ICON 2020-International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: A Systematic Review of Outcome Measures Reported in Clinical Trials of Achilles Tendinopathy.
Journal
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
ISSN: 1179-2035
Titre abrégé: Sports Med
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 8412297
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Mar 2022
Mar 2022
Historique:
accepted:
22
10
2021
pubmed:
20
11
2021
medline:
22
3
2022
entrez:
19
11
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Nine core domains for tendinopathy have been identified. For Achilles tendinopathy there is large variation in outcome measures used, and how these fit into the core domains has not been investigated. To identify all available outcome measures outcome measures used to assess the clinical phenotype of Achilles tendinopathy in prospective studies and to map the outcomes measures into predefined health-related core domains. Systematic review. Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Clinical diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy, sample size ≥ ten participants, age ≥ 16 years, and the study design was a randomized or non-randomized clinical trial, observational cohort, single-arm intervention, or case series. 9376 studies were initially screened and 307 studies were finally included, totaling 13,248 participants. There were 233 (177 core domain) different outcome measures identified across all domains. For each core domain outcome measures were identified, with a range between 8 and 35 unique outcome measures utilized for each domain. The proportion of studies that included outcomes for predefined core domains ranged from 4% for the psychological factors domain to 72% for the disability domain. 233 unique outcome measures for Achilles tendinopathy were identified. Most frequently, outcome measures were used within the disability domain. Outcome measures assessing psychological factors were scarcely used. The next step in developing a core outcome set for Achilles tendinopathy is to engage patients, clinicians and researchers to reach consensus on key outcomes measures. CRD42020156763.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Nine core domains for tendinopathy have been identified. For Achilles tendinopathy there is large variation in outcome measures used, and how these fit into the core domains has not been investigated.
OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
To identify all available outcome measures outcome measures used to assess the clinical phenotype of Achilles tendinopathy in prospective studies and to map the outcomes measures into predefined health-related core domains.
DESIGN
METHODS
Systematic review.
DATA SOURCES
METHODS
Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES
METHODS
Clinical diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy, sample size ≥ ten participants, age ≥ 16 years, and the study design was a randomized or non-randomized clinical trial, observational cohort, single-arm intervention, or case series.
RESULTS
RESULTS
9376 studies were initially screened and 307 studies were finally included, totaling 13,248 participants. There were 233 (177 core domain) different outcome measures identified across all domains. For each core domain outcome measures were identified, with a range between 8 and 35 unique outcome measures utilized for each domain. The proportion of studies that included outcomes for predefined core domains ranged from 4% for the psychological factors domain to 72% for the disability domain.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
233 unique outcome measures for Achilles tendinopathy were identified. Most frequently, outcome measures were used within the disability domain. Outcome measures assessing psychological factors were scarcely used. The next step in developing a core outcome set for Achilles tendinopathy is to engage patients, clinicians and researchers to reach consensus on key outcomes measures.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION
UNASSIGNED
CRD42020156763.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34797533
doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01588-6
pii: 10.1007/s40279-021-01588-6
pmc: PMC8891092
mid: NIHMS1760674
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
613-641Subventions
Organisme : NIAMS NIH HHS
ID : R01 AR072034
Pays : United States
Organisme : National Institute Of Arthritis And Musculoskeletal And Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (US)
ID : R01AR072034
Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Références
Scott A, Squier K, Alfredson H, Bahr R, Cook JL, Coombes B, et al. ICON 2019: international scientific tendinopathy symposium consensus: clinical terminology. Br J Sports Med [Internet]. 2020;54:260–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100885 .
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100885
pubmed: 31399426
De Jonge S, Van Den Berg C, De Vos RJ, Van Der Heide HJL, Weir A, Verhaar JAN, et al. Incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy in the general population. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:1026–8.
pubmed: 21926076
Ceravolo ML, Gaida JE, Keegan RJ. Quality-of-life in Achilles tendinopathy: an exploratory study. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;00:1–8.
Silbernagel KG, Brorsson A, Lundberg M, Grävare Silbernagel K, Brorsson A, Lundberg M. The majority of patients with Achilles tendinopathy recover fully when treated with exercise alone: a 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:607–13.
pubmed: 21084657
Van Der Plas A, De Jonge S, De Vos RJ, Van Der Heide HJL, Verhaar JAN, Weir A, et al. A 5-year follow-up study of Alfredson’s heel-drop exercise programme in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:214–8.
pubmed: 22075719
Johannsen F, Jensen S, Wetke E. 10-year follow-up after standardised treatment for Achilles tendinopathy. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4:1–7.
Martin RL, Chimenti R, Cuddeford T, Houck J, Matheson JW, McDonough CM, et al. Achilles pain, stiffness, and muscle power deficits: midportion achilles tendinopathy revision 2018. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther [Internet]. 2018;48:A1-38. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.0302 .
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2018.0302
Vicenzino B, De Vos RJ, Alfredson H, Bahr R, Cook JL, Coombes BK, et al. ICON 2019—International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: There are nine core health-related domains for tendinopathy (CORE DOMAINS): Delphi study of healthcare professionals and patients. Br J Sports Med. 2019;2019:1–8.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.
pubmed: 19622552
pmcid: 2714672
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377–81.
Rio EK, Auliffe SM, Kuipers I, Girdwood M, Alfredson H, Bahr R, et al. ICON PART-T 2019—International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: recommended standards for reporting participant characteristics in tendinopathy research (PART-T). Br J Sports Med. 2019;54(11):627–30.
pubmed: 31519545
Alfredson H, Öhberg L. Sclerosing injections to areas of neo-vascularisation reduce pain in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Knee Surgery Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13:338–44.
Bussin ER, Cairns B, Bovard J, Scott A. Randomised controlled trial evaluating the short-term analgesic effect of topical diclofenac on chronic Achilles tendon pain: a pilot study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e015126.
pubmed: 28473518
pmcid: 5566615
Capasso G, Maffulli N, Testa V, Sgambato A. Preliminary results with peritendinous protease inhibitor injections in the management of Achilles tendinitis. J Sport Traumatol Relat Res. 1993;15:37–43.
Chapman-Jones D, Hill D. Novel microcurrent treatment is more effective than conventional therapy for chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Physiotherapy. 2002;88:471–80.
Chester R, Costa ML, Shepstone L, Cooper A, Donell ST. Eccentric calf muscle training compared with therapeutic ultrasound for chronic Achilles tendon pain—a pilot study. Man Ther. 2008;13:484–91.
pubmed: 17662639
Costa ML, Shepstone L, Donell ST, Thomas TL. Shock wave therapy for chronic Achilles tendon pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;440:199–204.
pubmed: 16239807
Dacruz DJ, Geeson M. Achilles paratendonitis: an evaluation of steroid injection. Br J Sports Med. 1988;22:64–5.
pubmed: 3167505
pmcid: 1478559
De Jonge S, de Vos RJ, Van Schie HTMM, Verhaar JANN, Weir A, Tol JL. One-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial on added splinting to eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:673–7.
pubmed: 18838406
De Jonge S, De Vos RJ, Weir A, Van Schie HTM, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Verhaar JAN, et al. One-year follow-up of platelet-rich plasma treatment in chronic achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:1623–9.
pubmed: 21602565
de Vos RJ, Weir A, Visser RJA, de Winter TC, Tol JL. The additional value of a night splint to eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med [Internet]. 2007;41:1–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17178774
de Vos R-J, Weir A, van Schie H, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Verhaar JAN, Tol JL. Platelet-rich plasma injection for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Med Assoc [Internet]. 2010;303:144–9. http://journals.lww.com/00005792-201904190-00054
Alfredson H. Ultrasound and Doppler-guided mini-surgery to treat midportion Achilles tendinosis: results of a large material and a randomised study comparing two scraping techniques. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:407–10.
pubmed: 21349878
De Vos RJ, Weir A, Tol JL, Verhaar JAN, Weinans H, Van Schie HTM. No effects of PRP on ultrasonographic tendon structure and neovascularisation in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:387–92.
pubmed: 21047840
Ebbesen BH, Mølgaard CM, Olesen JL, Gregersen HE, Simonsen O. No beneficial effect of Polidocanol treatment in Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26:2038–44.
Fredberg U, Bolvig L, Pfeiffer-Jensen M, Clemmensen D, Jakobsen BW, Stengaard-Pedersen K. Ultrasonography as a tool for diagnosis, guidance of local steroid injection and together with pressure algometry, monitoring of the treatment of athletes with chronic jumper’s knee and Achilles tendinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33:94–101.
pubmed: 15163110
Heinemeier KM, Øhlenschlæger TF, Mikkelsen UR, Sønder F, Schjerling P, Svensson RB, et al. Effects of anti-inflammatory (NSAID) treatment on human tendinopathic tissue. J Appl Physiol. 2017;123:1397–405.
pubmed: 28860166
Horstmann T, Jud HM, Fröhlich V, Mündermann A, Grau S. Whole-body vibration versus eccentric training or a wait-and-see approach for chronic achilles tendinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43:794–803.
pubmed: 24175595
Hunt KJ, Cohen BE, Davis WH, Anderson RB, Jones CP. Surgical treatment of insertional achilles tendinopathy with or without flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36:998–1005.
pubmed: 25990545
Hutchison AM, Pallister I, Evans RM, Bodger O, Topliss CJ, Williams P, et al. Intense pulsed light treatment of chronic midbody Achilles tendinopathy: a double blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Bone Jt J. 2013;95B:504–9.
