Gingival pigmentation: Concurrent assessment of distribution, intensity, and extent in a black population.
cross-sectional studies
gingiva
melanins
pigmentation
skin pigmentation
Journal
Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.]
ISSN: 1708-8240
Titre abrégé: J Esthet Restor Dent
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101096515
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 2022
09 2022
Historique:
revised:
11
10
2021
received:
26
08
2021
accepted:
15
11
2021
pubmed:
27
11
2021
medline:
27
8
2022
entrez:
26
11
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
To evaluate prevalence, distribution, intensity and extent of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation (GMP) in black individuals. For this cross-sectional study, GMP was evaluated on digital images by three calibrated examiners, according to de Krom (distribution), DOPI (intensity) and Melanin Index (extent) classifications. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Two-way ANOVA, chi square, and K-means cluster analysis were used. Seventy participants were recruited. The most prevalent GMP categories were: de Krom category 2 (34.3%), DOPI heavy intensity (57.2%), and Melanin index Degree IV (50%). Significant inter-group differences were found for age (p < 0.05) but not gender (p > 0.05). Significant correspondence/overlap was observed between classifications (p > 0.05). Three GMP clusters were identified: Cluster 1 (27%; n = 19) had mild asymmetric and interspersed pigmentation; Cluster 2 (46%; n = 32) had heavy pigmentation in one long continuous ribbon, with pink marginal gingiva; and Cluster 3 (27%; n = 19) had heavy pigmentation in one long continuous ribbon, symmetric, and uniform. There may be overlap among GMP classification systems. In black individuals, the predominant GMP presentation is one of a broad zone of heavily pigmented attached gingiva, in a continuous strip from central incisors to canines, symmetrical across the midline, and with pink free marginal gingiva. This is the first study to analyze distribution, intensity, and extent of gingival melanin pigmentation in the same population and to integrate the various classification systems through cluster analysis. The novel findings provide a foundation for patient assessment and counseling and for future studies.
Substances chimiques
Melanins
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Pagination
897-906Informations de copyright
© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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