Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and youth firesetting: A call on criminal justice, emergency responder, and fire prevention specialists to become informed.
FASD
firesetting
forensic mental health
forensic psychiatry
intervention
Journal
Behavioral sciences & the law
ISSN: 1099-0798
Titre abrégé: Behav Sci Law
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8404861
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Feb 2022
Feb 2022
Historique:
revised:
08
10
2021
received:
08
04
2021
accepted:
20
11
2021
pubmed:
29
12
2021
medline:
8
2
2022
entrez:
28
12
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Central nervous system damage resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol, often referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), commonly manifests as lacking cognitive functioning, problem solving, impulsivity, memory, executive functioning, and social skill deficits. For individuals with FASD, these brain-based deficits translate into impulsive behaviors and poorly thought-out decision-making, coupled with an inability to anticipate and recognize the sometimes very severe consequences of their behaviors. Not unexpectedly, individuals with FASD frequently find themselves disproportionately involved in the criminal justice system and mental health services. For some individuals with FASD, these behaviors can also include firesetting. First responders, like other health and legal professionals, are often unable to recognize the behavioral indicators of FASD, primarily due to a lack of training. As a result, firesetting behaviors are often attributed to deliberate, willful acts of delinquency, a desire to damage property, thrill seeking, or as attempts for personal gain, rather than being viewed as maladaptive attempts to solve problems by individuals who lack the tools to do this in more appropriate ways. These same skill deficits also present when individuals with FASD are interviewed about their involvement in such behaviors, sometimes resulting in confabulation, suggestibility, and false confessions. Further education and training in FASD are vital for first responders if they are to better support individuals with FASD and minimize their chances of becoming involved in firesetting behaviors. Furthermore, this training and education will help ensure that first responders can intervene in more appropriately when crisis situations do occur. This article will outline key behavioral symptoms of FASD as well as provide first responders with suggestions as to how to best support individuals when FASD is suspected. The brief quote that follows highlights some of the key challenges facing individuals with FASD and how poor decision-making and impulsiveness can result in severe consequences for the individual and those around them.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
186-217Informations de copyright
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Adler, J., Rissmann, A., Kropf, S., Mohnicke, K., Taneva, E., Ansorge, T., Zenker, M., & Wex, T. (2021). Estimated prevalence of harmful alcohol consumption in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Saxony-Anhalt (North-East Germany) using biomarkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 45, 819-827. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14567
Allely, C. S., & Mukherjee, R. (2019). Suggestibility, false confessions and competency to stand trial in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Current concerns and recommendations. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 9(4), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcp-11-2019-050
Andrew, G. (2011). Diagnosis of FASD: An overview. In E. P. Riley, S. Clarren, J. Weinberg, & E. Jonsson (Eds.), Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Management and Policy Perspectives of FASD (pp. 127-148).
Aragón, A. S., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D., Barela-Scott, L. M., Tabachnick, B. G., & May, P. A. (2008). Neurophsychological study of FASD in a sample of American Indian children: Processing simple versus complex information. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(12), 2136-2148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00802.x
Aspler, J., Bogossian, A., & Racine, E. (2021). “It’s ignorant stereotypes”: Key stakeholder perspectives on stereotypes associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, alcohol, and pregnancy. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2020.1865649
Astley, S. J. (2000). Diagnosing the full spectrum of fetal alcohol-exposed individuals: Introducing the 4-digit diagnostic code. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 35, 400-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.4.400
Bagley, K. (2019). Responding to FASD: What social and community service professionals do in the absence of diagnostic services and practice standards. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 12(1/2), 14-26.
Barnoux, M., Gannon, T. A., & O'Ciardha, C. (2015). A descriptive model of the offence chain for imprisoned adult male firesetters. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(1), 48-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12071
Barrowcliffe, E. R., & Gannon, T. A. (2016). Comparing the psychological characteristics of un-apprehended firesetters and non-firesetters living in the UK. Psychology, Crime and Law, 22(4), 382-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2015.1111365
Bartholow, S. (2012). 11-Year-old boy accused of fatally stabbing friend found mentally incompetent to stand trial. Santee, CA Patch. https://patch.com/california/santee/mental-competency-hearing-for-12-year-old-boy-accused2783aea134
Becker, K. D., Stuewig, J., Herrera, V. M., & McCloskey, L. A. (2004). A study of firesetting and animal cruelty in children: Family influences and adolescent outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(7), 905-912. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000128786.70992.9b
Becker, M., Warr-Leeper, G. A., & Leeper, H. A. (1990). Fetal alcohol syndrome: A description of oral motor, articulatory, short-term memory, grammatical, and semantic abilities. Journal of Communication Disorders, 23(2), 97-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(90)90016-r
Benz, J., Rasmussen, C., & Andrew, G. (2009). Diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: History, challenges and future directions. Paediatrics and Child Health, 14(4), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/14.4.231
Bishop, S., Gahagan, S., & Lord, C. (2007). Re-examining and core features of autism: A comparison of autism spectrum disorder and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(11), 1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01782.x
Blackburn, C., & Whitehurst, T. (2010). Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): Raising awareness in early years settings. British Journal of Special Education, 37(3), 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8578.2010.00471.x
Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2017). The psychology of criminal conduct (6th ed.). Routledge.
Bower, C., Watkins, R. E., Mutch, R. C., Marriott, R., Freeman, J., Kippin, N. R., Safe, B., Pestell, C., Cheung, C. S. C., Shield, H., Tarratt, L., Springall, A., Taylor, J., Walker, N., Argiro, E., Leitão, S., Hamilton, S., Condon, C., Passmore, H. M., & Giglia, R. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and youth justice: A prevalence study among young people sentenced to detention in Western Australia. BMJ Open, 8(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019605
Brereton, A. L., Lamade, R. V., Lee, A. F., Schuler, A., & Prentky, R. A. (2020). Retrospective study of fire setting among boys in a child welfare sample. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 18(3), 256-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020906425
Brintnell, E. S., Sawhney, A. S., Bailey, P. G., Nelson, M., Pike, A. D., & Wielandt, P. (2019). Corrections and connection to the community: A diagnostic and service program for incarcerated adult men with FASD. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 64, 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.12.005
Brown, J. (2017). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and confabulation: A clinical, forensic, and judicial dilemma. Journal of Special Populations, 1(2), 1-11.
