Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hand eczema.
allergic contact dermatitis
guideline
hand eczema
irritant contact dermatitis
prevention
treatment
Journal
Contact dermatitis
ISSN: 1600-0536
Titre abrégé: Contact Dermatitis
Pays: England
ID NLM: 7604950
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
May 2022
May 2022
Historique:
revised:
22
12
2021
received:
17
10
2021
accepted:
27
12
2021
pubmed:
1
1
2022
medline:
15
4
2022
entrez:
31
12
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Hand eczema is a common inflammatory skin disorder. Health care providers need continuously updated information about the management of hand eczema to ensure best treatment for their patients. To update the European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment on of hand eczema. The Guideline Development Group (GDG) was established on behalf of the ESCD. A call for interest was launched via the ESCD website and via the ESCD members' mailing list. Appraisal of the evidence for therapeutic and preventive interventions was applied and a structured method of developing consensus was used and moderated by an external methodologist. The final guideline was approved by the ESCD executive committee and was in external review on the ESCD webpage for 1 month. Consensus was achieved for several statements and management strategies. The updated guideline should improve management of hand eczema.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Hand eczema is a common inflammatory skin disorder. Health care providers need continuously updated information about the management of hand eczema to ensure best treatment for their patients.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE
To update the European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment on of hand eczema.
METHOD
METHODS
The Guideline Development Group (GDG) was established on behalf of the ESCD. A call for interest was launched via the ESCD website and via the ESCD members' mailing list. Appraisal of the evidence for therapeutic and preventive interventions was applied and a structured method of developing consensus was used and moderated by an external methodologist. The final guideline was approved by the ESCD executive committee and was in external review on the ESCD webpage for 1 month.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Consensus was achieved for several statements and management strategies.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
The updated guideline should improve management of hand eczema.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
357-378Subventions
Organisme : No support was given by any medical company for development of this document. All meetings were virtual meetings, therefore there were no costs. All participants in the working group filled in a structured form to declare financial or non-financial interests. Disclosures are given in the Supporting information. The Guidelines were approved by the executive committee of the ESCD in October 2021.
Informations de copyright
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Christoffers WA, Coenraads P-J, Svensson Å, et al. Interventions for hand eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4:CD004055.
Bauer A, Schmitt J, Bennett C, et al. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;6:CD004414.
Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. Updated March 2011. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011. www.handbook.cochrane.org.
Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group. 2013. www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook.
GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Software]. McMaster University, 2015 (developed by Evidence Prime, Inc.). www.gradepro.org.
Silverberg JI, Thyssen JP, Paller AS, et al. What's in a name? Atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema, but not eczema alone. Allergy. 2017;72(12):2026-2030.
Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Järvholm B. Hand eczema extent and morphology-association and influence on long-term prognosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(9):2147-2151.
Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Linneberg A, Menné T. The epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population-prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(2):75-87.
Meding B, Järvholm B. Incidence of hand eczema-a population-based retrospective study. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122(4):873-877.
Vindenes HK, Svanes C, Lygre SH, Hollund B-E, Langhammer A, Bertelsen RJ. Prevalence of, and work-related risk factors for, hand eczema in a Norwegian general population (the HUNT study). Contact Dermatitis. 2017;77(4):214-223.
Mollerup A, Veien NK, Johansen JD. An analysis of gender differences in patients with hand eczema - everyday exposures, severity, and consequences. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(1):21-30.
Anveden Berglind I, Alderling M, Järvholm B, Lidén C, Meding B. Occupational skin exposure to water: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(3):616-621.
Meding B, Lindahl G, Alderling M, Wrangsjö K, Anveden Berglind I. Is skin exposure to water mainly occupational or nonoccupational? A population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(6):1281-1286.
Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense adolescence cohort study on atopic diseases and dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(3):523-532.
Yngveson M, Svensson A, Johannisson A, Isacsson A. Hand dermatosis in upper secondary school pupils: 2-year comparison and follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(3):485-489.
Lerbaek A, Kyvik KO, Mortensen J, Bryld LE, Menné T, Agner T. Heritability of hand eczema is not explained by comorbidity with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(7):1632-1640.
Heede NG, Thyssen JP, Thuesen BH, Linneberg A, Johansen JD. Predictive factors of self-reported hand eczema in adult Danes: a population-based cohort study with 5-year follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(2):287-295.
