other nutrition-related diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the knowledge regarding the presence of adipose tissue in particular tissues (where it is not usually present), describing the composition of its adipogenic precursors, and the interactions responsible for the development of organ pathologies.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34716543
doi: 10.1007/s11154-021-09686-6
pii: 10.1007/s11154-021-09686-6
pmc: PMC8873140
doi:
Substances chimiques
Adipokines
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
71-85Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s).
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