A syndemic effect: Interrelationships between systemic racism, health disparities, and COVID-19.
Journal
Nursing
ISSN: 1538-8689
Titre abrégé: Nursing
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7600137
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 Jan 2022
01 Jan 2022
Historique:
entrez:
3
1
2022
pubmed:
4
1
2022
medline:
6
1
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This article discusses the interconnection between the syndemic effect of racial inequities and disparities as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black Americans. It also highlights meaningful reforms and priorities to achieve health equity in Black communities.
Identifiants
pubmed: 34979013
doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000803424.08667.c6
pii: 00152193-202201000-00013
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
38-43Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Références
Moore JT, Ricaldi JN, Rose CE, et al. Disparities in incidence of COVID-19 among underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in counties identified as hotspots during June 5-18, 2020 - 22 states, February-June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2020;69(33):1122–1126.
Alcendor DJ. Racial disparities-associated COVID-19 mortality among minority populations in the US. J Clin Med . 2020;9(8):2442.
Gravlee CC. Systemic racism, chronic health inequities, and COVID-19: a syndemic in the making. Am J Hum Biol . 2020;32(5).
Feagin J, Bennefield Z. Systemic racism and U.S. health care. Soc Sci Med . 2014;103:7–14.
Feagin J. Systemic racism and “race” categorization in U.S. medical research and practice. Am J Bioeth . 2017;17(9):54–56.
Horton R. Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic. Lancet . 2020;396(10255):874.
Yearby R. Structural racism and health disparities: reconfiguring the social determinants of health framework to include the root cause. J Law Med Ethics . 2020;48(3):518–526.
Carruthers CK, Wanamaker MH. Separate and unequal in the labor market: human capital and the Jim Crow Wage Gap. J Labor Econ . 2017;35(30).
Yearby R, Mohapatra S. Law, structural racism, and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Law Biosci . 2020;7(1):1–20.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 hospitalization and death by race/ethnicity. 2020. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html .
Merriam-Webster. Gentrification. 2021. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentrification .
Beyer KMM, Zhou Y, Matthews K, Bemanian A, Laud PW, Nattinger AB. New spatially continuous indices of redlining and racial bias in mortgage lending: links to survival after breast cancer diagnosis and implications for health disparities research. Health Place . 2016;40:34–43.
Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Redlining: discrimination. 2021. www.britannica.com/topic/redlining .
Merriam-Webster. Gerrymandering. 2021. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gerrymandering .
Brennan Center for Justice. Gerrymandering & fair representation. 2021. www.brennancenter.org/issues/gerrymandering-fair-representation .
Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (full printed version). Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.
Healthy People 2030. Social determinants of health. 2021. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives#socialdeterminants-of-health .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health equity considerations and racial and minority groups. 2020. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html .
Millett GA, Jones AT, Benkeser D, et al. Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on Black communities. Ann Epidemiol . 2020;47:37–44.
Kim SJ, Bostwick W. Social vulnerability and racial inequality in COVID-19 deaths in Chicago. Health Educ Behav . 2020;47(4):509–513.
Levine RS, Johnson HM, Maki DG, Hennekens CH. Racial inequalities in mortality from coronavirus: the tip of the iceberg. Am J Med . 2020;133(10):1151–1153.
Abrams EM, Szefler SJ. COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of health. Lancet Respir Med . 2020;8(7):659–661.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on unsheltered homelessness and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for homeless service providers and local officials. 2020. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/homeless-shelters/unsheltered-homelessness.html .
Li H, Xu X-L, Dai D-W, Huang Z-Y, Ma Z, Guan Y-J. Air pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: a time series study. Int J Infect Dis . 2020;97:278–282.
Public Health Institute. Communities of color in more polluted areas may face greater COVID-19 risk. 2020. www.phi.org/press/study-probes-links-between-air-pollution-race-and-covid-19/ .
Poteat T, Millett GA, Nelson LE, Beyrer C. Understanding COVID-19 risks and vulnerabilities among Black communities in America: the lethal force of syndemics. Ann Epidemiol . 2020;47:1–3.
Dehon E, Weiss N, Jones J, Faulconer W, Hinton E, Sterling S. A systematic review of the impact of physician implicit racial bias on clinical decision making. Acad Emerg Med . 2017;24(8):895–904.
FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics . 2017;18(1):19.
Hall WJ, Chapman MV, Lee KM, et al. Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Public Health . 2015;105(12):e60–e76.
Lieberman-Cribbin W, Tuminello S, Flores RM, Taioli E. Disparities in COVID-19 testing and positivity in New York City. Am J Prev Med . 2020;59(3):326–332.
The Ohio State University Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. Understanding implicit bias. 2021. http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/research/understanding-implicit-bias/ .
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Implicit bias. 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicit-bias/ .
Agrawal S, Enekwechi A. [Health Affairs blog]. It's time to address the role of implicit bias within health care delivery. Health Affairs . 2020.
Villarosa L. How false beliefs in physical racial difference still live in medicine today. The New York Times Magazine , 56(L). August 18, 2019. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A596676329/AONE?u=duke_perkins&sid=AONE&xid=a28068c9 .
al-Gharbi M. Resistance as sacrifice: toward an ascetic antiracism. Sociol Forum . 2019;34(S1):1197–1216.
Sankaré IC, Bross R, Brown AF, et al. Strategies to build trust and recruit African American and Latino community residents for health research: a cohort study. Clin Transl Sci . 2015;8(5):412–420.
George S, Duran N, Norris K. A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and pacific islanders. Am J Public Health . 2014;104(2):e16–e31.