Grönhagen C, Lidén C, Wahlgren C-F, et al. Hand eczema and atopic dermatitis in adolescents: a prospective cohort study from the BAMSE project. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(5):1175-1182.
Ruff SM, Engebretsen KA, Zachariae C, et al. The association between atopic dermatitis and hand eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(4):879-888.
Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Järvholm B. Fifteen-year follow-up of hand eczema: predictive factors. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124(5):893-897.
Carøe TK, Ebbehøj N, Agner T. A survey of exposures related to recognized occupational contact dermatitis in Denmark in 2010. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):56-62.
Lund T, Petersen SB, Flachs EM, Ebbehøj NE, Bonde JP, Agner T. Risk of work-related hand eczema in relation to wet work exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;46(4):437-445.
Rycroft RJ, Smith WD. Low humidity occupational dermatoses. Contact Dermatitis. 1980;6(7):488-492.
Diepgen TL. Occupational skin-disease data in Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76(5):331-338.
Diepgen TL, Andersen KE, Brandao FM, et al. Hand eczema classification: a cross-sectional, multicentre study of the aetiology and morphology of hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(2):353-358.
Cazzaniga S, Ballmer-Weber BK, Gräni N, et al. Chronic hand eczema: a prospective analysis of the Swiss CARPE registry focusing on factors associated with clinical and quality of life improvement. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(3):136-148.
Lukács J, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Association between smoking and hand dermatitis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(7):1280-1284.
Sørensen JA, Fisker MH, Agner T, Clemmensen KK, Ebbehøj NE. Associations between lifestyle factors and hand eczema severity: are tobacco smoking, obesity and stress significantly linked to eczema severity? Contact Dermatitis. 2017;76(3):138-145.
Brans R, Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, et al. Association between tobacco smoking and prognosis of occupational hand eczema: a prospective cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(5):1108-1115.
Sørensen JA, Clemmensen KK, Nixon RL, Diepgen TL, Agner T. Tobacco smoking and hand eczema - is there an association? Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73(6):326-335.
Zimmer KA, Armbrecht ES, Burkemper NM. The association of smoking with contact dermatitis and hand eczema - a review. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(4):375-387.
Olesen CM, Agner T, Ebbehøj NE, Carøe TK. Factors influencing prognosis for occupational hand eczema: new trends. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181(6):1280-1286.
Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Menné T, Nielsen NH, Johansen JD. The effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on the prevalence of self-reported hand eczema: a cross-sectional population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(3):619-626.
Anveden Berglind I, Alderling M, Meding B. Life-style factors and hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):568-575.
Hafsia M, Kacem I, El Maalel O, et al. Relationship between hand eczema severity and occupational stress: a cross-sectional study. Dermatol Res Pract. 2019;2019:8301896.
Heede NG, Thyssen JP, Thuesen BH, Linneberg A, Johansen JD. Anatomical patterns of dermatitis in adult filaggrin mutation carriers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(3):440-448.
Lagrelius M, Wahlgren C-F, Bradley M, et al. Filaggrin gene mutations in relation to contact allergy and hand eczema in adolescence. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(3):147-152.
Reich A, Wilke A, Gediga G, et al. Health education decreases incidence of hand eczema in metal work apprentices: results of a controlled intervention study. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(6):350-360.
Cazzaniga S, Ballmer-Weber BK, Gräni N, et al. Medical, psychological and socio-economic implications of chronic hand eczema: a cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(4):628-637.
Alfonso JH, Bauer A, Bensefa-Colas L, et al. Minimum standards on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of occupational and work-related skin diseases in Europe - position paper of the COST action StanDerm (TD 1206). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(suppl 4):31-43.
Diepgen TL, Maibach H. Occupational skin-care management. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76(5):323-324.
Diepgen TL, Elsner P, Fartasch M, et al. Guideline on the management of hand eczema ICD-10 code: L20. L23. L24. L25. L30. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2009;7(suppl. 3):S1-S16.
Lerbaek A, Kyvik KO, Ravn H, Menné T, Agner T. Incidence of hand eczema in a population-based twin cohort: genetic and environmental risk factors. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(3):552-557.
Meding B, Swanbeck G. Predictive factors for hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;23(3):154-161.
Hald M, Berg ND, Elberling J, Johansen JD. Medical consultations in relation to severity of hand eczema in the general population. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(4):773-777.