Brown, J., Charette, C., Wartnik, A., Porth, D., Osmonson, K., Freeman, N., Dodson, K., Martindale, J., Kulp, J., Yurceck, A., Russell, A., Quinby, E., & Vorlicky, K. (2016). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and firesetting behaviors: A guide for criminal justice, fire, and forensic professionals. The Journal of Special Populations, 1(2), 1-28. https://www.researchgate.net
Brown, J., Cich, J., & Singh, J. (2017). Perceptions of FASD by Minnesota public defenders. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 11(4), 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1108/amhid-12-2016-0041
Brown, J., & Harr, D. (2018). Perceptions of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) at a mental health outpatient treatment provider in Minnesota. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010016
Brown, J., Huntley, D., Asp, E., Wiley, C., Cich, J., & Morgan, S. (2017). Confabulation: Implications for criminal justice, forensic mental health, and legal professionals. Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience, 8(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000217
Brown, J., Neal, D., Carter, M. N., & Louie, J. (2019). Sex offender treatment professional perceptions of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in the Midwest. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 66, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101476
Brown, J., Porth, D., Osmonson, K., & Eckberg, A. (2017). Coordinated intervention strategies: Strike against youth firesetting. Youth-Firesetting-4.pdf (emergency-services.ie).
Brown, J., Russell, A., Wartnik, A., Hesse, M. L., Huntley, D., Rafferty-Bugher, E., & Andrews, T. (2015). FASD and the juvenile justice system: A need for increased awareness. Journal of Law Enforcement, 4(6).
Brown, J., Trnka, A., Harr, D., Dodson, K. D., Wartnik, H. A. P., & Donaldson, K. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): A beginner’s guide for mental health professionals. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 2(1), 13-19.
Brown, J. D., & Bednar, L. M. (2004). Challenges of parenting children with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A concept map. Journal of Family Social Work, 8(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1300/j039v08n03_01
Brown, N. N., Connor, P. D., & Adler, R. S. (2012). Conduct-disordered adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(6), 770-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854812437919
Brown, N. N., Gudjonsson, G., & Connor, P. (2011). Suggestibility and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: I'll tell you anything you want to hear. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 39(1), 39-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318531103900103
Brown, N. N., Wartnik, A. P., Connor, P. D., & Adler, R. S. (2010). A proposed model standard for forensic assessment of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 38(4), 383-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318531003800403
Buckard, J. (2021). Social care issues and complex family relationships intertwined with FASD. In R. A. S. Mukherjee & N. Aiton (Eds), Prevention, recognition and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (pp. 339-357). Springer.
Burd, L., Fast, D. K., Conry, J., & Williams, A. (2010). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder as a marker for increased risk of involvement with correction systems. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 38(4), 559-583. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318531003800408
Burden, M. J., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2005). Relation of prenatal alcohol exposure to cognitive processing speed and efficiency in childhood. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(8), 1473-1483.
Burlin, G. S. (2007). An examination of juvenile firesetting and the reasons that kids set fires.
Burnett, A. L., & Omar, H. A. (2014). Firesetting and maltreatment: A review. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 7(2), 99-114. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub/175
Burton, P. R., McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (2012). Firesetting, arson, pyromania, and the forensic mental health expert. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Online, 40(3), 355-365.
Campbell, R. (2014). Intentional fires. National Fire Protection Association, Fire Analysis and Research Division.
Canter, D., & Fritzon, K. (1998). Differentiating arsonists: A model of firesetting actions and characteristics. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 73-96.
Caprara, G. V., Paciello, M., Gerbino, M., & Cugini, C. (2007). Individual differences conducive to aggression and violence: Trajectories and correlates of irritability and hostile rumination through adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 33(4), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20192
Carr, J. L., Agnihotri, S., & Keightley, M. (2010). Sensory processing and adaptive behavior deficits of children across the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder continuum. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34(6), 1022-1032. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01177.x
Chae, Y., Goodman, G. S., Eisen, M. L., & Qin, J. (2011). Event memory and suggestibility in abused and neglected children: Trauma-related psychopathology and cognitive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(4), 520-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.05.006
Chandrasena, A. N., Mukherjee, R. A. S., & Turk, J. (2009). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview of interventions for affected individuals. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 14(4), 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00504.x
Charness, M. E., Riley, E. P., & Sowell, E. R. (2016). Drinking during pregnancy and the developing brain: Is any amount safe? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(2), 80-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.011
Chasnoff, I. J., Wells, A. M., & King, L. (2015). Misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses in foster and adopted children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Pediatrics, 135(2), 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2171
Chudley, A. E., Conry, J., Cook, J. L., Loock, C., Rosales, T., & LeBlanc, N. (2005). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172(5), S1-S21.
Clarke, E., Lutke, J., Minnes, P., & Ouellette-Kuntz, H. (2004). Secondary disabilities among adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in British Columbia. Journal of FAS International, 2, 1-12. https://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/188/3/191.full.pdf
Coggins, T. E., Friet, T., & Morgan, T. (1998). Analysing narrative productions in older school-age children and adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome: An experimental tool for clinical applications. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 12(3), 221-236. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699209808985223
Coggins, T. E., Timler, G. R., & Olswang, L. B. (2007). A state of double jeopardy: Impact of prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse environments on the social communicative abilities of School-Age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 38(2), 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2007/012
Coles, C. D., & Platzman, K. A. (1993). Behavioral development in children prenatally exposed to drugs and alcohol. International Journal of the Addictions, 28, 1393-1433. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089309062192
Coles, C. D., Platzman, K. A., Raskind-Hood, C. L., Brown, R. T., Falexk, A., & Smith, I. E. (1997). A comparison of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21(1), 150-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03743.x
Conry, J. L., & Fast, D. K. (2000). Fetal alcohol syndrome and the criminal justice system. The Law Foundation of British Columbia.
Cook, J. L., Green, C. R., Lilley, C. M., Anderson, S. M., Baldwin, M. E., Chudley, A. E., Conry, J. L., LeBlanc, N., Loock, C. A., Lutke, J., Mallon, B. F., McFarlane, A. A., Temple, V. K., & Rosales, T. (2016). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188(3), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141593
Corrado, R., & Freedman, L. (2011). Risk profiles, trajectories, and intervention points for serious and chronic young offenders. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2(21), 197-232. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs22.120117706
Crocker, N., Vaurio, L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2011). Comparison of verbal learning and memory in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(6), 1114-1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01444.x
Dagher-Margosian, J. (1997). Representing the FAS client in a criminal case. In A. P. Streissguth, & J. Kanter (Eds.). The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome: Overcoming secondary disabilities. University of Washington Press.
Del Bove, G. (2005). An empirically derived classification system for juvenile firesetters: Implications for firesetting behavior, mental health, outcome and treatment. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 66(10-A), 3564.
