Enhancing Discovery of Genetic Variants for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Through Integration of Quantitative Phenotypes and Trauma Exposure Information.


Journal

Biological psychiatry
ISSN: 1873-2402
Titre abrégé: Biol Psychiatry
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0213264

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 04 2022
Historique:
received: 28 04 2021
revised: 25 08 2021
accepted: 21 09 2021
pubmed: 7 12 2021
medline: 6 4 2022
entrez: 6 12 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is heritable and a potential consequence of exposure to traumatic stress. Evidence suggests that a quantitative approach to PTSD phenotype measurement and incorporation of lifetime trauma exposure (LTE) information could enhance the discovery power of PTSD genome-wide association studies (GWASs). A GWAS on PTSD symptoms was performed in 51 cohorts followed by a fixed-effects meta-analysis (N = 182,199 European ancestry participants). A GWAS of LTE burden was performed in the UK Biobank cohort (N = 132,988). Genetic correlations were evaluated with linkage disequilibrium score regression. Multivariate analysis was performed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS. Functional mapping and annotation of leading loci was performed with FUMA. Replication was evaluated using the Million Veteran Program GWAS of PTSD total symptoms. GWASs of PTSD symptoms and LTE burden identified 5 and 6 independent genome-wide significant loci, respectively. There was a 72% genetic correlation between PTSD and LTE. PTSD and LTE showed largely similar patterns of genetic correlation with other traits, albeit with some distinctions. Adjusting PTSD for LTE reduced PTSD heritability by 31%. Multivariate analysis of PTSD and LTE increased the effective sample size of the PTSD GWAS by 20% and identified 4 additional loci. Four of these 9 PTSD loci were independently replicated in the Million Veteran Program. Through using a quantitative trait measure of PTSD, we identified novel risk loci not previously identified using prior case-control analyses. PTSD and LTE have a high genetic overlap that can be leveraged to increase discovery power through multivariate methods.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is heritable and a potential consequence of exposure to traumatic stress. Evidence suggests that a quantitative approach to PTSD phenotype measurement and incorporation of lifetime trauma exposure (LTE) information could enhance the discovery power of PTSD genome-wide association studies (GWASs).
METHODS
A GWAS on PTSD symptoms was performed in 51 cohorts followed by a fixed-effects meta-analysis (N = 182,199 European ancestry participants). A GWAS of LTE burden was performed in the UK Biobank cohort (N = 132,988). Genetic correlations were evaluated with linkage disequilibrium score regression. Multivariate analysis was performed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS. Functional mapping and annotation of leading loci was performed with FUMA. Replication was evaluated using the Million Veteran Program GWAS of PTSD total symptoms.
RESULTS
GWASs of PTSD symptoms and LTE burden identified 5 and 6 independent genome-wide significant loci, respectively. There was a 72% genetic correlation between PTSD and LTE. PTSD and LTE showed largely similar patterns of genetic correlation with other traits, albeit with some distinctions. Adjusting PTSD for LTE reduced PTSD heritability by 31%. Multivariate analysis of PTSD and LTE increased the effective sample size of the PTSD GWAS by 20% and identified 4 additional loci. Four of these 9 PTSD loci were independently replicated in the Million Veteran Program.
CONCLUSIONS
Through using a quantitative trait measure of PTSD, we identified novel risk loci not previously identified using prior case-control analyses. PTSD and LTE have a high genetic overlap that can be leveraged to increase discovery power through multivariate methods.

Identifiants

pubmed: 34865855
pii: S0006-3223(21)01632-2
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.020
pmc: PMC8917986
mid: NIHMS1763555
pii:
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

626-636

Subventions

Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_PC_17228
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : RRD VA
ID : IK2 RX002922
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH091391
Pays : United States
Organisme : BLRD VA
ID : I21 BX005872
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : U01 MH109539
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R01 MH106595
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG064955
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : K23 MH117278
Pays : United States
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/L010305/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : BLRD VA
ID : I01 BX004312
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : R01 DA017846
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : K01 MH118467
Pays : United States
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_QA137853
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG022381
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG050595
Pays : United States

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : ErratumIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2021 Society of Biological Psychiatry. All rights reserved.