Cvetkovski RS, Zachariae R, Jensen H, Olsen J, Johansen JD, Agner T. Prognosis of occupational hand eczema: a follow-up study. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(3):305-311.
Scalone L, Cortesi PA, Mantovani LG, et al. Clinical epidemiology of hand eczema in patients accessing dermatological reference centres: results from Italy. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(1):187-195.
Politiek K, Oosterhaven JA, Vermeulen KM, Schuttelaar ML. Systematic review of cost-of-illness studies in hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(2):67-76.
Oosterhaven JA, Flach PA, Bültmann U, Schuttelaar ML. Presenteeism in a Dutch hand eczema population-a cross-sectional survey. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(1):10-19.
Cvetkovski RS, Zachariae R, Jensen H, Olsen J, Johansen JD, Agner T. Quality of life and depression in a population of occupational hand eczema patients. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;54(2):106-111.
Moberg C, Alderling M, Meding B. Hand eczema and quality of life: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(2):397-403.
Agner T, Andersen KE, Brandao FM, et al. Hand eczema severity and quality of life: a cross-sectional, multicentre study of hand eczema patients. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;59(1):43-47.
Marron SE, Tomas-Aragones L, Navarro-Lopez J, et al. The psychosocial burden of hand eczema: data from a European dermatological multicentre study. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(6):406-412.
Nørreslet LB, Agner T, Sørensen JA, Ebbehøj NE, Bonde JP, Fisker MH. Impact of hand eczema on quality of life: metropolitan versus non-metropolitan areas. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(5):348-354.
Diepgen TL. Occupational skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2012;10(5):295-297.
Mahler V, Aalto-Korte K, Alfonso JH, et al. Occupational skin diseases: actual state analysis of patient management pathways in 28 European countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(Suppl 4):12-30.
Ahlström MG, Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD. Prevalence of nickel allergy in Europe following the EU nickel directive - a review. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;77(4):193-200.
Schnuch A, Schwitulla J. Decrease in nickel allergy in women after the second EU nickel directive. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(4):253-256.
Stocks SJ, McNamee R, Turner S, Carder M, Agius RM. Has European Union legislation to reduce exposure to chromate in cement been effective in reducing the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis attributed to chromate in the UK? Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(2):150-152.
Alinaghi F, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Temporal changes in chromium allergy in Denmark between 2002 and 2017. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(3):156-161.
Uter W, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, et al. The epidemic of methylisothiazolinone contact allergy in Europe: follow-up on changing exposures. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(2):333-339.
Carøe TK, Ebbehøj NE, Bonde JP, Flachs EM, Agner T. Hand eczema and wet work: dose-response relationship and effect of leaving the profession. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(5):341-347.
Geier J, Lessmann H, Mahler V, Pohrt U, Uter W, Schnuch A. Occupational contact allergy caused by rubber gloves-nothing has changed. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(3):149-156.
Allmers H, Schmengler J, John SM. Decreasing incidence of occupational contact urticaria caused by natural rubber latex allergy in German health care workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(2):347-351.
Mostosi C, Simonart T. Effectiveness of barrier creams against irritant contact dermatitis. Dermatology. 2016;232(3):353-362.
Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Drexler H, Elsner P, John SM, Schliemann S. S1 guideline on occupational skin products: protective creams, skin cleansers, skin care products (ICD 10: L23, L24)-short version. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2015;13(6):594-606.
Schliemann S, Kleesz P, Elsner P. Protective creams fail to prevent solvent-induced cumulative skin irritation - results of a randomized double-blind study. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(6):363-371.
Frosch PJ, Kurte A. Efficacy of skin barrier creams (IV). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of 4 standard irritants. Contact Dermatitis. 1994;31(3):161-168.
Schliemann S, Petri M, Elsner P. Preventing irritant contact dermatitis with protective creams: influence of the application dose. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):19-26.
Kütting B, Baumeister T, Weistenhöfer W, Pfahlberg A, Uter W, Drexler H. Effectiveness of skin protection measures in prevention of occupational hand eczema: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial over a follow-up period of 1 year. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(2):362-370.
Bauer A, Rönsch H, Elsner P, et al. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4:CD004414.
Bauer A, Kelterer D, Bartsch R, et al. Skin protection in bakers' apprentices. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46(2):81-85.
Bregnhøj A, Menné T, Johansen JD, Søsted H. Prevention of hand eczema among Danish hairdressing apprentices: an intervention study. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(5):310-316.