Del Bove, G., Caprara, G. V., Pastorelli, C., & Paciello, M. (2008). Juvenile firesetting in Italy: Relationship to aggression, psychopathology, personality, self-efficacy, and school functioning. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(4), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0664-6
Del Bove, G., & Mackay, S. (2011). An empirically derived classification system for juvenile firesetters. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(8), 796-817. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811406224
Dickens, G., Sugarman, P., Edgar, S., Hofberg, K., Tewari, S., & Ahmad, F. (2009). Recidivism and dangerousness in arsonists. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 20, 621-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940903174006
Doley, R. M., Fineman, K., Fritzon, K., Dolan, M., & McEwan, T. (2011). Risk factors for recidivistic arson in adult offenders. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18, 409-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2011.559155
Doyle, L. R., Moore, E. M., Coles, C. D., Kable, J. A., Sowell, E. R., Wozniak, J. R., Jones, K. L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2018). Executive functioning correlates with communication ability in youth with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(10), 1026-1037. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718000772
Drake, K. E. (2010). Interrogative suggestibility: Life adversity, neuroticism, and compliance. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.030
Drake, K. E. (2014). The role of trait anxiety in the association between the reporting of negative life events and interrogative suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.018
Dubienski, N. (Ed.). (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome/effects: Booklet 1. The Family Support Working Group of the Committee on Alcohol and Pregnancy and the Fetal Alcohol Support Network of Manitoba.
Ducat, L., McEwan, T. E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2015). An investigation of firesetting recidivism: Factors related to repeat firesetting. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12052
Edwards, W. J., & Greenspan, S. (2010). Adaptive behavior and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 38, 419-447. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318531003800404
Ekbrand, H., & Uhnoo, S. (2015). Juvenile firesetting in schools. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(10), 1291-1308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1039970
Ellithy, A., Hawke, L. D., Ward, A., & Henderson, J. (2021). The study of developmental risk factors for early fire involvement. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01122-9
Ernst, C. C., Grant, T. M., Streissguth, A. P., & Sampson, P. D. (1999). Intervention with highrisk alcohol and drug-abusing mothers: II. Three-year findings from the Seattle model of paraprofessional advocacy. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199901)27:1<19::AID-JCOP2>3.0.CO;2-K
Fagerlund, Å., Autti-Rämö, I., Hoyme, H. E., Mattson, S. N., & Korkman, M. (2011). Risk factors for behavioural problems in foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Acta Paediatrica, 100(11), 1481-1488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02354.x
Fagerlund, Å., Ilona, A.-R., Mirjam, K., Pekka, S., Eugene, H. H., Sarah, M. N., & Marit, K. (2012). Adaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A comparison with specific learning disability and typical development. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(4), 221-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0256-y
Fast, D., Conry, J., & Loock, C. A. (1999). Identifying fetal alcohol syndrome among youth in the criminal justice system. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20(5), 370-372. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199910000-00012
Fast, D. K., & Conry, J. (2009). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the criminal justice system. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 15, 250-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.66
Fast, D. K., & Conry, J. L. (2004). The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in the criminal legal system. Addiction Biology, 9, 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556210410001717042
Fineman, K. R. (1980). Firesetting in childhood and adolescence. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 3, 483-500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00040
Fineman, K. R. (1995). A model for the qualitative analysis of child and adult fire deviant behavior. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 13, 31-60. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-29467-001
Fjeldsted, B., & Hanlon-Dearman, A. (2009). Sensory processing and sleep challenges in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Occupational Therapy Now, 11(5), 26-28.
Fjeldsted, B., & Xue, L. (2019). Sensory processing in young children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 39(5), 553-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2019.1573775
Flannigan, K., Pei, J., Rasmussen, C., Potts, S., & O’Riordan, T. (2018). A unique response to offenders with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Perceptions of the Alexis FASD Justice Program. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 60(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2016-0021.r2
Flannigan, K., Pei, J., Stewart, M., & Johnson, A. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system: A research summary. Journal of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 48-52. https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-2959/2018/4.1159
Franklin, L., Deitz, J., Jirikowic, T., & Astley, S. (2008). Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Problem behaviors and sensory processing. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(3), 265-273.
Gagnier, K. R., Moore, T. E., & Green, J. M. (2011). A need for closer examination of FASD by the criminal justice system: Has the call been answered? Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 18(3), 426-439.
Gannon, T. A., & Pina, A. (2010). Firesetting: Psychopathology, theory and treatment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(3), 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.01.001
Gannon, T. A., Ó Ciardha, C., Doley, R. M., & Alleyne, E. (2012). The multi-trajectory theory of adult firesetting. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.08.001
Ganthous, G., Rossi, N. F., & Giacheti, C. M. (2017). Oral narrative of individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. CoDAS, 29(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20172017012
Garcia, R., Rossi, N. F., & Giacheti, C. M. (2007). Perfil de habilidades de comunicação de dois irmãos com a síndrome alcoólica fetal. Revista CEFAC, 9(4), 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462007000400005
Gibbard, W. B., Wass, P., & Clarke, M. E. (2003). The neuropsychological implications of prenatal alcohol exposure. Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review, 12(3), 72-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582737/
Gibbs, A., & Sherwood, K. (2017). Putting fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) on the map in New Zealand: A review of health, social, political, justice and cultural developments. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(6), 825-842. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2017.1315784
Gordon, F., & Madore, E. (2021). Prosecutorial decision-making and practice: Victims and Witnesses with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. In Evaluating fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the forensic context (pp. 443-464). Springer.
Green, C. R., Mihic, A. M., Nikkel, S. M., Stade, B. C., Rasmussen, C., Munozm, D. P., & Reynolds, J. N. (2009). Executive function deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) Measured during the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(6), 688-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01990.x
Green, C. R., Roane, J., Hewitt, A., Muhajarine, N., Mushquash, C., Sourander, A., Lingley-Pottie, P., McGrath, P., & Reynolds, J. N. (2014). Frequent behavioural challenges in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A needs-based assessment reported by caregivers and clinicians. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 21, e405-e420. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25658693/
Green, J. H. (2007). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Understanding the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and supporting students. Journal of School Health, 77(3), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00178.x
Greenspan, S., & Woods, G. (2018). Social incompetence of FASD offenders: Risk-awareness as a factor in criminal culpability. In Ethical and legal perspectives in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) (pp. 127-143). Springer.
Gudjonsson, G. H., Sigurdsson, J. F., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Young, S. (2012). False confessions to police and their relationship with conduct disorder, ADHD, and life adversity. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 696-701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.025
Haner, D., McGinn, V., & Harris, K. (2021). Psychological assessment for juvenile courts. In Evaluating fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the forensic context (pp. 285-307). Springer.
Hanlon-Dearman, A. C. (2021). How FASD presents across the lifespan. In Prevention, recognition and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (pp. 85-102). Springer.