Kane TPC, Ismail M, Calder JDF. Topical glyceryl trinitrate and noninsertional achilles tendinopathy: a clinical and cellular investigation. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1160–3.
pubmed: 18359821
Kedia M, Williams M, Jain L, Barron M, Bird N, Blackwell B, et al. The effects of conventional physical therapy and eccentric strengthening for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9:488–97.
pubmed: 25133077
pmcid: 4127511
Knobloch K, Kraemer R, Jagodzinski M, Zeichen J, Melier R, Vogt PM. Eccentric training decreases paratendon capillary blood flow and preserves paratendon oxygen saturation in chronic Achilles tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37:269–76.
pubmed: 17549956
Ammendolia A, Cespites M, Iocco M. Topical use of aloe gel and low-level laser therapy in overuse tendinitis of elite volleyball players: a randomized controlled trial. Sport Sci Health. 2016;12:209–13.
Knobloch K, Schreibmueller L, Kraemer R, Jagodzinski M, Richter M, Zeichen J, et al. Eccentric training and an Achilles wrap reduce Achilles tendon capillary blood flow and capillary venous filling pressures and increase tendon oxygen saturation in insertional and midportion tendinopathy: a randomized trial. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:189–96.
Knobloch K, Schreibmueller L, Longo UG, Vogt PM. Eccentric exercises for the management of tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon with or without an AirHeelTM Brace. A randomized controlled trial. B: Effects of compliance. Disabil Rehabil [Internet]. 2008;30:1692–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701785676 .
doi: 10.1080/09638280701785676
pubmed: 18720130
Krogh TP, Ellingsen T, Christensen R, Jensen P, Fredberg U. Ultrasound-guided injection therapy of Achilles tendinopathy with platelet-rich plasma or saline. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:1990–7.
pubmed: 27257167
Lowdon A, Bader DL, Mowat AG. The effect of heel pads on the treatment of Achilles tendinitis: a double blind trial. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:431–5.
pubmed: 6507711
Lynen N, De Vroey T, Spiegel I, Van Ongeval F, Hendrickx NJ, Stassijns G. Comparison of peritendinous hyaluronan injections versus extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of painful Achilles’ tendinopathy: a randomized clinical efficacy and safety study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98:64–71.
pubmed: 27639439
Mafi N, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Superior short-term results with eccentric calf muscle training compared to concentric training in a randomized prospective multicenter study on patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001;9:42–7.
Maquirriain J, Kokalj A. Management of acute Achilles tendinopathy: effect of etoricoxib on pain control and leg stiffness. Georgian Med News. 2013;14:36–43.
Mårdh A, Lund I. High power laser for treatment of Achilles tendinosis—a single blind randomized placebo controlled clinical study. J Lasers Med Sci [Internet]. 2016;7:92–8. https://doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2016.16 .
doi: 10.15171/jlms.2016.16
Mayer F, Hirschmuller A, Muller S, Schuberth M, Baur H, Hirschmüller A, et al. Effects of short-term treatment strategies over 4 weeks in Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:1–5.
McCormack JR, Underwood FB, Slaven EJ, Cappaert TA. Eccentric exercise versus eccentric exercise and soft tissue treatment (Astym) in the management of insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Sports Health. 2016;8:230–7.
pubmed: 26893309
pmcid: 4981065
Åström M, Westlin N. No effect of piroxicam on achilles tendinopathy: a randomized study of 70 patients. Acta Orthop. 1992;63:631–4.
Morrison RJM, Brock TM, Reed MR, Muller SD. Radiofrequency microdebridement versus surgical decompression for Achilles tendinosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2017;56:708–12. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2017.01.049 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.01.049
Munteanu SE, Scott LA, Bonanno DR, Landorf KB, Pizzari T, Cook JL, et al. Effectiveness of customised foot orthoses for Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:989–94.
pubmed: 25246441
Neeter C, Thomeé R, Silbernagel KG, Thomeé P, Karlsson J. Iontophoresis with or without dexamethazone in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon pain. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2003;13:376–82.
Nørregaard J, Larsen CC, Bieler T, Langberg H, Norregaard J, Larsen CC, et al. Eccentric exercise in treatment of Achilles tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2007;17:133–8.
Notarnicola A, Pesce V, Vicenti G, Tafuri S, Forcignanò M, Moretti B. SWAAT study: extracorporeal shock wave therapy and arginine supplementation and other nutraceuticals for insertional achilles tendinopathy. Adv Ther. 2012;29:799–814.
pubmed: 22923162
Notarnicola A, Maccagnano G, Tafuri S, Forcignanò MI, Panella A, Moretti B. CHELT therapy in the treatment of chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29:1217–25.
pubmed: 24352875
Paoloni JA, Appleyard RC, Nelson J, Murrell GAC. Topical glyceryl trinitrate treatment of chronic noninsertional achilles tendinopathy. J Bone Jt Surg. 2004;86:916–22.
Paoloni JA, Murrell GAC. Three-year followup study of topical glyceryl trinitrate treatment of chronic noninsertional achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:1064–8.
pubmed: 17923056
Pearson J, Rowlands D, Highet R. Autologous blood injection to treat achilles tendinopathy? A randomized controlled trial. J Sport Rehabil. 2012;21:218–24.
pubmed: 22104390
Petersen W, Welp R, Rosenbaum D. Chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective randomized study comparing the therapeutic effect of eccentric training, the AirHeel brace, and a combination of both. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1659–67.
pubmed: 17569792
Balius R, Álvarez G, Baró F, Jiménez F, Pedret C, Costa E, et al. A 3-arm randomized trial for Achilles tendinopathy: eccentric training, eccentric training plus a dietary supplement containing mucopolysaccharides, or passive stretching plus a dietary supplement containing mucopolysaccharides. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp [Internet]. 2016;78:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2016.11.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2016.11.001
pubmed: 28053674
pmcid: 5198794
Pförringer W, Pfister A, Kuntz G, Pforringer W, Pfister A, Kuntz G, et al. The treatment of Achilles paratendinitis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a deproteinized hemodialysate. Clin J Sport Med. 1994;4:92–9.
Praet SFE, Purdam CR, Welvaert M, Vlahovich N, Lovell G, Burke LM, et al. Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides combined with calf-strengthening exercises enhances function and reduces pain in achilles tendinopathy patients. Nutrients. 2019;11:1–16.
Rasmussen S, Christensen M, Mathiesen I, Simonson O. Shockwave therapy for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Acta Orthop. 2008;79:249–56.
pubmed: 18484252
Rompe JD, Nafe B, Furia JP, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading, shock-wave treatment, or a wait- and-see policy for tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:374–83.
pubmed: 17244902
Rompe JD, Furia J, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading versus eccentric loading plus shock-wave treatment for midportion achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:463–70.
pubmed: 19088057
Roos EM, Engström M, Lagerquist A, Söderberg B. Clinical improvement after 6 weeks of eccentric exercise in patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy—a randomized trial with 1-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports [Internet]. 2004;14:286–95. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.3036 .
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.3036
Silbernagel KG, Thomeé R, Thomeé P, Karlsson J, Thomee P, Karlsson J, et al. Eccentric overload training for patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain—a randomised controlled study with reliability testing of the evaluation methods. Scand J Med Sci Sport [Internet]. 2001;11:197–206. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110402.x .
doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110402.x
Silbernagel KG, Thomeé R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Continued sports activity, using a pain-monitoring model, during rehabilitation in patients with achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:897–906.
pubmed: 17307888
Stefansson SH, Brandsson S, Langberg H, Arnason A. Using pressure massage for Achilles tendinopathy: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing a novel treatment versus an eccentric exercise protocol. Orthop J Sport Med. 2019;7:1–10.
Stergioulas A, Stergioula M, Aarskog R, Lopes-Martins RAB, Bjordal JM. Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of recreational athletes with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:881–7.
pubmed: 18272794
Bell KJ, Fulcher ML, Rowlands DS, Kerse N. Impact of autologous blood injections in treatment of mid-portion {Achilles}. BMJ. 2013;346:f2310.
pubmed: 23599320
pmcid: 3629924
Stevens M, Tan CW. Effectiveness of the alfredson protocol compared with a lower repetition-volume protocol for midportion achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44:59–67.
pubmed: 24261927
Tumilty S, Mani R, Baxter GD. Photobiomodulation and eccentric exercise for Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2016;31:127–35.
pubmed: 26610637
Tumilty S, McDonough S, Hurley DA, Baxter GD. Clinical effectiveness of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to eccentric exercise for the treatment of Achilles’ tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil [Internet]. 2012;93:733–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.049 .