Held E, Wolff C, Gyntelberg F, Agner T. Prevention of work-related skin problems in student auxiliary nurses: an intervention study. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44(5):297-303.
van der Meer EW, Boot CR, van der Gulden JW, et al. Hands4U: the effects of a multifaceted implementation strategy on hand eczema prevalence in a healthcare setting. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;72(5):312-324.
Soltanipoor M, Kezic S, Sluiter JK, et al. Effectiveness of a skin care programme for the prevention of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers (the healthy hands project): a single-Centre, cluster randomized controlled trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(6):365-373.
Madan I, Parsons V, Ntani G, et al. A behaviour change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in health care: the SCIN cluster RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2019;23(58):1-92.
Fisker MH, Agner T, Sørensen JA, et al. Simple, low-cost group-counselling programme vs treatment as usual for patients with newly notified occupational hand eczema-exploratory analyses of effects on knowledge, behaviour and personal resources of the randomized PREVEX clinical trial. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(3):127-135.
Fisker MH, Ebbehøj NE, Vejlstrup SG, et al. Prevention of hand eczema: effect of an educational program versus treatment as usual - results of the randomized clinical PREVEX trial. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(2):212-218.
Tauber M, Lourari S, Bérard E, et al. Positive change in hand care habits using therapeutic patient education in chronic hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;82(1):10-17.
Mollerup A, Veien NK, Johansen JD. Effectiveness of the healthy skin clinic-a randomized clinical trial of nurse-led patient counselling in hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(4):202-214.
Ibler KS, Jemec GB, Diepgen TL, et al. Skin care education and individual counselling versus treatment as usual in healthcare workers with hand eczema: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2012;345:e7822.
Wulfhorst B, Bock M, Gediga G, Skudlik C, Allmers H, John SM. Sustainability of an interdisciplinary secondary prevention program for hairdressers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2010;83(2):165-171.
Weisshaar E, Radulescu M, Soder S, et al. Secondary individual prevention of occupational skin diseases in health care workers, cleaners and kitchen employees: aims, experiences and descriptive results. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007;80(6):477-484.
Apfelbacher CJ, Soder S, Diepgen TL, Weisshaar E. The impact of measures for secondary individual prevention of work-related skin diseases in health care workers: 1-year follow-up study. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;60(3):144-149.
Wilke A, Gediga G, Schlesinger T, John SM, Wulfhorst B. Sustainability of interdisciplinary secondary prevention in patients with occupational hand eczema: a 5-year follow-up survey. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(4):208-216.
Wilke A, Gediga G, Goergens A, et al. Interdisciplinary and multiprofessional outpatient secondary individual prevention of work-related skin diseases in the metalworking industry: 1-year follow-up of a patient cohort. BMC Dermatol. 2018;18(1):12.
Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Scheidt R, et al. Multicenter study “medical-occupational rehabilitation procedure skin-optimizing and quality assurance of inpatient-management (ROQ)”. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2009;7(2):122-126.
Brans R, Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, et al. Multicentre cohort study “rehabilitation of occupational skin diseases - optimization and quality assurance of inpatient management (ROQ)”: results from a 3-year follow-up. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(4):205-212.
Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Scheidt R, et al. First results from the multicentre study rehabilitation of occupational skin diseases-optimization and quality assurance of inpatient management (ROQ). Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66(3):140-147.
Weisshaar E, Skudlik C, Scheidt R, et al. Multicentre study ‘rehabilitation of occupational skin diseases -optimization and quality assurance of inpatient management (ROQ)’-results from 12-month follow-up. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68(3):169-174.
Agner T, Elsner P. Hand eczema: epidemiology, prognosis and prevention. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(S1):4-12.
Mahler V. Hand dermatitis - differential diagnoses, diagnostics, and treatment options. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2016;14(1):7-22.
Agner T, Aalto-Korte K, Andersen KE, et al. Factors associated with combined hand and foot eczema. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(5):828-832.
Antonov D, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Hand dermatitis: a review of clinical features, prevention and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(4):257-270.
Cronin E. Clinical patterns of hand eczema in women. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;13(3):153-161.
Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, et al. S3 guidelines: epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - short version, part 1. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2019;17(10):1076-1093.
Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, et al. S3 guidelines: epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - short version, part 2. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2019;17(11):1187-1207.