Heath, G. A., Hardesty, V. A., Goldfine, P. E., & Walker, A. M. (1985). Diagnosis and childhood firesetting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(4), 571-575. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198507)41:4<571::AID-JCLP2270410421>3.0.CO;2-K
Helgesson, G., Bertilsson, G., Domeij, H., Fahlström, G., Heintz, E., Hjern, A., Nehlin Gordh, C., Nordin, V., Rangmar, J., Rydell, A.-M., Wahlsten, V. S., & Hultcrantz, M. (2018). Ethical aspects of diagnosis and interventions for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and their families. BMC Medical Ethics, 19(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0242-5
Hughes, N., Clasby, B., Chitsabesan, P., Williams, H., & Walla, P. (2016). A systematic review of the prevalence of foetal alcohol syndrome disorders among young people in the criminal justice system. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1214213
Icove, D. J., & Estepp, M. H. (1987). Motive-based offender profiles of arson and fire-related crimes. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 56, 17-23.
Insurance Information Institute. (2021). Facts + statistics: Fire. Facts + statistics: Fire. https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-fire
International Association of Firefighters. (2020). Youth firesetting a growing public safety concern. https://www.iaff.org/blog/youth-firesetting-a-growing-public-safety-concern/
Jirikowic, T., Kartin, D., & Olson, H. C. (2008). Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A descriptive profile of adaptive function. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75(4), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740807500411
Jirikowic, T., Olson, H. C., & Astley, S. (2012). Parenting stress and sensory processing: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 32(4), 160-168. https://doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20120203-01
Jirikowic, T., Olson, H. C., & Kartin, D. (2008). Sensory processing, school performance, and adaptive behavior of young school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 28(2), 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942630802031800
Johansen-Hill, Z. (2019). Proportionate justice: An examination of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the principles of sentencing in Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Law Review, 82, 75.
Johnson, R. S., & Netherton, E. (2017). Fire setting and the impulse-control disorder of pyromania. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal, 11(7), 14-16.
Kalberg, W. O., & Buckley, D. (2007). FASD: What types of intervention and rehabilitation are useful? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 31(2), 278-285.
Kazdin, A. E., & Kolko, D. J. (1986). Parent psychopathology and family functioning among childhood firesetters. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(2), 315-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00915449
Kelly, S. J., Day, N., & Streissguth, A. P. (2000). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 22(2), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0892-0362(99)00073-2
Khoury, J. E., Jamieson, B., & Milligan, K. (2018). Risk for childhood internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in the context of prenatal alcohol exposure: A meta-analysis and comprehensive examination of moderators. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 42(8), 1358-1377. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13805
Khoury, J. E., Milligan, K., & Girard, T. A. (2015). Executive functioning in children and adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 25(2), 149-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-015-9289-6
Kingdon, D., Cardoso, C., & McGrath, J. J. (2016). Research Review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-a meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(2), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12451
Knuiman, S., Rijk, C. H., Hoksbergen, R. A., & van Baar, A. L. (2015). Children adopted from Poland display a high risk of foetal alcohol spectrum disorders and some may go undiagnosed. Acta Paediatrica, 104(2), 206-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12822
Kodituwakku, P., & Kodituwakku, E. (2014). Cognitive and behavioral profiles of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 1(3), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-014-0022-6
Kodituwakku, P. W., Segall, J. M., & Beatty, G. K. (2011). Cognitive and behavioral effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Future Neurology, 6(2), 237-259. https://doi.org/10.2217/fnl.11.4
Kolko, D. J., Day, B. T., Bridge, J. A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2001). Two-year prediction of children’s firesetting in clinically referred and nonreferred samples. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(3), 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00730
Kolko, D. J., & Kazdin, A. E. (1989). Assessment of dimensions of childhood firesetting among patients and nonpatients: The firesetting risk interview. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17(2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00913791
Kolko, D. J., & Kazdin, A. E. (1990). Matchplay and firesetting in children: Relationship to parent, marital, and family dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(3), 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1903_5
Kolko, D. J., & Kazdin, A. E. (1991). Motives of childhood firesetters: Firesetting characteristics and psychological correlates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32(3), 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00330.x
Kong, M., & Maha, J. (2019). Sensory processing: Shifting our mindset to improve care delivery. Pediatric Research, 86(4), 544-545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0489-2
Kully-Martens, K., Denys, K., Treit, S., Tamana, S., & Rasmussen, C. (2012). A review of social skills deficits in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and prenatal alcohol exposure: Profiles, mechanisms, and interventions. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(4), 568-576.
Kully-Martens, K., Treit, S., Pei, J., & Rasmussen, C. (2012). Affective decision-making on the Iowa gambling task in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(2), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712001026
LaDue, R. A., Streissguth, A. P., & Randels, S. P. (1993). Clinical considerations pertaining to adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. In T. B. Sonderegger (Ed.), Perinatal substance abuse: Research findings and clinical implications (pp. 104-131). Johns Hopkins University Press.
LaFrance, M., McLachlan, K., Nash, K., Andrew, G., Loock, C., Oberlander, T. F., Koren, G., & Rasmussen, C. (2014). Evaluation of the neurobehavioral screening tool in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 20(2), e197-e210. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24897061/
Lambie, I., Ioane, J., Randell, I., & Seymour, F. (2013). Offending behaviours of child and adolescent firesetters over a 10-year follow-up. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(12), 1295-1307. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12126
Lambie, I., & Randell, I. (2011). Creating a firestorm: A review of children who deliberately light fires. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 307-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.010
Lange, S., Probst, C., Gmel, G., Rehm, J., Burd, L., & Popova, S. (2017). Global prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among children and youth. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(10), 948-956. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1919
Lange, S., Shield, K., Rehm, J., & Popova, S. (2013). Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in childcare settings: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132(4), e980-e995. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0066
Lebel, C., Rasmussen, C., Wyper, K., Andrew, G., & Beaulieu, C. (2010). Brain microstructure is related to math ability in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34(2), 354-363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01097.x
Lindberg, N., Holi, M. M., Tani, P., & Virkkunen, M. (2005). Looking for pyromania: Characteristics of a consecutive sample of Finnish male criminals with histories of recidivist fire-setting between 1973 and 1993. BMC Psychiatry, 5(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-5-47
Longstaffe, S., Chudley, A. E., Harvie, M. K., Markesteyn, T., Neault, D., & Brown, T. (2018). The Manitoba Youth Justice Program: Empowering and supporting youth with FASD in conflict with the law. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 96(2), 260-266. https://doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2017-0078
Lowenstein, L. (1989). The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the fire-setting behavior of children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 19, 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00706042
Lowenstein, L. F. (2003). Recent research into arson (1992-2000): Incidence, causes and associated features, predictions, comparative studies and prevention and treatment. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 10, 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1375/pplt.2003.10.1.192
Lynch, M. E., Coles, C. D., Corley, T., & Falek, A. (2003). Examining delinquency in adolescents differentially prenatally exposed to alcohol: The role of proximal and distal risk factors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(5), 678-686. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2003.64.678
Lyons, J. S., McClelland, G., & Jordan, N. (2010). Firesetting behavior in a child welfare system: Prevalence, characteristics, and co-occurring needs. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(6), 720-727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9361-z
MacKay, S., Feldberg, A., Ward, A. K., & Marton, P. (2012). Research and practice in adolescent firesetting. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(6), 842-864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854812437120
MacKay, S., Paglia-Boak, A., Henderson, J., Marton, P., & Adlaf, E. (2009). Epidemiology of firesetting in adolescents: Mental health and substance use correlates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(10), 1282-1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02103.x
MacPherson, P. H., Chudley, A. E., & Grant, B. A. (2011). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in a correctional population: Prevalence, screening and characteristics (Research Report R-247). Correctional Service Canada. https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/005008-0247-eng.shtml
MacSween, J. (2012). Investigating suggestibility in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder [Master’s thesis]. University of Victoria. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/4311/MacSween_Jennifer_MSc_2012.pdf?sequence=6
Malbin, D. V. (2004). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and the role of family court judges in improving outcomes for children and families. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 55(2), 53-63.