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.049
Tumilty S, Munn J, Abbott JH, McDonough S, Hurley DA, Baxter GD. Laser therapy in the treatment of achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2008;26:25–30.
pubmed: 18248158
Usuelli FG, Grassi M, Maccario C, Vigano’ M, Lanfranchi L, Alfieri Montrasio U, et al. Intratendinous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) injection provides a safe, efficacious treatment for Achilles tendinopathy: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial at a 6-month follow-up. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26:2000–10.
Vahdatpour B, Forouzan H, Momeni F, Ahmadi M, Taheri P. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. J Res Med Sci. 2018;23:1–6.
Willberg L, Sunding K, Öhberg L, Forssblad M, Fahlström M, Alfredson H. Sclerosing injections to treat midportion Achilles tendinosis: a randomised controlled study evaluating two different concentrations of Polidocanol. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16:859–64.
Yelland MJ, Sweeting KR, Lyftogt JA, Ng SK, Scuffham PA, Evans KA. Prolotherapy injections and eccentric loading exercises for painful Achilles tendinosis: a randomised trial. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:421–8.
pubmed: 19549615
Yu J, Park D, Lee G. Effect of eccentric strengthening on pain, muscle strength, endurance, and functional fitness factors in male patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92:68–76.
pubmed: 23044702
Yu H, Xu L, Ma T. Therapeutic effect of electro-acupuncture in the treatment of Achilles tendonitis. World J Acupunct Moxib. 2015;25:17–22.
Beyer R, Kongsgaard M, Hougs Kjær B, Øhlenschlæger T, Kjær M, Magnusson SP. Heavy slow resistance versus eccentric training as treatment for Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:1704–11.
pubmed: 26018970
Zhang BM, Zhong LW, Xu SW, Jiang HR, Shen J. Acupuncture for chronic Achilles tendnopathy: a randomized controlled study. Chin J Integr Med. 2013;19:900–4.
pubmed: 23263998
Hasani F, Haines T, Munteanu SE, Schoch P, Vicenzino B, Malliaras P. LOAD-intensity and time-under-tension of exercises for men who have Achilles tendinopathy (the LOADIT trial): a randomised feasibility trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021;13:1–16.
Kanniappan V, Sathosh AM. To compare the effect of eccentric exercises and isometric exercises for Achilles tendinitis in skaters. J Lifestyle Med. 2020;10:49–54.
pubmed: 32328448
pmcid: 7171057
Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Jørgensen OH, Høffner R, Andersen PEB, Svensson RB, Hansen P, et al. No additive clinical or physiological effects of short-term anti-inflammatory treatment to physical rehabilitation in the early phase of human Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49:1711–20.
pubmed: 33719579
Ravichandran H, Janakiraman B, Yitayeh A, Fessiha B, Sundaram S. Muscle energy technique compared to eccentric loading exercise in the management of Achilles tendinitis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Int J Adv Med Heal Res. 2017;4:18–22.
Romero-Morales C, Martín-Llantino PJ, Calvo-Lobo C, San Antolín-Gil M, López-López D, de Pedro MB, et al. Vibration increases multifidus cross-sectional area versus cryotherapy added to chronic non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy eccentric exercise. Phys Ther Sport. 2020;42:61–7.
pubmed: 31927349
Solomons L, Lee JJY, Bruce M, White LD, Scott A. Intramuscular stimulation vs sham needling for the treatment of chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238579 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238579
Thermann H, Fischer R, Gougoulias N, Cipollaro L, Maffulli N. Endoscopic debridement for non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy with and without platelet-rich plasma. J Sport Heal Sci [Internet]. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.012
Van Der Vlist AC, Van Oosterom RF, Van Veldhoven PLJ, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Waarsing JH, Verhaar JAN, et al. Effectiveness of a high volume injection as treatment for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2020;370.
Da Silva RMV, Costa LDS, Coldibeli EDS, do Fernandes RSM, Meyer PF, Ronzio OA. Effects of Microelectrólisis Percutaneous (MEP ®) on pain and functionality in patients with calcaneal tendinopathy. Man Ther Posturology Rehabil J. 2014;12:188.
Boesen AP, Hansen R, Boesen MI, Malliaras P, Langberg H. Effect of high-volume injection, platelet-rich plasma, and sham treatment in chronic midportion achilles tendinopathy: a randomized double-blinded prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:2034–43.
pubmed: 28530451
Koszalinski A, Flynn T, Hellman M, Cleland JA. Trigger point dry needling, manual therapy and exercise versus manual therapy and exercise for the management of Achilles tendinopathy: a feasibility study. J Man Manip Ther [Internet]. 2020;28:212–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2020.1719299 .
doi: 10.1080/10669817.2020.1719299
Gatz M, Betsch M, Dirrichs T, Schrading S, Tingart M, Michalik R, et al. Eccentric and isometric exercises in Achilles tendinopathy evaluated by the VISA-A score and shear wave elastography. Sports Health. 2020;12:373–81.
pubmed: 32003647
pmcid: 7787566
Gatz M, Schweda S, Betsch M, Dirrichs T, de la Fuente M, Reinhardt N, et al. Line- and point-focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for Achilles tendinopathy: a placebo-controlled RCT study. Sports Health. 2021;XX:1–8.
Boesen AP, Langberg H, Hansen R, Malliaras P, Boesen MI. High volume injection with and without corticosteroid in chronic midportion achilles tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2019;29:1223–31.
Bussin E, Cairns B, Gerschman T, Fredericson M, Bovard J, Scott A. Topical diclofenac vs placebo for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247663 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247663
Kishmishian B, Richards J, Selfe J. A randomised feasibility study using an acupuncture protocol to the Achilles tendon in Achilles tendinopathy. Physiother Pract Res. 2019;40:59–67.
Pinitkwamdee S, Laohajaroensombat S, Orapin J, Woratanarat P. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2020;41:403–10.
pubmed: 31924120
Abdelkader NA, Helmy MNK, Fayaz NA, Saweeres ESB. Short- and intermediate-term results of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42:788–97.
pubmed: 33451253
Brown R, Orchard J, Kinchington M, Hooper A, Nalder G. Aprotinin in the management of Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:275–9.
pubmed: 16505089
pmcid: 2491994
Abate M, Di Carlo L, Salini V. Platelet rich plasma compared to dry needling in the treatment of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Phys Sportsmed [Internet]. 2019;47:232–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2018.1548886 .
doi: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1548886
pubmed: 30427252
Alfredson H, Pietilä T, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic achilles tendinosis. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:360–6.
pubmed: 9617396
Njawaya MM, Moses B, Martens D, Orchard JJ, Driscoll T, Negrine J, et al. Ultrasound guidance does not improve the results of shock wave for plantar fasciitis or calcific achilles tendinopathy: a randomized control trial. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;28:21–7.
pubmed: 28708705
Ram R, Meeuwisse W, Patel C, Wiseman DA, Wiley JP. The limited effectiveness of a home-based eccentric training for treatment of Achilles Tendinopathy. Clin Investig Med. 2013;36:E197-206.
Wei M, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang Z. Comparison of clinical efficacy among endoscopy-assisted radio-frequency ablation, extracorporeal shockwaves, and eccentric exercises in treatment of insertional achilles tendinosis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2017;107:11–6.
pubmed: 27723374
Ge Z, Ma L, Tang H, Yang M, Yang A, Yuan C, et al. Comparison of dorsal closing wedge calcaneal osteotomy versus posterosuperior prominence resection for the treatment of Haglund syndrome. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15:1–8.
Mkumbuzi NS, Mafu TS, September AV, Posthumus M, Collins M. Conditioned pain modulation is not altered in recreational athletes with Achilles tendinopathy. Transl Sport Med. 2021;4:147–53.
van der Vlist AC, van Veldhoven PLJ, van Oosterom RF, Verhaar JAN, de Vos RJ. Isometric exercises do not provide immediate pain relief in Achilles tendinopathy: a quasi-randomized clinical trial. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2020;30:1712–21.
Arunakul M, Pholsawatchai W, Arunakul P, Pitakveerakul A. Conventional vs accelerated rehabilitation protocol following reattachment of achilles tendon for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42:1121–29.
pubmed: 34024153
Chimenti RL, Hall MM, Dilger CP, Merriwether EN, Wilken JM, Sluka KA. Local anesthetic injection resolves movement pain, motor dysfunction, and pain catastrophizing in individuals with chronic achilles tendinopathy: a nonrandomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020;50:334–43.
pubmed: 32349638
Alfredson H, Nordström P, Pietilä T, Lorentzon R. Bone mass in the calcaneus after heavy loaded eccentric calf-muscle training in recreational athletes with chronic Achilles tendinosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999;64:450–5.
pubmed: 10203422
Alfredson H, Öhberg L, Zeisig E, Lorentzon R. Treatment of midportion Achilles tendinosis: similar clinical results with US and CD-guided surgery outside the tendon and sclerosing polidocanol injections. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15:1504–9.