Johansen JD, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, et al. European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing - recommendations on best practice. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73(4):195-221.
Johansen JD, Bruze M, Andersen KE, et al. The repeated open application test: suggestions for a scale of evaluation. Contact Dermatitis. 1998;39(2):95-96.
Johansen JD, Frosch PJ, Svedman C, et al. Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde- known as Lyral: quantitative aspects and risk assessment of an important fragrance allergen. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48(6):310-316.
Hjorth N, Roed-Petersen J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis. 1976;2(1):28-42.
Pesonen M, Koskela K, Aalto-Korte K. Contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis in the Finnish register of occupational diseases in a period of 12 years. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(1):1-7.
Barbaud A. Mechanism and diagnosis of protein contact dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;20(2):117-121.
Barbaud A, Poreaux C, Penven E, Waton J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2015;25(6):527-534.
Bauer A, Schubert S, Geier J, Mahler V. Type IV contact allergies in the food processing industry: an update. Hautarzt. 2018;69(6):443-448.
Lukács J, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Occupational contact urticaria caused by food - a systematic clinical review. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(4):195-204.
Ansotegui IJ, Melioli G, Canonica GW, et al. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a world allergy organization position paper. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(2):100080.
Haslund P, Bangsgaard N, Jarløv JO, Skov L, Skov R, Agner T. Staphylococcus aureus and hand eczema severity. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(4):772-777.
Fatahzadeh M, Schwartz RA. Human herpes simplex virus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(5):736-737.
Friis UF, Menné T, Flyvholm M-A, Bonde JP, Johansen JD. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis diagnosed by a systematic stepwise exposure assessment of allergens in the work environment. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(3):153-163.
Thyssen JP, Skare L, Lundgren L, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the nickel spot (dimethylglyoxime) test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(5):279-288.
Bregnbak D, Johansen JD, Jellesen MS, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP. Chromium(VI) release from leather and metals can be detected with a diphenylcarbazide spot test. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73(5):281-288.
Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD, et al. A spot test for detection of cobalt release - early experience and findings. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;63(2):63-69.
Hamann D, Hamann CR, Thyssen JP. The impact of common metal allergens in daily devices. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;13(5):525-530.
Julander A, Skare L, Vahter M, Lidén C. Nickel deposited on the skin-visualization by DMG test. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;64(3):151-157.
Lidén C, Skare L, Nise G, Vahter M. Deposition of nickel, chromium, and cobalt on the skin in some occupations - assessment by acid wipe sampling. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;58(6):347-354.
Gawkrodger DJ, McLeod CW, Dobson K. Nickel skin levels in different occupations and an estimate of the threshold for reacting to a single open application of nickel in nickel-allergic subjects. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(1):82-87.
Fasth IM, Ulrich NH, Johansen JD. Ten-year trends in contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasers. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(5):263-269.
Hauksson I, Pontén A, Gruvberger B, Isaksson M, Engfeldt M, Bruze M. Skincare products containing low concentrations of formaldehyde detected by the chromotropic acid method cannot be safely used in formaldehyde-allergic patients. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(2):371-379.
Vester L, Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD. Occupational food-related hand dermatoses seen over a 10-year period. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66(5):264-270.
Bregnbak D, Friis UF, Zachariae C, Menné T, Johansen JD. Protein contact dermatitis caused by worms and insects used to feed exotic birds. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):64-66.
Slodownik D, Lee A, Nixon R. Irritant contact dermatitis: a review. Australas J Dermatol. 2008;49(1):1-11.
Behroozy A, Keegel TG. Wet-work exposure: a main risk factor for occupational hand dermatitis. Saf Health Work. 2014;5(4):175-180.
Friis UF, Menné T, Schwensen JF, Flyvholm M-A, Bonde JP, Johansen JD. Occupational irritant contact dermatitis diagnosed by analysis of contact irritants and allergens in the work environment. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(6):364-370.
Agner T, Aalto-Korte K, Andersen KE, et al. Classification of hand eczema. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(12):2417-2422.
Coenraads PJ. Hand eczema. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1829-1837.
Molin S. Pathogenese des Handekzems. Hautarzt. 2019;70(10):755-759.
Diepgen TL, Andersen KE, Chosidow O, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hand eczema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2015;13(1):e1-e22.