Manji, S., Pei, J., Loomes, C., & Rasmussen, C. (2010). A review of the verbal and visual memory impairments in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12(4), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518420902980118
Männynsalo, L., Putkonen, H., Lindberg, N., & Kotilainen, I. (2009). Forensic psychiatric perspective on criminality associated with intellectual disability: A nationwide register-based study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(3), 279-288.
Marcellus, L., & Badry, D. (2021). Infants, children, and youth in foster care with prenatal substance exposure: A synthesis of two scoping reviews. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1-26.
Marschik, P., Pokorny, F., Peharz, R., Zhang, D., O’Muircheartaigh, J., Roeyers, H., Bölte, S., Spittle, A. J., Urlesberger, B., Schuller, B., & Poustka, L. (2017). A novel way to measure and predict development: A heuristic approach to facilitate the early detection of neurodevelopmental disorders. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 17(5), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0748-8
Martin, G., Bergen, H. A., Richardson, A. S., Roeger, L., & Allison, S. (2004). Correlates of firesetting in a community sample of young adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(3), 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01318.x
Mattson, S., Crocker, N., & Nguyen, T. (2011). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Neuropsychological and behavioral features. Neuropsychology Review, 21, 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-011-9167-9
Mattson, S. N., Bernes, G. A., & Doyle, L. R. (2019). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(6), 1046-1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14040
May, P. A., Baete, A., Russo, J., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D., Brooks, M., Hasken, J., Abdul-Rahman, O., Adam, M. P., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M., & Hoyme, H. E. (2014). Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 134, 855-866. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3319
May, P. A., Chambers, C. D., Kalberg, W. O., Zellner, J., Feldman, H., Buckley, D., Kopald, D., Hasken, J. M., Xu, R., Honerkamp-Smith, G., Taras, H., Manning, M. A., Robinson, L. K., Adam, M. P., Abdul-Rahman, O., Vaux, K., Jewett, T., Elliott, A. J., Kable, J. A., … Hoyme, H. E. (2018). Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities. Journal of the American Medical Association, 319(5), 474-483. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.21896
May, P. A., Keaster, C., Bozeman, R., Goodover, J., Blankenship, J., Kalberg, W. O., Buckley, D., Brooks, M., Hasken, J., Gossage, J. P., Robinson, L. K., Manning, M., & Hoyme, H. E. (2015). Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial fetal alcohol syndrome in a Rocky Mountain Region City. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 118-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.006
McCarty, C. A., & McMahon, R. J. (2005). Domains of risk in the developmental continuity of fire setting. Behavior Therapy, 36(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80067-x
McLachlan, K., Flannigan, K., Temple, V., Unsworth, K., & Cook, J. L. (2020). Difficulties in daily living experienced by adolescents, transition-aged youth, and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(8), 1609-1624. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14385
McLachlan, K., Gray, A. L., Roesch, R., Douglas, K. S., & Viljoen, J. L. (2018). An evaluation of the predictive validity of the SAVRY and YLS/CMI in justice-involved youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Psychological Assessment, 30, 1-1651. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000612
McLachlan, K., McNeil, A., Pei, J., Brain, U., Andrew, G., & Oberlander, T. F. (2019). Prevalence and characteristics of adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in corrections: A Canadian case ascertainment study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6292-x
McLachlan, K., & Rasmussen, C. (2018). Understanding the neurobehavioral deficits and psycholegal capacities of individuals with FASD in the criminal justice system. In Ethical and legal perspectives in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) (pp. 145-161). Springer.
McLachlan, K., Roesch, R., Viljoen, J. L., & Douglas, K. S. (2014). Evaluating the psycholegal abilities of young offenders with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Law and Human Behavior, 38(1), 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000037
McMurtrie, J. (2011). The criminal justice system's disparate treatment of individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in cases involving sexual activity. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 39(1), 159-177.
Mela, M., & Luther, G. (2013). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Can diminished responsibility diminish criminal behaviour? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.11.007
Millians, M. N. (2015). Educational needs and care of children with FASD. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 2(3), 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-015-0055-5
Mojtahedi, D., Prince, R. J., & Ryan, S. (2017). Making an arsonist: A psychological approach to understanding expressive arson. EC Psychology and Psychiatry, 4(3), 94-99. www.researchgate.net/publication/318600590
Montag, A. (2016). Fetal alcohol-spectrum disorders: Identifying at-risk mothers. International Journal of Women's Health, 8, 311-323. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s85403
Mukherjee, R., Wray, E., Curfs, L., & Hollins, S. (2015). Knowledge and opinions of professional groups concerning FASD in the UK. Adoption and Fostering, 39(3), 212-224.
Mukherjee, R. A. S., Cook, P. A., Norgate, S. H., & Price, A. D. (2019). Neurodevelopmental outcomes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) with and without exposure to neglect: Clinical cohort data from a national FASD diagnostic clinic. Alcohol, 76, 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.06.002
Murphy, G. H., & Clare, I. C. H. (1996). Analysis of motivation in people with mild learning disabilities (mental handicap) who set fires. Psychology, Crime and Law, 2(3), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683169608409774
Murphy, L. S. (2005). Object relations, psychological differentiation, and trauma in firesetting and non-firesetting psychiatric inpatient children [Doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University.