Benazzo F, Zanon G, Klersy C, Marullo M. Open surgical treatment for chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: faster recovery with the soleus fibres transfer technique. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:1868–76.
Dedes V, Stergioulas A, Kipreos G, Dede A, Mitseas A, Panoutsopoulos G. Effectiveness and safety of shockwave therapy in tendinopathies. Mater Socio Med. 2018;30:141.
Sundqvist H, Forsskahl B, Kvist M. A promising novel therapy for Achilles peritendinitis: double-blind comparison of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate and high-dose indomethacin. Int J Sports Med. 1987;8:298–303.
pubmed: 3312048
Vitali M, Naim Rodriguez N, Pironti P, Drossinos A, Di Carlo G, Chawla A, et al. ESWT and nutraceutical supplementation (Tendisulfur Forte) vs ESWT-only in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis, Achilles tendinopathy, and rotator cuff tendinopathy: a comparative study. J Drug Assess [Internet]. 2019;8:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/21556660.2019.1605370 .
doi: 10.1080/21556660.2019.1605370
Firth BL, Dingley P, Davies ER, Lewis JS, Alexander CM. The effect of kinesiotape on function, pain, and motoneuronal excitability in healthy people and people with Achilles tendinopathy. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20:416–21.
pubmed: 21079436
Furia JP. High-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy as a treatment for chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:502–8.
pubmed: 18006678
Erroi D, Sigona M, Suarez T, Trischitta D, Pavan A, Vulpiani MC, et al. Conservative treatment for Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy: platelet-rich plasma and focused shock waves. A retrospective study. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J [Internet]. 2017;7:98–106. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505601/pdf/98-106.pdf
Ettinger S, Razzaq R, Waizy H, Claassen L, Daniilidis K, Stukenborg-Colsman C, et al. Operative treatment of the insertional achilles tendinopathy through a transtendinous approach. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37:288–93.
pubmed: 26443697
Fahlström M, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Chronic Achilles tendon pain treated with eccentric calf-muscle training. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003;11:327–33.
Ferrero G, Fabbro E, Orlandi D, Martini C, Lacelli F, Serafini G, et al. Ultrasound-guided injection of platelet-rich plasma in chronic Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. J Ultrasound [Internet]. 2012;15:260–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jus.2012.09.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jus.2012.09.006
Filardo G, Kon E, Di Matteo B, Di Martino A, Tesei G, Pelotti P, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of refractory Achilles tendinopathy: results at 4 years. Blood Transfus. 2014;12:533–40.
pubmed: 24960641
pmcid: 4212034
Finnoff JT, Fowler SP, Lai JK, Santrach PJ, Willis EA, Sayeed YA, et al. Treatment of chronic tendinopathy with ultrasound-guided needle tenotomy and platelet-rich plasma injection. PM R. 2011;3:900–11.
pubmed: 21872551
Fredberg U, Ostgaard R. Effect of ultrasound-guided, peritendinous injections of adalimumab and anakinra in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2009;19:338–44.
Freed L, Ellis MB, Johnson K, Haddon TB. Fasciotomy and surgical tenotomy for chronic Achilles insertional tendinopathy a retrospective study using ultrasound-guided percutaneous microresection. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2019;109:1–8.
pubmed: 30964321
Fridman R. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathies: a prospective study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2008;98:466–8.
pubmed: 19017855
Furia JP. High-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy as a treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2008;34:733–40.
Gärdin A, Bruno J, Movin T, Kristoffersen-Wiberg M, Shalabi A. Magnetic resonance signal, rather than tendon volume, correlates to pain and functional impairment in chronic achilles tendinopathy. Acta Radiol. 2006;47:718–24.
pubmed: 16950711
Gärdin A, Rasinski P, Berglund J, Shalabi A, Schulte H, Brismar TB. T 2 * relaxation time in Achilles tendinosis and controls and its correlation with clinical score. J Magn Reson Imaging [Internet]. 2016;43:1417–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25104 .
doi: 10.1002/jmri.25104
Gaweda K, Tarczynska M, Krzyzanowski W. Treatment of achilles tendinopathy with platelet-rich plasma. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31:577–83.
pubmed: 20535661
Georgiannos D, Lampridis V, Vasiliadis A, Bisbinas I. Treatment of insertional Achilles pathology with dorsal wedge calcaneal osteotomy in athletes. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38:381–7.
pubmed: 27920330
Gillis CT, Lin JS. Use of a central splitting approach and near complete detachment for insertional calcific achilles tendinopathy repaired with an achilles bridging suture. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55:235–9.
pubmed: 26704538
Greenhagen RM, Shinabarger AB, Pearson KT, Burns PR. Intermediate and Long-term outcomes of the suture bridge technique for the management of insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Spec. 2013;6:185–90.
pubmed: 23349381
Guelfi M, Pantalone A, Vanni D, Abate M, Guelfi MGB, Salini V. Long-term beneficial effects of platelet-rich plasma for non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2015;21:178–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2014.11.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2014.11.005
Howell MA, McConn TP, Saltrick KR, Catanzariti AR. Calcific insertional Achilles tendinopathy-Achilles repair with flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer: case series and surgical technique. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2019;58:236–42. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2018.08.021 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2018.08.021
pubmed: 30612865
Humphrey J, Chan O, Crisp T, Padhiar N, Morrissey D, Twycross-Lewis R, et al. The short-term effects of high volume image guided injections in resistant non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport [Internet]. 2010;13:295–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.09.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.09.007
pubmed: 19944642
Johnson KW, Zalavras C, Thordarson DB. Surgical management of insertional calcific Achilles tendinosis with a central tendon splitting approach. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:245–50.
pubmed: 16624213
Angermann P, Hovgaard D. Chronic Achilles tendinopathy in athletic individuals: results of nonsurgical treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20:304–6.
pubmed: 10353768
Jonsson P, Alfredson H, Sunding K, Fahlström M, Cook J. New regimen for eccentric calf-muscle training in patients with chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy: results of a pilot study. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42:746–9.
pubmed: 18184750
Knobloch K. Eccentric training in Achilles tendinopathy: is it harmful to tendon microcirculation? Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:1–5.
Knobloch K, Schreibmueller L, Kraemer R, Jagodzinski M, Vogt PM, Redeker J. Gender and eccentric training in Achilles mid-portion tendinopathy. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18:648–55.
Laborde JM, Weiler L. Achilles tendon pain treated with gastrocnemius-soleus recession. Orthopedics. 2011;34:289–91.
pubmed: 21469615
Hong SLW, Ying CTQ, Thwin L, Thevendran G. Return to sport and physical activity after calcaneoplasty for insertional Achilles tendinosis. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2016;55:1190–4. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2016.07.012 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.07.012
Lakshmanan P, O’Doherty DP. Chronic Achilles tendinopathy: treatment with extracorporeal shock waves. Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2004;10:125–30.
Lee JY, Yoon K, Yi Y, Park CH, Lee JS, Seo KH, et al. Long-term outcome and factors affecting prognosis of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for chronic refractory achilles tendinopathy. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41:42–50.
pubmed: 28289634
pmcid: 5344825
Lehto MUK, Järvinen M, Suominen P. Chronic Achilles peritendinitis and retrocalcanear bursitis—long-term follow-up of surgically treated cases. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2:182–5.
Lin HA, Chong KW, Yeo W. Calcaneoplasty and reattachment of the Achilles tendon for insertional tendinopathy. J Orthop Surg. 2014;22:56–9.
Lind B, Öhberg L, Alfredson H. Sclerosing polidocanol injections in mid-portion Achilles tendinosis: remaining good clinical results and decreased tendon thickness at 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14:1327–32.
Boesen MI, Torp-Pedersen S, Koenig MJ, Christensen R, Langberg H, Hölmich P, et al. Ultrasound guided electrocoagulation in patients with chronic non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:761–6.
pubmed: 16807305
pmcid: 2564389
Lohrer H, Nauck T. Results of operative treatment for recalcitrant retrocalcaneal bursitis and midportion Achilles tendinopathy in athletes. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134:1073–81.
pubmed: 24935663
Maffulli N, Testa V, Capasso G, Bifulco G, Binfield PM. Results of percutaneous longitudinal tenotomy for Achilles tendinopathy in middle- and long-distance runners. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:835–40.
pubmed: 9397274
Maffulli N, Binfield PM, Moore D, King JB. Surgical decompression of chronic central core lesions of the Achilles tendon. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:747–52.
pubmed: 10569361
Masood T, Kalliokoski K, Magnusson SP, Bojsen-Møller J, Finni T. Effects of 12-wk eccentric calf muscle training on muscle-tendon glucose uptake and SEMG in patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117:105–11.
pubmed: 24855138
Nawoczenski DA, Barske H, Tome J, Dawson LK, Zlotnicki JP, DiGiovanni BF. Isolated gastrocnemius recession for Achilles tendinopathy: strength and functional outcomes. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2015;97:99–105.