Molin S, Diepgen TL, Ruzicka T, Prinz JC. Diagnosing chronic hand eczema by an algorithm: a tool for classification in clinical practice. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011;36(6):595-601.
Menné T, Johansen JD, Sommerlund M, Veien NK. Hand eczema guidelines based on the Danish guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(1):3-12.
Johansen JD, Hald M, Andersen BL, et al. Classification of hand eczema: clinical and aetiological types. Based on the guideline of the Danish contact dermatitis group. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(1):13-21.
Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Hornstein OP. Are hyperlinear palms and dry skin signs of a concomitant autosomal ichthyosis vulgaris in atopic dermatitis? Acta Derm Venereol Suppl. 1989;144:143-145.
Simpson EL, Thompson MM, Hanifin JM. Prevalence and morphology of hand eczema in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermat Contact Atopic Occup Drug. 2006;17(3):123-127.
van der Heiden J, Agner T, Rustemeyer T, Clemmensen KK. Hyperkeratotic hand eczema compared to other subgroups of hand eczema - a retrospective study with a follow-up questionnaire. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(3):216-222.
Politiek K, Loman L, Pas HH, et al. Hyperkeratotic hand eczema: eczema or not? Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(3):196-205.
Tauber M, Bérard E, Lourari S, et al. Latent class analysis categorizes chronic hand eczema patients according to skin barrier impairment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(7):1529-1535.
Silverberg JI, Hou A, DeKoven JG, et al. Prevalence and trend of allergen sensitization in patients referred for patch testing with a final diagnosis of psoriasis: North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 2001-2016. Contact Dermatitis. Epub May 19. 2021.
Watkins SA, Maibach HI. The hardening phenomenon in irritant contact dermatitis: an interpretative update. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;60(3):123-130.
Kucharekova M, van de Kerkhof PC, van der Valk PG. A randomized comparison of an emollient containing skin-related lipids with a petrolatum-based emollient as adjunct in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48(6):293-299.
ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier NCT00556855, A 4-week randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, right-left comparison study with E-DO® in chronic hand dermatitis [Comparison study with E-DO in chronic hand dermatitis]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00556855. Accessed September 18, 2020.
Berndt U, Wigger-Alberti W, Gabard B, Elsner P. Efficacy of a barrier cream and its vehicle as protective measures against occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;42(2):77-80.
McCormick RD, Buchman TL, Maki DG. Double-blind, randomized trial of scheduled use of a novel barrier cream and an oil-containing lotion for protecting the hands of health care workers. Am J Infect Control. 2000;28(4):302-310.
Lodén M, Wirén K, Smerud K, et al. Treatment with a barrier-strengthening moisturizer prevents relapse of hand-eczema. An open, randomized, prospective, parallel group study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90(6):602-606.
Lindh JD, Bradley M. Clinical effectiveness of moisturizers in atopic dermatitis and related disorders: a systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(5):341-359.
van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Christensen R, Lavrijsen A, Arents BW. Emollients and moisturisers for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD012119.
Kircik LH, Eastman WJ, Gwazdauskas J. A randomized, double-blind phase 4 study of the efficacy and safety of ethanol-free clobetasol propionate foam, 0.05%, vs vehicle foam in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(3):328-334.
Veien NK, Olholm Larsen P, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Schou G. Long-term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140(5):882-886.
Kao JS, Fluhr JW, Man M-Q, et al. Short-term glucocorticoid treatment compromises both permeability barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity: inhibition of epidermal lipid synthesis accounts for functional abnormalities. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120(3):456-464.
del Rosso JQ, Cash K. Topical corticosteroid application and the structural and functional integrity of the epidermal barrier. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013;6(11):20-27.
Schoepe S, Schäcke H, May E, Asadullah K. Glucocorticoid therapy-induced skin atrophy. Exp Dermatol. 2006;15(6):406-420.
Spada F, Barnes TM, Greive KA. Comparative safety and efficacy of topical mometasone furoate with other topical corticosteroids. Australas J Dermatol. 2018;59(3):e168-e174.
Lodén M, Wirén K, Smerud KT, et al. The effect of a corticosteroid cream and a barrier-strengthening moisturizer in hand eczema. A double-blind, randomized, prospective, parallel group clinical trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(5):597-601.
Green C, Colquitt JL, Kirby J, Davidson P. Topical corticosteroids for atopic eczema: clinical and cost effectiveness of once-daily vs. more frequent use. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(1):130-141.