Mursalski, N. J., Moore, E. M., Thomas, J. D., & Riley, E. P. (2015). Advances in diagnosis and treatment of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: From animal models to human studies. Alcohol Research, 37(1), 97-108. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26259091/
Mutch, R., Badry, D., Williams, R., & Tulich, T. (2020). Children, adolescents, and FASD in the criminal justice system. In Decolonising justice for aboriginal youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (pp. 18-42). Routledge.
Nanayakkara, V., Ogloff, J. R. P., McEwan, T. E., & Davis, M. R. (2020a). Applying classification methodology to high consequence firesetting. Psychology, Crime and Law, 26(7), 710-732. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2020.1733568
Nanayakkara, V., Ogloff, J. R. P., McEwan, T. E., & Ducat, L. (2020b). Firesetting among people with mental disorders: Differences in diagnosis, motives and behaviour. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 20, 1-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2020.1830891
O’Connor, M. J., Kogan, N., & Findlay, R. (2002). Prenatal alcohol exposure and attachment behavior in children. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(10), 1592-1602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02460.x
O’Connor, M. J., & Paley, B. (2009). Psychiatric conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 15(3), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.74
O'Connor, M. J., Shah, B., Whaley, S., Cronin, P., Gunderson, B., & Graham, J. (2002). Psychiatric illness in a clinical sample of children with prenatal alcohol exposure. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(4), 743-754. https://doi.org/10.1081/ada-120015880
O'Connor, M. J., Sigman, M., & Brill, N. (1987). Disorganization of attachment in relation to maternal alcohol consumption. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 831-836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.6.831
O'Connor, M. J., Sigman, M., & Kasari, C. (1992). Attachment behavior of infants exposed prenatally to alcohol: Mediating effects of infant affect and mother-infant interaction. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000122
Olson, H. C., Jirikowic, T., Kartin, D., & Astley, S. (2007). Responding to the challenge of early intervention for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Infants & Young Children, 20(2), 172-189. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.IYC.0000264484.73688.4a
Olson, H. C., Oti, R., Gelo, J., & Beck, S. (2009). “Family matters”: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the family. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 15(3), 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.65
O’Malley, K. (2007). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An overview. ADHD & fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Nova Science Publishers.
O'Malley, K. D. (2015). ADHD and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Nova Science Publishers.
Page, K. (2001). Fetal alcohol spectrum - The hidden epidemic in our courts. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 52(4), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.2001.tb00048.x
Paley, B., & O’Connor, M. J. (2009). Intervention for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Treatment approaches and case management. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 15(3), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.67
Paley, B., & O’Connor, M. J. (2011). Behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, 34(1), 64-75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860556/
Paolozza, A., Rasmussen, C., Pei, J., Hanlon-Dearman, A., Nikkel, S., Andrew, G., McFarlane, A., Samdup, D., & Reynolds, J. (2014). Working memory and visuospatial deficits correlate with oculomotor control in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Behavioral Brain Research, 263, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.024
Passmore, H. M., Giglia, R., Watkins, R. E., Mutch, R. C., Marriott, R., Pestell, C., Zubrick, S. R., Rainsford, C., Walker, N., Fitzpatrick, J. P., Freeman, J., Kippin, N., Safe, B., & Bower, C. (2016). Study protocol for screening and diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) among young people sentenced to detention in Western Australia. BMJ Open, 6(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012184
Passmore, H. M., Mutch, R. C., Burns, S., Watkins, R., Carapetis, J., Hall, G., & Bower, C. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): Knowledge, attitudes, experiences and practices of the Western Australian youth custodial workforce. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 59, 1-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.05.008
Peadon, E., Rhys-Jones, B., Bower, C., & Elliott, E. J. (2009). Systematic review of interventions for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. BMC Pediatrics, 9(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-9-35
Pedruzzi, R. A., Hamilton, O., Hodgson, H. H., Connor, E., Johnson, E., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2021). Navigating complexity to support justice-involved youth with FASD and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: Needs and challenges of a regional workforce. Health & Justice, 9(1), 1-12.
Pei, J., Denys, K., Hughes, J., & Rasmussen, C. (2011). Mental health issues in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 20(5), 473-483. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.577113
Pei, J., Reid-Westoby, C., Siddiqua, A., Elshamy, Y., Rorem, D., Bennett, T., Janus, M., Coplan, R., Duku, E., Ferro, M. A., Forer, B., Georgiades, S., Gorter, J. W., Guhn, M., Maguire, J., Manson, H., Santos, R., Brownell, M., & Janus, M. (2021). Teacher-reported prevalence of FASD in kindergarten in Canada: Association with child development and problems at home. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51, 433-443.
Pei, J., Tremblay, M., McNeil, A., Poole, N., & McFarlane, A. (2017). Neuropsychological aspects of prevention and intervention for FASD in Canada. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 3(1), 25-37.
Pei, J. R., Rinaldi, C. M., Rasmussen, C., Massey, V., & Massey, D. (2008). Memory patterns of acquisition and retention of verbal and nonverbal information in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 15(1), e44-e56. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18192705/
Perks, D. L., Watt, B. D., Fritzon, K., & Doley, R. (2019). Juvenile firesetters as multiple problem youth with particular interests in fire: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 47, 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.04.003
Perske, R. (1994). Thoughts on the police interrogation of individuals with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 32, 377-380.
Persson, S., & Uhnoo, S. (2019). Deliberate firesetting: Hotspot schools as arenas and preventive actors. Nordic Journal of Criminology, 20(2), 176-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/2578983x.2019.1625614
Peters, B., & Freeman, B. (2016). Juvenile firesetting. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(1), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2015.08.009
Petrenko, C. L. M., Alto, M. E., Hart, A. R., Freeze, S. M., & Cole, L. L. (2019). “I’m doing my part, I just need help from the community”: Intervention implications of foster and adoptive parents’ experiences raising children and young adults with FASD. Journal of Family Nursing, 25(2), 314-347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840719847185
Petrenko, C. L. M., Tahir, N., Mahoney, E. C., & Chin, N. P. (2014). Prevention of secondary conditions in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Identification of systems-level barriers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18, 1496-1505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1390-y
Pollinger, J., Samuels, L., & Stadolnik, R. (2005). A comparative study of the behavioral, personality, and fire history characteristics of residential and outpatient adolescents (ages 12-17) with firesetting behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 40(158), 345-354.