Ruergård A, Spang C, Alfredson H. Results of minimally invasive Achilles tendon scraping and plantaris tendon removal in patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a longer-term follow-up study. SAGE Open Med [Internet]. 2019;7:205031211882264. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822642 .
doi: 10.1177/2050312118822642
Sammarco GJ, Taylor AL. Operative management of Haglund’s deformity in the nonathlete: a retrospective study. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:724–9.
pubmed: 9840198
Shalabi A, Kristoffersen-Wilberg M, Svensson L, Aspelin P, Movin T. Eccentric training of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex ion chronic achilles tendinopathy results in decreased tendon volume and intratendinous signal as evaluated by MRI. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1286–96.
pubmed: 15262655
Silbernagel KG, Thomeé R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Full symptomatic recovery does not ensure full recovery of muscle-tendon function in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:276–80.
pubmed: 17261555
pmcid: 2658968
Silvestre A, Peuchant A, Bausset O, Magalon J, Magalon G, Serratrice N. Achilles tendinopathy recovery after a single autologous PRP injection monitored by ultrasound. J Traumatol du Sport. 2014;31:94–100.
Chimenti RL, Stover DW, Fick BS, Hall MM. Percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy reduces insertional Achilles tendinopathy pain with high patient satisfaction and a low complication rate. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38:1629–35.
pubmed: 30280399
Staggers JR, Smith K, de Netto CC, Naranje S, Prasad K, Shah A. Reconstruction for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: comparison of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) transfer versus V-Y advancement. Int Orthop. 2018;42:829–34.
pubmed: 29453583
Tsehaie J, Poot DHJ, Oei EHG, Verhaar JAN, de Vos RJ. Value of quantitative MRI parameters in predicting and evaluating clinical outcome in conservatively treated patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective study. J Sci Med Sport [Internet]. 2017;20:633–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.234 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.234
pubmed: 28169151
von Wehren L, Pokorny K, Blanke F, Sailer J, Majewski M. Injection with autologous conditioned serum has better clinical results than eccentric training for chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2019;27:2744–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-019-05465-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s00167-019-05465-8
Wheeler PC, Mahadevan D, Bhatt R, Bhatia M. A Comparison of two different high-volume image-guided injection procedures for patients with chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy: a pragmatic retrospective cohort study. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2016;55:976–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2016.04.017 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.04.017
pubmed: 27286927
Wheeler P, Tattersall C. Novel interventions for recalcitrant Achilles tendinopathy: benefits seen following high-volume image-guided injection or extracorporeal shockwave therapy—a prospective cohort study. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;30:14–9.
Xia Z, Yew K, Zhang T, Rikhraj I. Lateral versus central tendon-splitting approach to insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective study. Singap Med J [Internet]. 2019;60:626–30. http://www.smj.org.sg/article/lateral-versus-central-tendon-splitting-approach-insertional-achilles-tendinopathy
Yodlowski ML, Scheller AD, Minos L. Surgical treatment of Achilles tendinitis by decompression of the retrocalcaneal bursa and the superior calcaneal tuberosity. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:318–21.
pubmed: 12016069
Greiner F, Trnka HJ, Chraim M, Neunteufel E, Bock P. Clinical and radiological outcomes of operative therapy in insertional Achilles tendinopathy with debridement and double-row refixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42:1115–20.
pubmed: 33843294
pmcid: 8446883
Hogea BG, Bistrian AG, Boanca M, Timofte D, Nita A, Totorean AD, et al. Study of the platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy after failure of conservative treatment. Rev Chim. 2019;70:2614–7.
Hörterer H, Baumbach SF, Oppelt S, Böcker W, Harrasser N, Walther M, et al. Complications associated with midline incision for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2020;41:1502–9.
pubmed: 32819163
De Jonge S, Warnaars JLFF, De Vos RJ, Weir A, van Schie HTMM, Bierma-Zeinstra SMAA, et al. Relationship between neovascularization and clinical severity in Achilles tendinopathy in 556 paired measurements. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2014;24:773–8.
Mallows A, Jackson J, Littlewood C, Debenham J. The association of working alliance, outcome expectation, adherence and self-efficacy with clinical outcomes for Achilles tendinopathy: a feasibility cohort study (the MAP study). Musculoskelet Care. 2020;18:169–76.
Radovanović G, Wolfarth B, Legerlotz K. Interleukin-6 levels drop after a 12 week long physiotherapeutic intervention in patients with Achilles tendinopathy—a pilot study. Transl Sport Med. 2019;2:233–9.
Sancho I, Morrissey D, Willy RW, Barton C, Malliaras P. Education and exercise supplemented by a pain-guided hopping intervention for male recreational runners with midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a single cohort feasibility study. Phys Ther Sport [Internet]. 2019;40:107–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.08.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.08.007
pubmed: 31518777
Saxena A, Shou L. Combined eswt & rsw therapy for Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective study. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2019;9:552–61.
Zhuang Z, Yang Y, Chhantyal K, Chen J, Yuan G, Ni Y, et al. Central tendon-splitting approach and double row suturing for the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:1–10.
Abate M, Di Carlo L, Belluati A, Salini V. Factors associated with positive outcomes of platelet-rich plasma therapy in Achilles tendinopathy. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol [Internet]. 2020;30:859–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-020-02642-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s00590-020-02642-1
pubmed: 32112184
Eckenrode BJ, Kietrys DM, Stackhouse SK. Pain sensitivity in chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019;14:945–56.
pubmed: 31803527
pmcid: 6878865
Ayyaswamy B, Vaghela M, Alderton E, Majeed H, Limaye R. Early Outcome of a single peri-tendinous hyaluronic acid injection for mid-portion non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy—a pilot study. Foot [Internet]. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2020.101738 .
doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2020.101738
pubmed: 33132010
pmcid: 7509135
Lagas IF, van der Vlist AC, van Oosterom RF, van Veldhoven PLJ, Waarsing JH, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, et al. Are pain coping strategies and neuropathic pain associated with a worse outcome after conservative treatment for Achilles tendinopathy? A prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport [Internet]. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.001
Corrigan P, Cortes DH, Pohlig RT, Grävare SK. Tendon morphology and mechanical properties are associated with the recovery of symptoms and function in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Orthop J Sport Med. 2020;8:1–9.
De Vos RJ, Weir A, Cobben LPJJ, Tol JL. The value of power Doppler ultrasonography in achilles tendinopathy: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1696–701.
pubmed: 17557877
Frizziero A, Oliva F, Vittadini F, Vetrano M, Bernetti A, Giordan N, et al. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided hyaluronic acid injections in achilles and patellar tendinopathies: a prospective multicentric clinical trial. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2019;9:305–13.
Mantovani L, Maestroni L, Bettariga F, Gobbo M, Lopomo NF, McLean S. Does isometric exercise improve leg stiffness and hop pain in subjects with Achilles tendinopathy? A feasibility study. Phys Ther Sport [Internet]. 2020;46:234–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.09.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.09.005
pubmed: 32998087
El-Mallah R, Elattar EA. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy versus musculoskeletal mesotherapy for Achilles tendinopathy in athlete. Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil. 2020;47:32.
Abate M, Di Carlo L, Salini V. Platelet-rich plasma diffusion in Achilles tendon: relationship with therapeutic outcomes. Med Princ Pract. 2019;28:367–72.
pubmed: 30861517
pmcid: 6639568
Abate M, Di Carlo L, Salini V. To evaluate the outcomes of PRP treatment in Achilles tendinopathy: an intriguing methodological problem. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res [Internet]. 2020;107:102787.
de Vos RJ, Heijboer MP, Weinans H, Verhaar JAN, van Schie HTM. Tendon structure’s lack of relation to clinical outcome after eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. J Sport Rehabil. 2012;21:34–43.
pubmed: 22100744
Elias I, Raikin SM, Besser MP, Nazarian LN. Outcomes of chronic insertional Achilles tendinosis using FHL autograft through single incision. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:197–204.
pubmed: 19321095
Ahn JH, Ahn CY, Byun CH, Kim YC. Operative treatment of haglund syndrome with central Achilles tendon-splitting approach. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2015;54:1053–6. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2015.05.002 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2015.05.002
pubmed: 26232175
Alfredson H, Pietilä T, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinitis and calf muscle strength. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:829–33.
pubmed: 8947407
Chan O, O’Dowd D, Padhiar N, Morrissey D, King J, Jalan R, et al. High volume image guided injections in chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30:1697–708.
pubmed: 18608362
Cheng Y, Zhang J, Cai Y. Utility of ultrasonography in assessing the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:10–4.
