Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions.
TME targeting therapy
anti-tumor immune responses
antigen presentation
cytokines
immune checkpoint
immune evasion
metabolism
tumor microenvironment
Journal
International journal of molecular sciences
ISSN: 1422-0067
Titre abrégé: Int J Mol Sci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101092791
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 Dec 2021
10 Dec 2021
Historique:
received:
22
09
2021
revised:
03
12
2021
accepted:
05
12
2021
entrez:
24
12
2021
pubmed:
25
12
2021
medline:
11
1
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34948104
pii: ijms222413311
doi: 10.3390/ijms222413311
pmc: PMC8706102
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : DOC Fellowship Programme of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
ID : 25690
Organisme : FWF Austrian Science Fund
ID : T923-B26
Organisme : Oesterreichische Nationalbank
ID : 18517
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