Popova, S., Lange, S., Bekmuradov, D., Mihic, A., & Rehm, J. (2011). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder prevalence estimates in correctional systems: A systematic literature review. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 336-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03404172
Popova, S., Lange, S., Burd, L., & Rehm, J. (2016). Burden and social cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Oxford Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.78
Popova, S., Lange, S., Shield, K., Mihic, A., Chudley, A. E., Mukherjee, R. A. S., Bekmuradov, D., & Rehm, J. (2016). Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 387(10022), 978-987. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01345-8
Popova, S., Temple, V., Dozet, D., O’Hanlon, G., Toews, C., & Rehm, J. (2021). Health, social and legal outcomes of individuals with diagnosed or at risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian example. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 219, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108487
Porth, D., Dodson, K., Charette, C., Osmonson, K., Harr, D., & Kivisalu, T. (2018). Youth firesetting behaviors: A review for education professionals. Annals of Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 1(2), 1007. https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/sfm/for-families/youth-firesetting/Documents/Youth-firesetting-behaviors-a-review-for-education.pdf
Price, A., Cook, P. A., Norgate, S., & Mukherjee, R. (2017). Prenatal alcohol exposure and traumatic childhood experiences: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.018
Prins, H. (1994). Fire-raising: Its motivation and management. Routledge.
Putnam, C. T., & Kirkpatrick, J. T. (2005). Juvenile firesetting: A research overview. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/207606.pdf
Rangmar, J., Hjern, A., Vinnerljung, B., Strömland, K., Aronson, M., & Fahlke, C. (2015). Psychosocial outcomes of fetal alcohol syndrome in adulthood. Pediatrics, 135(1), e52-e58. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1915
Räsänen, P., Hirvenoja, R., Hakko, H., & Väisänen, E. (1995). A portrait of the juvenile arsonist. Forensic Science International, 73, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(95)01710-0
Rasmussen, C. (2005). Executive functioning and working memory in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(8), 1359-1367. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000175040.91007.d0
Rasmussen, C., Andrew, G., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Tough, S. (2008). Neurobehavioural outcomes of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A Canadian perspective. Paediatrics and Child Health, 13(3), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/13.3.185
Rasmussen, C., Benz, J., Pei, J., Andrew, G., Schuller, G., Abele-Webster, L., Alton, C., & Lord, L. (2010). The impact of an ADHD co-morbidity on the diagnosis of FASD. The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 17(1), e165-e176.
Rasmussen, C., & Wyper, K. (2007). Decision making, executive functioning, and risky behaviors in adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 6(4), 369-382. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJDHD.2007.6.4.405
Rasmussen, C., Wyper, K., & Talwar, V. (2009). The relation between theory of mind and executive functions in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16(2), 370-380.
Repo, E., Virkkunen, M., Rawlings, R., & Linnoila, M. (1997). Criminal and psychiatric histories of Finnish arsonists. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95, 318-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09638.x
Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1991). Firesetters admitted to a maximum security institution. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 461-475. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088626091006004005
Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1996). Predicting the recidivism of mentally disordered firesetters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626096011003004
Riley, E. P., Mattson, S. N., Li, T.-K., Jacobson, S. W., Coles, C. D., Kodituwakku, P. W., Adnams, C. M., & Korkman, M. I. (2003). Neurobehavioral consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure: An international perspective. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(2), 362-373. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000052703.38558.b2
Ritchie, E. C., & Huff, T. G. (1999). Psychiatric aspects of arsonists. Journal of Forensic Science, 44, 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS14546J
Ritfeld, G. J., Kable, J. A., Holton, J. E., & Coles, C. D. (2021). Psychopharmacological treatments in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A review. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01124-7
Rodger, A. N. (2014). The challenges of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) to sentencing: A comparative analysis of FASD and non-FASD sentencing judgments [Master’s thesis]. University of Ottawa. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/31014/1/Rodger_Amber_2014_thesis.pdf
Roebuck, T. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Behavioral and psychosocial profiles of alcohol-exposed children. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1070-1076. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04227.x
Roe-Sepowitz, D., & Hickle, K. (2011). Comparing boy and girl arsonists: Crisis, family, and crime scene characteristics. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16(2), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532510X505500
Rogers, B. J., McLachlan, K., & Roesch, R. (2013). Resilience and enculturation: Strengths among young offenders with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. First Peoples Child and Family Review, 8(1), 62-80. https://fpcfr.com/index.php/FPCFR/article/view/201
Root, C., MacKay, S., Henderson, J., Del Bove, G., & Warling, D. (2008). The link between maltreatment and juvenile firesetting: Correlates and underlying mechanisms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.07.004
Roozen, S., Black, D., Petters, G.-J. Y., Kok, G., Townend, D., Nijhuis, J. G., Koek, G. H., & Curfs, L. M. (2016). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): An approach to effective prevention. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 3, 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-016-0101-y
Rosenburg, M. (2019, February 24). An inconvenient truth: The commonly misunderstood disorder filling our prisons. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz
Ryan, D. M., Bonnett, D. M., & Gass, C. B. (2006). Sobering thoughts: Town hall meetings on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 2098-2101. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062729
Sakheim, G. A., & Osbornm, E. (1999). Severe vs nonsevere firesetters revisited. Child Welfare: Journal of Policy, Practice, and Program, 78(4), 411-434.
Salmon, J., & Buetow, S. A. (2012). An exploration of the experiences and perspectives of New Zealanders with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 19, e41-e50. https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/446
Sanders, J. (2013). “A window of opportunity”: The proposed inclusion of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the DSM-5. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 19(3), 7-14. https://oadd.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/41014_JoDD_19-3_FASD_7-14_Sanders.pdf
Sanders, J. L., & Buck, G. (2010). A long journey: Biological and non-biological parents' experiences raising children with FASD. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 17, e308-e322.
Sapsford, R. J., Banks, C., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Arsonists in prison. Medicine, Science & the Law, 18, 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/002580247801800405
Schonfeld, A. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2005). Moral maturity and delinquency after prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(4), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2005.66.545
Scott, S., & Dewane, S. L. (2007). Clinical competencies for professionals working with children and families affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Psychological Practice, 14, 67-92.
Skorka, K., McBryde, C., Copley, J., Meredith, P. J., & Reid, N. (2020). Experiences of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and their families: A critical review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(6), 1175-1188. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14335
Smith, R. G., Jorna, P., Sweeney, J., & Fuller, G. (2014). Counting the costs of crime in Australia: A 2011 estimate.
Soothill, K., Ackerley, E., & Francis, B. (2004). The criminal careers of arsonists. Medicine, Science & the Law, 44, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.44.1.27
Stadolnik, R., & Manela, T. (2011). Executive summary: Adolescent female firesetting. Is she Cinderella or the wicked witch? An exploratory analysis of adolescent female firesetting. https://yfires.com/documents/yfires_resource/27.pdf
Stockburger, S., & Omar, H. A. (2014). Firesetting behavior and associated comorbid psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 7(2), 109-114. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub/176
Streissguth, A., & Kanter, J. (1997). The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome: Overcoming secondary disabilities. University of Washington Press.