Chraim M, Alrabai HM, Krenn S, Bock P, Trnka HJ. Short-term results of endoscopic percutaneous longitudinal tenotomy for noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy and the presentation of a simplified operative method. Foot Ankle Spec. 2019;12:73–8.
pubmed: 30047803
Clement DB, Taunton JE, Smart GW. Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis: etiology and treatment. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:179–84.
pubmed: 6742297
Clementson M, Lorén I, Dahlberg L, Åström M. Sclerosing injections in midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective study of 25 patients. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16:887–90.
Conti LA, Araujo MGS, Sotelano P, Carrasco M, Migues A. PRP improves short term clinical results in tendinopathy of Achilles tendon. Sports Orthop Traumatol. 2014;30:210–4.
Costa ML, Donell ST, Tucker K. The long-term outcome of tendon lengthening for chronic achilles tendon pain. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:672–6.
pubmed: 17038276
Cottom JM, Hyer CF, Berlet GC, Lee TH. Flexor hallucis tendon transfer with an interference screw for chronic Achilles tendinosis: a report of 62 cases. Foot Ankle Spec. 2008;1:280–7.
pubmed: 19825729
Crescibene A, Napolitano M, Sbano R, Costabile E, Almolla H. Infiltration of autologous growth factors in chronic tendinopathies. J Blood Transfus. 2015;2015:1–6.
de Cesar NC, Chinanuvathana A, da Fonseca LF, Dein EJ, Tan EW, Schon LC. Outcomes of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon transfer in the treatment of Achilles tendon disorders. Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2019;25:303–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2017.12.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2017.12.003
Alfredson H, Pietilä T, Öhberg L, Lorentzon R. Achilles tendinosis and calf muscle strength: the effect of short-term immobilization after surgical treatment. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:166–71.
pubmed: 9548107
Deans VM, Miller A, Ramos J. A prospective series of patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy treated with autologous-conditioned plasma injections combined with exercise and therapeutic ultrasonography. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2012;51:706–10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2012.06.009 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2012.06.009
pubmed: 22824319
Den Hartog BD. Flexor hallucis longus transfer for achilles tendinosis. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24:223–37.
DeVries JG, Summerhays B, Guehlstorf DW. Surgical correction of Haglund’s triad using complete detachment and reattachment of the Achilles tendon. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2009;48:447–51. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2009.03.004 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2009.03.004
pubmed: 19577720
Diab HS. Haglund’s syndrome: classification system and surgical protocol. Curr Orthop Pract [Internet]. 2016;27:633–7. http://journals.lww.com/01337441-201611000-00010
Dirrichs T, Quack V, Gatz M, Tingart M, Kuhl CK, Schrading S. Shear wave elastography (SWE) for the evaluation of patients with tendinopathies. Acad Radiol. 2016;23:1204–13.
pubmed: 27318786
Divani K, Chan O, Padhiar N, Twycross-Lewis R, Maffulli N, Crisp T, et al. Site of maximum neovascularisation correlates with the site of pain in recalcitrant mid-tendon Achilles tendinopathy. Man Ther [Internet]. 2010;15:463–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.03.011 .
doi: 10.1016/j.math.2010.03.011
pubmed: 20427222
Duthon VB, Lübbeke A, Duc SR, Stern R, Assal M. Noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy treated with gastrocnemius lengthening. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32:375–9.
pubmed: 21733439
Gatz M, Schrading S, Dirrichs T, Betsch M, Tingart M, Rath B, et al. Topical polidocanol application in combination with static stretching in tendinopathies: a prospective pilot study. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2017;7:88–97.
pubmed: 28717616
pmcid: 5505600
Hsu AR, Holmes GB. Preliminary treatment of Achilles tendinopathy using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Foot Ankle Spec. 2016;9:52–7.
pubmed: 26253528
Maffulli N, Testa V, Capasso G, Sullo A. Calcific insertional Achilles tendinopathy: reattachment with bone anchors. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:174–82.
pubmed: 14754741
Alfredson H, Zeisig E, Fahlström M. No normalisation of the tendon structure and thickness after intratendinous surgery for chronic painful midportion Achilles tendinosis. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:948–9.
pubmed: 18927167
Maffulli N, Walley G, Sayana M, Longo UG, Denaro V. Eccentric calf muscle training in athletic patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30:1677–84.
pubmed: 18608370
Maffulli N, Spiezia F, Longo UG, Denaro V, Maffulli GD. High volume image guided injections for the management of chronic tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon. Phys Ther Sport [Internet]. 2013;14:163–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.07.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.07.002
Maffulli N, Del Buono A, Testa V, Capasso G, Oliva F, Denaro V. Safety and outcome of surgical debridement of insertional Achilles tendinopathy using a transverse (Cincinnati) incision. J Bone Jt Surg Ser B. 2011;93B:1503–7.
Maffulli N, Oliva F, Testa V, Capasso G, Del Buono A. Multiple percutaneous longitudinal tenotomies for chronic Achilles tendinopathy in runners: a long-term study. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:2151–7.
pubmed: 23841991
Maffulli N, Del Buono A. Release of the medial head of the gastrocnemius for Achilles tendinopathy in sedentary patients: a retrospective study. Int Orthop. 2014;39:61–5.
pubmed: 25315026
Mansur NSB, Baumfeld T, Villalon F, Aoyama BT, Matsunaga FT, dos Santos PRD, et al. Shockwave therapy associated with eccentric strengthening for Achilles insertional tendinopathy: a prospective study. Foot Ankle Spec. 2019;XX:10–5.
Maquirriain J. Surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: long-term results of the endoscopic technique. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2013;52:451–5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2013.03.031 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2013.03.031
pubmed: 23643200
Maquirriain J, Kokalj A. Acute achilles tendinopathy: effect of pain control on leg stiffness. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2014;14:131–6.
pubmed: 24583548
Martin RRL, Manning CM, Carcia CR, Conti SF. An outcome study of chronic Achilles tendinosis after excision of the Achilles tendon and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:691–7.
pubmed: 16174498
Maxwell NJ, Ryan MB, Taunton JE, Gillies JH, Wong AD. Sonographically guided intratendinous injection of hyperosmolar dextrose to treat chronic tendinosis of the Achilles tendon: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:215–20.
Alfredson H, Spang C, Forsgren S. Unilateral surgical treatment for patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy may result in bilateral recovery. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1421–4.
pubmed: 23193327
Miao XD, Jiang H, Wu YP, Tao HM, Yang DS, Hu H. Treatment of calcified insertional achilles tendinopathy by the posterior midline approach. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2016;55:529–34. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2016.01.016 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.01.016
Miyamoto W, Takao M, Matsushita T. Reconstructive surgery using autologous bone-patellar tendon graft for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20:1863–7.
Molund M, Lapinskas SR, Nilsen FA, Hvaal KH. Clinical and functional outcomes of gastrocnemius recession for chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37:1091–7.
pubmed: 27621265
Monto RR. Platelet rich plasma treatment for chronic Achilles tendinosis. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33:379–85.
pubmed: 22735279
Murawski CD, Smyth NA, Newman H, Kennedy JG. A single platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic midsubstance Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective preliminary analysis. Foot Ankle Spec. 2014;7:372–6.
pubmed: 24771019
Naidu V, Abbassian A, Nielsen D, Uppalapati R, Shetty A. Minimally invasive paratenon release for non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:680–5.
pubmed: 19589316
Nelen G, Martens M, Burssens A. Surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 1989;17:754–9.
Nunley JA, Ruskin G, Horst F. Long-term clinical outcomes following the central incision technique for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32:850–5.
pubmed: 22097159
Öhberg L, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Good clinical results but persisting side-to-side differences in calf muscle strength after surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis: a 5-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2001;11:207–12.
Öhberg L, Alfredson H. Ultrasound guided sclerosis of neovessels in painful chronic Achilles tendinosis: pilot study of a new treatment. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:173–5.
pubmed: 12055110
pmcid: 1724500
Bakkegaard M, Johannsen FE, Højgaard B, Langberg H. Ultrasonography as a prognostic and objective parameter in Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective observational study. Eur J Radiol [Internet]. 2015;84:458–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.11.028 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.11.028
pubmed: 25577603
Öhberg L, Alfredson H. Sclerosing therapy in chronic Achilles tendon insertional pain-results of a pilot study. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003;11:339–43.
Öhberg L, Alfredson H. Effects on neovascularisation behind the good results with eccentric training in chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinosis? Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004;12:465–70.