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Auteurs

Adam X Maihofer (AX)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California. Electronic address: amaihofer@health.ucsd.edu.

Karmel W Choi (KW)

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Jonathan R I Coleman (JRI)

Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.

Nikolaos P Daskalakis (NP)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Christy A Denckla (CA)

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Elizabeth Ketema (E)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.

Rajendra A Morey (RA)

Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

Renato Polimanti (R)

Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

Andrew Ratanatharathorn (A)

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York.

Katy Torres (K)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.

Aliza P Wingo (AP)

Division of Mental Health, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Clement C Zai (CC)

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Molecular Brain Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Allison E Aiello (AE)

Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Lynn M Almli (LM)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Ananda B Amstadter (AB)

Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, Virginia.

Soren B Andersen (SB)

Research and Knowledge Centre, The Danish Veteran Centre, Ringsted, Denmark.

Ole A Andreassen (OA)

Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Paul A Arbisi (PA)

Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Allison E Ashley-Koch (AE)

Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

S Bryn Austin (SB)

Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Esmina Avdibegović (E)

Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Anders D Borglum (AD)

Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.

Dragan Babić (D)

Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Marie Bækvad-Hansen (M)

The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Dewleen G Baker (DG)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.

Jean C Beckham (JC)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Laura J Bierut (LJ)

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Jonathan I Bisson (JI)

Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Marco P Boks (MP)

Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Elizabeth A Bolger (EA)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Bekh Bradley (B)

Mental Health Services, Decatur, Georgia; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Meghan Brashear (M)

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Gerome Breen (G)

Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.

Richard A Bryant (RA)

Department of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Angela C Bustamante (AC)

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm (J)

The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Joseph R Calabrese (JR)

Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.

José M Caldas-de-Almeida (JM)

Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.

Chia-Yen Chen (CY)

Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Anders M Dale (AM)

Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.

Shareefa Dalvie (S)

South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Jürgen Deckert (J)

Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Douglas L Delahanty (DL)

Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; Research and Sponsored Programs, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.

Michelle F Dennis (MF)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Seth G Disner (SG)

Research Service Line, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Katharina Domschke (K)

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Laramie E Duncan (LE)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

Alma Džubur Kulenović (A)

Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Christopher R Erbes (CR)

Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Alexandra Evans (A)

Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Lindsay A Farrer (LA)

Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.

Norah C Feeny (NC)

Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.

Janine D Flory (JD)

Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.

David Forbes (D)

Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Carol E Franz (CE)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.

Sandro Galea (S)

Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.

Melanie E Garrett (ME)

Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

Aarti Gautam (A)

Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Bizu Gelaye (B)

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.

Joel Gelernter (J)

Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

Elbert Geuze (E)

Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Charles F Gillespie (CF)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Aferdita Goçi (A)

Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo.

Scott D Gordon (SD)

Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Guia Guffanti (G)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Rasha Hammamieh (R)

Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Michael A Hauser (MA)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

Andrew C Heath (AC)

Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Sian M J Hemmings (SMJ)

South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.

David Michael Hougaard (DM)

The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Miro Jakovljević (M)

Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

Marti Jett (M)

Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Eric Otto Johnson (EO)

GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Fellows Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Ian Jones (I)

Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Tanja Jovanovic (T)

Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Xue-Jun Qin (XJ)

Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

Karen-Inge Karstoft (KI)

Research and Knowledge Centre, The Danish Veteran Centre, Ringsted, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Milissa L Kaufman (ML)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Ronald C Kessler (RC)

Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Alaptagin Khan (A)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Nathan A Kimbrel (NA)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Mental Health Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Anthony P King (AP)

Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Nastassja Koen (N)

South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.

Henry R Kranzler (HR)

Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

William S Kremen (WS)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.

Bruce R Lawford (BR)

School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

Lauren A M Lebois (LAM)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Catrin Lewis (C)

Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Israel Liberzon (I)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas.