Streissguth, A. P., Aase, J. M., Clarren, S. K., Randels, S. P., LaDue, R. A., & Smith, D. F. (1991). Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. Journal of American Medical Association, 265, 1961-1967. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460150065025
Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F. (1997). Primary and secondary disabilities in fetal alcohol syndrome. In A. P. Streissguth & J. Kanter (Eds.), The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome: Overcoming secondary disabilities (pp. 25-39). University of Washington Press.
Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in Clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE) (Technical Report No. 96-06). Fetal Alcohol & Drug Unit.
Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., Press, S., & Sampson, P. D. (1998). A fetal alcohol behavior scale. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03656.x
Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., Sampson, P. D., O’Malley, K., & Young, J. K. (2004). Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(4), 228-238. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200408000-00002
Swaffer, T., Haggett, M., & Oxley, T. (2001). Mentally disordered firesetters: A structured intervention programme. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 8, 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.299
Temple, V., Cook, J. L., Unsworth, K., & Roberts, N. (2020). Prenatal alcohol exposure and autism spectrum disorder in 39 children and adults: Examination of behavioural and cognitive profiles. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 14(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2020.1864688
Temple, V., Shewfelt, L., Tao, L., Casati, J., Klevnick, L., & Place, S. (2011). Comparing daily living skills in adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) to an IQ matched clinical sample. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 18(2), 397-402.
Temple, V. K., Prasad, S., Popova, S., & Lindsay, A. (2021). Long-term outcomes following fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) diagnosis in adulthood. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 46(3), 272-280.
Thiel, K. S., Baladerian, N. J., Boyce, K. R., Cantos, O. D., Davis, L. A., Kelly, K., Mitchell, K., & Stream, J. (2011). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and victimization: Implications for families, educators, social services, law enforcement, and the judicial system. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 39(1), 121-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318531103900105
Thomas, S. E., Kelly, S. J., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (1998). Comparison of social abilities of children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those of children with similar IQ scores and normal controls. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22(2), 528-533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03684.x
Tibbett, T., & Jeffery, M. I. (2016). Smart justice and FASD in Alaska: From prevention to sentence mitigation. In Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in adults: Ethical and legal perspectives (pp. 169-189). Springer.
Tranah, T., & Nicholas, J. (2013). Interventions for young people with intellectual disabilities who commit arson. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 7(2), 72-81.
Tsang, T. W., Lucas, B. R., Carmichael Olson, H., Pinto, R. Z., & Elliott, E. J. (2016). Prenatal alcohol exposure, FASD, and child behavior: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 137(3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2542
Tyler, N., & Gannon, T. A. (2020). The classification of deliberate firesetting. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101458
Tyler, N., Gannon, T. A., Ciardha, C. Ó., Ogloff, J. R., & Stadolnik, R. (2019). Deliberate firesetting: An international public health issue. The Lancet Public Health, 4(8), e371-e372.
Tyler, N., Gannon, T. A., Dickens, G. L., & Lockerbie, L. (2015). Characteristics that predict firesetting in male and female mentally disordered offenders. Psychology, Crime and Law, 21(8), 776-797. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2015.1054382
Uhnoo, S., Persson, S., Ekbrand, H., & Lindgren, S. Å. (2015). Juvenile school firesetting in Sweden: Causes and countermeasures. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 16(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2014.989668
U.S. Fire Administration. (2012). Prevent youth firesetting [brochure]. U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Vega-Rodríguez, Y. E., Garayzabal-Heinze, E., & Moraleda-Sepúlveda, E. (2020). Language development disorder in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), a case study. Languages, 5(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages5040037
Wachi, T., Watanabe, K., Yokota, K., Suzuki, M., Hoshino, M., Sato, A., & Fujita, G. (2007). Offender and crime characteristics of female serial arsonists in Japan. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 4, 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.57
Ware, A. L., Crocker, N., O’Brien, J. W., Deweese, B. N., Roesch, S. C., Coles, C. D., Kable, J. A., May, P. A., Kalberg, W. O., Sowell, E. R., Jones, K. L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2012). Executive function predicts adaptive behavior in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(8), 1431-1441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01718.x
Wartnik, A. P., & Carlson, S. S. (2011). A judicial perspective on issues impacting the trial courts related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 39(1), 73-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/009318531103900104
Watt, B. D., Geritz, K., Hasan, T., Harden, S., & Doley, R. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of firesetting behaviours among offending and non-offending youth. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(1), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12062
Watts, E. J., & Brown, J. (2016). Interrogative suggestibility in people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): Neurocognitive and behavioral challenges. Forensic Scholars Today, 1(4), 1-8. https://www.csp.edu/publication/interrogative-suggestibility-in-people-with-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-fasd-neurocognitive-and-behavioral-challenges/
Weyrauch, D., Schwartz, M., Hart, B., Klug, M. G., & Burd, L. (2017). Comorbid mental disorders in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 38(4), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000440
Whaley, S., O’Connor, M., & Gunderson, B. (2001). Comparison of adaptive functioning of children prenatally exposed to alcohol to a nonexposed clinical sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1018-1024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02311.x
Wilczyński, J., & Jabłońska, J. (2016). Speech development delay in a child with foetal alcohol syndrome. Medical Studies, 3, 199-203. https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2016.62312
Williams, E., Thomas, K., Sidebotham, H., & Emond, A. (2008). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders in the ALSPAC cohort. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50(9), 672-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03042.x
Williams, J. F., & Smith, V. C. (2015). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. PEDIATRICS, 136(5), e1395-e1406, e1406. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3113
Winsor, K. D. (2020). An invisible problem: Stigma and FASD diagnosis in the health and justice professions. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 14(1), 8-19.
Wyatt, B., Gannon, T. A., McEwan, T. E., Lockerbie, L., & O’Connor, A. (2018). Mentally disordered firesetters: An examination of risk factors. Interpersonal and Biological Processes (Online), 82, 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2018.1534520
Wyper, K., & Pei, J. (2015). Neurocognitive difficulties underlying high risk and criminal behaviour in FASD: Clinical Implications. In M. Nelson & M. Trussler (Eds.), Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in adults: Ethical and legal perspectives (pp. 101-120). Springer International Publishing.
Wyper, K. R., & Rasmussen, C. R. (2011). Language impairments in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 18, e364-376.
Yates, W., Cadoret, R., Troughton, E., Stewart, M., & Guinta, T. (1998). Effects of fetal alcohol exposure on adult symptoms of nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22(4), 914-920. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03889.x