Oloff L, Elmi E, Nelson J, Crain J. Retrospective analysis of the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy: pretreatment and posttreatment correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical assessment. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8:490–7.
pubmed: 26253526
O’Neill S, Radia J, Bird K, Rathleff MS, Bandholm T, Jorgensen M, et al. Acute sensory and motor response to 45-s heavy isometric holds for the plantar flexors in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc [Internet]. 2018;27:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-5050-z .
doi: 10.1007/s00167-018-5050-z
Ooi CC, Schneider M, Malliaras P, Png MA, Chadwick M, Jones D, et al. Real-time sonoelastography evaluation of the Achilles tendon following ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injection and eccentric exercise for the treatment of refractory Achilles tendinopathy. Ultrasound [Internet]. 2019;27:138–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742271X18818608 .
doi: 10.1177/1742271X18818608
Opdam KTM, Baltes TPA, Zwiers R, Wiegerinck JJI, van Dijk CN. Endoscopic treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective case series of patient satisfaction and functional outcome at a 2- to 8-year follow-up. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg [Internet]. 2018;34:264–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.035 .
doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.035
Paavola M, Kannus P, Paakkala T, Pasanen M, Järvinen M. Long-term prognosis of patients with Achilles tendinopathy: an observational 8-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:634–42.
pubmed: 11032217
Paavola M, Kannus P, Orava S, Pasanen M, Järvinen M. Surgical treatment for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective seven month follow up study. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:178–82.
pubmed: 12055111
pmcid: 1724497
Pavone V, Cannavò L, Di Stefano A, Testa G, Costarella L, Sessa G. Low-energy extracorporeal shock-wave therapy in the treatment of chronic insertional achilles tendinopathy: a case series. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1–4.
Pearce CJ, Carmichael J, Calder JD. Achilles tendinoscopy and plantaris tendon release and division in the treatment of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2012;18:124–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2011.04.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2011.04.008
pubmed: 22444000
Bedi HS, Jowett C, Ristanis S, Docking S, Cook J. Plantaris excision and ventral paratendinous scraping for Achilles tendinopathy in an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37:386–93.
pubmed: 26637273
Resteghini P, Yeoh J. High-volume injection in the management of recalcitrant mid-body Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective case series assessing the influence of neovascularity and outcome. Int Musculoskelet Med. 2012;34:92–100.
Rolf C, Movin T. Etiology, histopathology, and outcome of surgery in achillodynia. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18:565–9.
pubmed: 9310767
Rousseau R, Gerometta A, Fogerty S, Rolland E, Catonné Y, Khiami F. Results of surgical treatment of calcaneus insertional tendinopathy in middle- and long-distance runners. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23:2494–501.
Ryan M, Wong A, Taunton J. Favorable outcomes after sonographically guided intratendinous injection of hyperosmolar dextrose for chronic insertional and midportion Achilles tendinosis. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:1047–53.
Salini V, Vanni D, Pantalone A, Abate M. Platelet rich plasma therapy in non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy: the efficacy is reduced in 60-years old people compared to young and middle-age individuals. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:1–7.
Sarimo J, Orava S. Fascial incision and adhesiolysis combined with radiofrequency microtenotomy in treatment of chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Scand J Surg. 2011;100:125–8.
pubmed: 21737390
Saxena A. Results of chronic Achilles tendinopathy surgery on elite and nonelite track athletes. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24:712–20.
pubmed: 14524523
Saxena A, Ramdath S, O’Halloran P, Gerdesmeyer L, Gollwitzer H. Extra-corporeal pulsed-activated therapy (“EPAT” Sound Wave) for Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective study. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2011;50:315–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2011.01.003 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2011.01.003
pubmed: 21406328
Saxena A, Hong BK, Hofer D. Peritenolysis and debridement for main body (Mid-Portion) Achilles tendinopathy in athletic patients: results of 107 procedures. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2017;56:922–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2017.04.020 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.04.020
pubmed: 28579127
Schepsis AA, Leach RE. Surgical management of Achilles tendinitis. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:308–15.
pubmed: 3661810
Calder JDF, Freeman R, Pollock N. Plantaris excision in the treatment of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:1532–4.
pubmed: 25394422
Schepsis AA, Wagner C, Leach RE. Surgical management of Achilles tendon overuse injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:611–9.
pubmed: 7810784
Schneider W, Niehus W, Knahr K. Haglund’s syndrome: disappointing results following surgery—a clinical and radiographic analysis. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:26–30.
pubmed: 10710258
Schon LC, Shores JL, Faro FD, Vora AM, Camire LM, Guyton GP. Flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer in treatment of Achilles tendinosis. J Bone Jt Surg Ser A. 2013;95:54–60.
Sella EJ, Caminear DS, McLarney EA. Haglund’s syndrome. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 1998;37:110–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1067-2516(98)80089-6 .
doi: 10.1016/S1067-2516(98)80089-6
pubmed: 9571457
Sergio F, Catani O, Fusini F, Langella F, Cautiero G, Ponzo I, et al. Treating Haglund’s deformity with percutaneous Achilles tendon decompression: a case series. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2018;8:488–94.
Smith KS, Jones C, Pinter Z, Shah A. Isolated gastrocnemius recession for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Spec. 2018;11:49–53.
pubmed: 28413894
Sobhani S, Zwerver J, van den Heuvel E, Postema K, Dekker R, Hijmans JM. Rocker shoes reduce Achilles tendon load in running and walking in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport [Internet]. 2015;18:133–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.008
pubmed: 24636129
Syvertson P, Dietz E, Matocha M, McMurray J, Baker R, Nasypany A, et al. A treatment-based classification algorithm to treat Achilles tendinopathy: an exploratory case series. J Sport Rehabil. 2017;26:260–8.
pubmed: 27834609
Tallerico VK, Greenhagen RM, Lowery C. Isolated gastrocnemius recession for treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8:260–5.
pubmed: 25389232
Tamam C. Effect of hyperosmolar dextrose injections for treatment of Achilles tendinopathy. Cukurova Med J. 2018;43:70–4.
Calder JDF, Stephen JM, van Dijk CN. Plantaris excision reduces pain in midportion Achilles tendinopathy even in the absence of plantaris tendinosis. Orthop J Sport Med. 2016;4:1–4.
Taylor J, Dunkerley S, Silver D, Redfern A, Talbot N, Sharpe I, et al. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) for refractory Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective audit with 2-year follow up. Foot [Internet]. 2016;26:23–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2015.08.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2015.08.007
pubmed: 26802946
Testa V. Percutaneous longitudinal tenotomy in chronic Achilles tendonitis. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1996;54:241–4.
pubmed: 8731418
Testa V, Capasso G, Benazzo F, Maffulli N. Management of Achilles tendinopathy by ultrasound-guided percutaneous tenotomy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:573–80.
pubmed: 11932562
Vega J, Baduell A, Malagelada F, Allmendinger J, Dalmau-Pastor M. Endoscopic Achilles tendon augmentation with suture anchors after calcaneal exostectomy in Haglund syndrome. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39:551–9.
pubmed: 29519149
Verrall G, Schofield S, Brustad T. Chronic achilles tendinopathy treated with eccentric stretching program. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32:843–9.
pubmed: 22097158
Vulpiani MC, Trischitta D, Trovato P, Vetrano M, Ferretti A. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in Achilles tendinopathy. A long-term follow-up observational study. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2009;49:171–6.
Vulpiani MC, Guzzini M, Ferretti A. Operative treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Int Orthop. 2003;27:307–10.
Wagner E, Gould JS, Kneidel M, Fleisig GS, Fowler R. Technique and results of Achilles tendon detachment and reconstruction for insertional Achilles tendinosis. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:667–84.
Wagner P, Wagner E, Ortiz C, Zanolli D, Keller A, Maffulli N. Achilles tendoscopy for non insertional Achilles tendinopathy. A case series study. Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2019.05.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2019.05.008
pubmed: 31196696
Watson AD, Anderson RB, Davis WH. Comparison of results of retrocalcaneal decompression for retrocalcaneal bursitis and insertional Achilles tendinosis with calcific spur. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:638–42.
pubmed: 10966360
Carulli C, Tonelli F, Innocenti M, Gambardella B, Muncibì F, Innocenti M. Effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in three major tendon diseases. J Orthop Traumatol. 2016;17:15–20.
pubmed: 26135551
Wetke E, Johannsen F, Langberg H. Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective study on the effect of active rehabilitation and steroid injections in a clinical setting. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2015;25:e392–9.
Wheeler PC. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy plus rehabilitation for insertional and noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy shows good results across a range of domains of function. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2019;58:617–22. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2018.11.005 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2018.11.005
pubmed: 30910486
Wu Z, Yao W, Chen S, Li Y. Outcome of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for insertional achilles tendinopathy with and without haglund’s deformity. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1–6.