Lagos BR, Maibach HI. Frequency of application of topical corticosteroids: an overview. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(5):763-766.
Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4(37):1-191.
Cheon DU, Kim JE, Ko JY, Ro YS. Efficacy of alitretinoin depending on the concomitant use of topical corticosteroids in chronic hand eczema patients. J Dermatol. 2019;46(11):998-1005.
Baeck M, Goossens A. Immediate and delayed allergic hypersensitivity to corticosteroids: practical guidelines. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66(1):38-45.
Schnopp C, Remling R, Möhrenschlager M, Weigl L, Ring J, Abeck D. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) and mometasone furoate in treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: a randomized, observer-blinded trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(1):73-77.
Li AW, Yin ES, Antaya RJ. Topical corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(10):1036-1042.
Lambrechts L, Gilissen L, Morren M-A. Topical corticosteroid phobia among healthcare professionals using the TOPICOP score. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99(11):1004-1008.
Pacor ML, di Lorenzo G, Martinelli N, et al. Tacrolimus ointment in nickel sulphate-induced steroid-resistant allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2006;27(6):527-531.
Brass D, Fouweather T, Stocken DD, et al. An observer-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial comparing localized immersion psoralen-ultraviolet a with localized narrowband ultraviolet B for the treatment of palmar hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(1):63-71.
van Coevorden AM, Kamphof WG, van Sonderen E, Bruynzeel DP, Coenraads PJ. Comparison of oral psoralen-UV-A with a portable tanning unit at home vs hospital-administered bath psoralen-UV-A in patients with chronic hand eczema: an open-label randomized controlled trial of efficacy. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(12):1463-1466.
Tzaneva S, Kittler H, Thallinger C, Hönigsmann H, Tanew A. Oral vs. bath PUVA using 8-methoxypsoralen for chronic palmoplantar eczema. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2009;25(2):101-105.
Said N, Theng C, Lim K, Chong W. A comparative study of UVA-1 phototherapy versus betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream for chronic vesicular hand eczema. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(2):AB139.
Adams S, Bayerl C. Mittel-Dosis-UVA-1- und lokale PUVA-Therapie beim dyshidrosiformen Handekzem - eine prospektive randomisierte Studie. Aktuelle Derm. 2007;33:142-145.
Nijsten TE, Stern RS. The increased risk of skin cancer is persistent after discontinuation of psoralen+ultraviolet a: a cohort study. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(2):252-258.
Cartwright PH, Rowell NR. Comparison of Grenz rays versus placebo in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1987;117(1):73-76.
Fairris GM, Mack DP, Rowell NR. Superficial X-ray therapy in the treatment of constitutional eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol. 1984;111(4):445-449.
Fairris GM, Jones DH, Mack DP, Rowell NR. Conventional superficial X-ray versus Grenz ray therapy in the treatment of constitutional eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol. 1985;112(3):339-341.
King CM, Chalmers RJ. A double-blind study of superficial radiotherapy in chronic palmar eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1984;111(4):451-454.
Lindelöf B, Wrangsjö K, Lidén S. A double-blind study of Grenz ray therapy in chronic eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol. 1987;117(1):77-80.
Sheehan-Dare RA, Goodfield MJ, Rowell NR. Topical psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) and superficial radiotherapy in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121(1):65-69.
Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(4):808-817.
SmPC text alitretinoin. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/10466/smpc. Published 2019. Accessed September 24, 2020.
Bissonnette R, Worm M, Gerlach B, et al. Successful retreatment with alitretinoin in patients with relapsed chronic hand eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(2):420-426.
Lynde C, Cambazard F, Ruzicka T, Sebastian M, Brown TC, Maares J. Extended treatment with oral alitretinoin for patients with chronic hand eczema not fully responding to initial treatment. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012;37(7):712-717.
Thestrup-Pedersen K, Andersen KE, Menné T, Veien NK. Treatment of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms (eczema keratoticum) with oral acitretin. A single-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81(5):353-355.
Granlund H, Erkko P, Eriksson E, Reitamo S. Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76(5):371-376.
Granlund H, Erkko P, Reitamo S. Long-term follow-up of eczema patients treated with cyclosporine. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78(1):40-43.