Sarah D Linnstaedt (SD)

Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Mark W Logue (MW)

Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.

Adriana Lori (A)

Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Božo Lugonja (B)

Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Jurjen J Luykx (JJ)

Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Michael J Lyons (MJ)

Dean of Students' Office, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.

Jessica L Maples-Keller (JL)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Charles Marmar (C)

Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York.

Nicholas G Martin (NG)

Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Douglas Maurer (D)

Command, United States Army, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

Matig R Mavissakalian (MR)

Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.

Alexander McFarlane (A)

Centre for Traumatic Stress Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Regina E McGlinchey (RE)

Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.

Katie A McLaughlin (KA)

Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Samuel A McLean (SA)

Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Divya Mehta (D)

School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

Rebecca Mellor (R)

Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia.

Vasiliki Michopoulos (V)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

William Milberg (W)

Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.

Mark W Miller (MW)

Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.

Charles Phillip Morris (CP)

School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

Ole Mors (O)

Psychosis Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.

Preben B Mortensen (PB)

Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.

Elliot C Nelson (EC)

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Merete Nordentoft (M)

The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Sonya B Norman (SB)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Executive Division, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, White River Junction, Vermont.

Meaghan O'Donnell (M)

Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Holly K Orcutt (HK)

Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois.

Matthew S Panizzon (MS)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.

Edward S Peters (ES)

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Alan L Peterson (AL)

Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.

Matthew Peverill (M)

Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Robert H Pietrzak (RH)

National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

Melissa A Polusny (MA)

Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

John P Rice (JP)

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Victoria B Risbrough (VB)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.

Andrea L Roberts (AL)

Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.

Alex O Rothbaum (AO)

Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.

Barbara O Rothbaum (BO)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Peter Roy-Byrne (P)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Kenneth J Ruggiero (KJ)

Department of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.

Ariane Rung (A)

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Bart P F Rutten (BPF)

Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.

Nancy L Saccone (NL)

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Sixto E Sanchez (SE)

Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Peru.

Dick Schijven (D)

Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Soraya Seedat (S)

South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.

Antonia V Seligowski (AV)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Julia S Seng (JS)

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Christina M Sheerin (CM)

Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, Virginia.

Derrick Silove (D)

Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Alicia K Smith (AK)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Jordan W Smoller (JW)

Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Scott R Sponheim (SR)

Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Dan J Stein (DJ)

South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.

Jennifer S Stevens (JS)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Martin H Teicher (MH)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Wesley K Thompson (WK)

Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark.

Edward Trapido (E)

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Monica Uddin (M)

Genomics Program, University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida.

Robert J Ursano (RJ)

Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland.

Leigh Luella van den Heuvel (LL)

South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.

Miranda Van Hooff (M)

Centre for Traumatic Stress Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Eric Vermetten (E)

Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Research Expert Group, Diemen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.

Christiaan H Vinkers (CH)

Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Joanne Voisey (J)

School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

Yunpeng Wang (Y)

The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Zhewu Wang (Z)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Mental Health, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina.

Thomas Werge (T)

The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Michelle A Williams (MA)

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.

Douglas E Williamson (DE)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Sherry Winternitz (S)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.

Christiane Wolf (C)

Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Erika J Wolf (EJ)

Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.

Rachel Yehuda (R)

Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Mental Health, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx.

Keith A Young (KA)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas; Department of Psychiatry, Baylor Scott & White Health Central Texas Division, Temple, Texas; Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Waco, Texas.

Ross McD Young (RM)

School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

Hongyu Zhao (H)

Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Lori A Zoellner (LA)

Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Magali Haas (M)

Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Heather Lasseter (H)

Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Allison C Provost (AC)

Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Rany M Salem (RM)

Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.

Jonathan Sebat (J)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

Richard A Shaffer (RA)

Department of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California.

Tianying Wu (T)

Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, California.

Stephan Ripke (S)

Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.

Mark J Daly (MJ)

Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Kerry J Ressler (KJ)

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

Karestan C Koenen (KC)

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Murray B Stein (MB)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.

Caroline M Nievergelt (CM)

Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.

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