Xia Z, Yew AKS, Zhang TK, Su HCD, Ng YCS, Rikhraj IS. Surgical correction of Haglund’s triad using a central tendon-splitting approach: a retrospective outcomes study. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2017;56:1132–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2017.05.015 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.05.015
Yeo A, Kendall N, Jayaraman S. Ultrasound-guided dry needling with percutaneous paratenon decompression for chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:2112–8.
Gerstner GJB, Winson I, Campo J, Swords M, Camilo Medina J, Rammelt S, et al. Endoscopic flexor hallucis longus transfer for Achilles noninsertional tendinopathy: description of surgical technique and functional outcomes. Foot Ankle Spec. 2021;14:46–54.
Alfredson H, Spang C. Surgical treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy: results after removal of the subcutaneous bursa alone—a case series. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2020;6:1–4.
Zhang C, Cao J, Yang L, Duan X. Surgical treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy and retrocalcaneal bursitis: more than 1 year of follow-up. J Int Med Res. 2021;49:1–12.
Nielsen TG, Miller LL, Mygind-Klavsen B, Lind M. High-volume image-guided injection in the chronic recalcitrant non-insertional patellar tendinopathy: a retrospective case series. J Exp Orthop. 2020;7:80.
Grigg NL, Wearing SC, O’toole JM, Smeathers JE. Achilles tendinopathy modulates force frequency characteristics of eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:520–6.
pubmed: 23073214
Abate M, Salini V. Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy in runners with metabolic disorders. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol [Internet]. 2019;29:697–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-018-2336-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s00590-018-2336-2
Bernstein DN, Anderson MR, Baumhauer JF, Oh I, Flemister AS, Ketz JP, et al. A comparative analysis of clinical outcomes in noninsertional versus insertional tendinopathy using PROMIS. Foot Ankle Spec [Internet]. 2018;XX:193864001880666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640018806662 .
doi: 10.1177/1938640018806662
Chimenti RL, Flemister AS, Tome J, McMahon JM, Flannery MA, Xue Y, et al. Altered tendon characteristics and mechanical properties associated with insertional achilles tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44:680–9.
pubmed: 25103130
Chimenti RL, Flemister AS, Tome J, McMahon JM, Houck JR. Patients with insertional achilles tendinopathy exhibit differences in ankle biomechanics as opposed to strength and range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46:1051–60.
pubmed: 27796197
De Jonge S, Tol JL, Weir A, Waarsing JH, Verhaar JAN, De Vos RJ. The tendon structure returns to asymptomatic values in nonoperatively treated achilles tendinopathy but is not associated with symptoms. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:2950–8.
pubmed: 26464495
Debenham JR, Travers MJ, Gibson W, Campbell A, Allison GT. Achilles tendinopathy alters stretch shortening cycle behaviour during a sub-maximal hopping task. J Sci Med Sport [Internet]. 2016;19:69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.391 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.391
Gerdesmeyer L, Saxena A, Klueter T, Harrasser N, Fullem B, Krath A. Electromagnetic transduction therapy for Achilles tendinopathy: a preliminary report on a new technology. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2017;56:964–7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2017.06.014 .
doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.06.014
pubmed: 28842106
Santamato A, Beatrice R, Micello MF, Fortunato F, Panza F, Bristogiannis C, et al. Power Doppler ultrasound findings before and after focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study on pain reduction and neovascularization effect. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2019;45:1316–23.
pubmed: 30739723
Stasinopoulos D, Manias P. Comparing two eccentric exercise programmes for the management of Achilles tendinopathy. A pilot trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther [Internet]. 2013;17:309–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.11.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.11.003
pubmed: 23768274
Herrington L, McCulloch R. The role of eccentric training in the management of Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Phys Ther Sport. 2007;8:191–6.
Kearney RS, Parsons N, Costa ML. Achilles tendinopathy management. Bone Jt Res [Internet]. 2013;2:227–32. https://doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.210.2000200 .
doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.210.2000200
Maffulli G, Padulo J, Iuliano E, Furia J, Rompe J, Maffulli N. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the management of insertional Achilles tendinopathy the ASSERT database. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J [Internet]. 2018;8:416–22. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328273911
Oshri Y, Palmanovich E, Brin YS, Karpf R, Massarwe S, Kish B, et al. Chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy: surgical outcomes. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012;2:91–5.
pubmed: 23738280
pmcid: 3666506
Pingel J, Harrison A, Simonsen L, Suetta C, Bülow J, Langberg H. The microvascular volume of the Achilles tendon is increased in patients with tendinopathy at rest and after a 1-hour treadmill run. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:2400–8.
pubmed: 23940204
Bradford B, Rio E, Murphy M, Wells J, Khondoker M, Clarke C, et al. Immediate effects of two isometric calf muscle exercises on mid-portion Achilles tendon pain. Int J Sports Med. 2021;42:1122–27.
pubmed: 33782936
Arquer A, García M, Antonio J, Rius M, Blàvia M. The efficacy and safety of oral mucopolysaccharide, type I collagen and vitamin C treatment in tendinopathy patients. Apunt Med Esport. 2014;49:31–6.
Yontar NS, Aslan L, Can A, Öğüt T. Mid-term results of open debridement and reattachment surgery for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective clinical study. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2020;54:567–71.
pubmed: 33423985
pmcid: 7815215
Bell KJ, Fulcher ML, Rowlands DS, Kerse N. Impact of autologous blood injections in treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ [Internet]. 2013;346:f2310. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2310 .
doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2310
pubmed: 23599320
pmcid: 3629924
Fernandez-Palazzi F, Rivas S, Mujica P. Achilles tendinitis in ballet dancers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;257–61.
Zhang S, Li H, Yao W, Hua Y, Li Y. Therapeutic response of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for insertional Achilles tendinopathy between sports-active and nonsports-active patients with 5-year follow-up. Orthop J Sport Med. 2020;8:1–6.
Vallance P, Crowley L, Vicenzino B, Malliaras P. Contralateral mechanical hyperalgesia and altered pain modulation in men who have unilateral insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a cross-sectional study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract [Internet]. 2021;52:102353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102353 .
doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102353
pubmed: 33636582
Corrigan P, Cortes DH, Pohlig RT, Silbernagel KG. Tendon morphology and mechanical properties are associated with the recovery of symptoms and function in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Orthop J Sport Med [Internet]. 2020;8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120917271 .
doi: 10.1177/2325967120917271
Nawoczenski DA, Diliberto FE, Cantor MS, Tome JM, DiGiovanni BF. Ankle power and endurance outcomes following isolated gastrocnemius recession for Achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37:766–75.
pubmed: 26989087
Dirrichs T, Rath B, Schrading S, Betsch M, Kuhl CK, Gatz M, et al. Shear wave elastography (SWE) for monitoring of treatment of tendinopathies. Acad Radiol [Internet]. 2017;25:265–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2017.09.011 .
doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2017.09.011
pubmed: 29153963
Erroi D, Sigona M, Suarez T, Trischitta D, Pavan A, Vulpiani MC, et al. Conservative treatment for insertional Achilles. 2017;7:98–106. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5505601/pdf/98-106.pdf
Sayana MK, Maffulli N. Eccentric calf muscle training in non-athletic patients with Achilles tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport. 2007;10:52–8.
pubmed: 16828343
Yan BL, Wan Y, Zhang H, Pan MT, Zhou C. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy in long or short course. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:1–7.
Gärdin A, Movin T, Svensson L, Shalabi A. The long-term clinical and MRI results following eccentric calf muscle training in chronic Achilles tendinosis. Skeletal Radiol. 2010;39:435–42.
pubmed: 19774375
Kumai T, Muneta T, Tsuchiya A, Shiraishi M, Ishizaki Y, Sugimoto K, et al. The short-term effect after a single injection of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid in patients with enthesopathies (lateral epicondylitis, patellar tendinopathy, insertional Achilles tendinopathy, and plantar fasciitis): a preliminary study. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19:603–11.
pubmed: 24817495
Ioannidis JPA, Greenland S, Hlatky MA, Khoury MJ, Macleod MR, Moher D, et al. Increasing value and reducing waste in research design, conduct, and analysis. Lancet. 2014;383:166–75.
pubmed: 24411645
pmcid: 4697939
Williamson PR, Altman DG, Bagley H, Barnes KL, Blazeby JM, Brookes ST, et al. The COMET Handbook: Version 1.0. Trials. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2017. p. 1–50.
Matthews W, Ellis R, Furness J, Hing W. Classification of tendon matrix change using ultrasound imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2018;44:2059–80.
pubmed: 30007477
Öhberg L, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Eccentric training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis: normalised tendon structure and decreased thickness at follow up. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:8–11.
pubmed: 14751936
pmcid: 1724744
De Vos RJ, Van Der Vlist AC, Winters M, Van Der Giesen F, Weir A. Diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy is like delicious spaghetti carbonara: it is all about key ingredients, but not all chefs use the same recipe. Br J Sports Med. 2020;55:247–8.
pubmed: 33055134