Jang YJ, Yoon JH, Park EJ, Kim KJ, Kim KH. Efficacy and safety of treatment with oral alitretinoin and oral cyclosporine for chronic hand eczema: a retrospective review of 118 cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(1):adv00043.
Agarwal US, Besarwal RK. Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream alone and in combination with azathioprine in patients with chronic hand eczema: an observer blinded randomized comparative trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013;79(1):101-103.
O'Shea PM, Lugo-Somolinos A. Methotrexate versus acitretin in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(12):1389-1391.
Politiek K, van der Schaft J, Christoffers WA, et al. Drug survival of methotrexate treatment in hand eczema patients: results from a retrospective daily practice study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(8):1405-1407.
Oosterhaven JA, Voorberg AN, Romeijn GL, de Bruin-Weller MS, Schuttelaar ML. Effect of dupilumab on hand eczema in patients with atopic dermatitis: an observational study. J Dermatol. 2019;46(8):680-685.
Waldman RA, DeWane ME, Sloan B, Grant-Kels JM, Lu J. Dupilumab for the treatment of dyshidrotic eczema in 15 consecutive patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(5):1251-1252.
Halling A-S, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP. Severe treatment-resistant acute and recurrent vesicular chronic hand eczema successfully treated with dupilumab. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(1):37-38.
Loman L, Diercks GF, Schuttelaar ML. Three cases of non-atopic hyperkeratotic hand eczema treated with dupilumab. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;84(2):124-127.
Oosterhaven JA, Schuttelaar ML. Responsiveness and interpretability of the hand eczema severity index. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(4):932-939.
Worm M, Bauer A, Elsner P, Mahler V, Molin S, Nielsen TS. Efficacy and safety of topical delgocitinib in patients with chronic hand eczema: data from a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled phase IIa study. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(5):1103-1110.
Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ. Hand dermatitis in a prospectively-followed cohort of hairdressing apprentices: final results of the POSH study. Prevention of occupational skin disease in hairdressers. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;41(5):280-286.
Geens T, Aerts E, Borguet M, Haufroid V, Godderis L. Exposure of hairdressers to aromatic diamines: an interventional study confirming the protective effect of adequate glove use. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(4):221-228.
Agner T, Held E. Skin protection programmes. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;47(5):253-256.
Kwon S, Campbell LS, Zirwas MJ. Role of protective gloves in the causation and treatment of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(5):891-896.
Havmose M, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Use of protective gloves by hairdressers: a review of efficacy and potential adverse effects. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(2):75-82.
Ramsing DW, Agner T. Effect of glove occlusion on human skin. (I). Short-term experimental exposure. Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34(1):1-5.
Tiedemann D, Clausen ML, John SM, Angelova-Fischer I, Kezic S, Agner T. Effect of glove occlusion on the skin barrier. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;74(1):2-10.
Kampf G, Löffler H. Prevention of irritant contact dermatitis among health care workers by using evidence-based hand hygiene practices: a review. Ind Health. 2007;45(5):645-652.
Ramsing DW, Agner T. Effect of glove occlusion on human skin (II). Long-term experimental exposure. Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34(4):258-262.
Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Bruze M, Pontén A. Wet work exposure and hand eczema among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(2):452-461.
Agner T, Serup J. Seasonal variation of skin resistance to irritants. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121(3):323-328.
Visser MJ, Verberk MM, van Dijk FJ, Bakker JG, Bos JD, Kezic S. Wet work and hand eczema in apprentice nurses; part I of a prospective cohort study. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(1):44-55.
Berardesca E, Vignoli GP, Distante F, Brizzi P, Rabbiosi G. Effects of water temperature on surfactant-induced skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;32(2):83-87.
Löffler H, Kampf G, Schmermund D, Maibach HI. How irritant is alcohol? Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(1):74-81.
Yokota M, Maibach HI. Moisturizer effect on irritant dermatitis: an overview. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;55(2):65-72.
Williams C, Wilkinson SM, McShane P, et al. A double-blind, randomized study to assess the effectiveness of different moisturizers in preventing dermatitis induced by hand washing to simulate healthcare use. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(5):1088-1092.
Wigger-Alberti W, Maraffio B, Wernli M, Elsner P. Self-application of a protective cream. Pitfalls of occupational skin protection. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(7):861-864.
Coenraads PJ, van der Walle H, Thestrup-Pedersen K, et al. Construction and validation of a photographic guide for assessing severity of chronic hand dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(2):296-301.