Neuroimaging in patients with COVID-19: a neuroradiology expert group consensus.
COVID-19
CT
MRI
Neuroimaging
Journal
European radiology
ISSN: 1432-1084
Titre abrégé: Eur Radiol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9114774
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jun 2022
Jun 2022
Historique:
received:
08
07
2021
accepted:
30
11
2021
revised:
27
11
2021
pubmed:
20
1
2022
medline:
25
5
2022
entrez:
19
1
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Neurological and neuroradiological manifestations in patients with COVID-19 have been extensively reported. Available imaging data are, however, very heterogeneous. Hence, there is a growing need to standardise clinical indications for neuroimaging, MRI acquisition protocols, and necessity of follow-up examinations. A NeuroCovid working group with experts in the field of neuroimaging in COVID-19 has been constituted under the aegis of the Subspecialty Committee on Diagnostic Neuroradiology of the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR). The initial objectives of this NeuroCovid working group are to address the standardisation of the imaging in patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and to give advice based on expert opinion with the aim of improving the quality of patient care and ensure high quality of any future clinical studies. KEY POINTS: • In patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations, neuroimaging should be performed in order to detect underlying causal pathology. • The basic MRI recommended protocol includes T2-weighted, FLAIR (preferably 3D), and diffusion-weighted images, as well as haemorrhage-sensitive sequence (preferably SWI), and at least for the initial investigation pre and post-contrast T1 weighted-images. • 3D FLAIR should be acquired after gadolinium administration in order to optimise the detection of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35044509
doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-08499-0
pii: 10.1007/s00330-021-08499-0
pmc: PMC8766353
doi:
Substances chimiques
Gadolinium
AU0V1LM3JT
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
3716-3725Subventions
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/M009106/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Radiology.
Références
Mao L, Jin H, Wang M et al (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan. China JAMA Neurol 77(6):683–690. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
pubmed: 32275288
Pezzini A, Padovani A (2020) Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Rev Neurol. 16(11):636–644. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0398-3
doi: 10.1038/s41582-020-0398-3
pubmed: 32839585
pmcid: 7444680
Benussi A, Pilotto A, Premi E et al (2020) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of inpatients with neurologic disease and COVID-19 in Brescia, Lombardy. Italy Neurology 95(7):e910–e920. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009848
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009848
pubmed: 32444493
Nannoni S, de Groot R, Bell S, Markus HS (2021) Stroke in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 16(2):137–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020972922
doi: 10.1177/1747493020972922
pubmed: 33103610
Koralnik IJ, Tyler KL (2020) COVID-19: A global threat to the nervous system. Ann Neurol 88(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25807
doi: 10.1002/ana.25807
pubmed: 32506549
Iadecola C, Anrather J, Kamel H (2020) Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system. Cell. 183(1):16-27.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.028
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.028
pubmed: 32882182
pmcid: 7437501
Liotta EM, Batra A, Clark JR et al (2020) Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 7(11):2221–2230. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51210
doi: 10.1002/acn3.51210
pubmed: 33016619
pmcid: 7664279
Eskandar EN, Altschul DJ, de La Garza Ramos R, et al (2020) Neurologic syndromes predict higher in-hospital mortality in COVID-19. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011356
Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: imaging features. Radiology. 296(2):E119–E120. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201187
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020201187
pubmed: 32228363
Kremer S, Lersy F, de Seze J et al (2020) Brain MRI findings in severe COVID-19: a retrospective observational study. Radiology. 297(2):E242–E251. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202222
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202222
pubmed: 32544034
Chougar L, Shor N, Weiss N et al (2020) Retrospective observational study of brain MRI findings in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurologic manifestations. Radiology. 297(3):E313–E323. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202422
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202422
pubmed: 32677875
Moonis G, Filippi CG, Kirsch CFE, et al (2020) The spectrum of neuroimaging findings on CT and MRI in adults with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). AJR Am J Roentgenol. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.24839
Lindan CE, Mankad K, Ram D et al (2021) Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 5(3):167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30362-X
doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30362-X
pubmed: 33338439
Fernandez CE, Franz CK, Ko JH et al (2021) Imaging review of peripheral nerve injuries in patients with COVID-19. Radiology. 298(3):E117–E130. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020203116
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020203116
pubmed: 33258748
Raman B, Cassar MP, Tunnicliffe EM, et al (2021) Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge. EClinicalMedicine 31:100683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100683
Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F (2020) Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 324(6):603–605. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12603
doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12603
pubmed: 32644129
pmcid: 7349096
Carvalho-Schneider C, Laurent E, Lemaignen A et al (2021) Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset. Clin Microbiol Infect. 27(2):258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.052
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.052
pubmed: 33031948
Gorna R, MacDermott N, Rayner C et al (2021) Long COVID guidelines need to reflect lived experience. Lancet. 397(10273):455–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32705-7
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32705-7
pubmed: 33357467
Ludvigsson JF (2021) Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long-term effects to adults after clinical COVID-19. Acta Paediatr. 110(3):914–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15673
doi: 10.1111/apa.15673
pubmed: 33205450
Nehme M, Braillard O, Alcoba G, et al (2020) COVID-19 symptoms: longitudinal evolution and persistence in outpatient settings. Ann Intern Med M20–5926. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-5926
Sivan M, Taylor S (2020) NICE guideline on long covid. BMJ 23(371):m4938. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4938
doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4938
Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L et al (2021) Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine 101019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019
Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B (2021) High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature 594(7862):259–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03553-9
pubmed: 33887749
Nalbandian A, Sehgal K (2021) Gupta A et al Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 27(4):601–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z
doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z
pubmed: 33753937
pmcid: 8893149
Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T et al (2019) Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 50(12):e344–e418. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000211
doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000211
pubmed: 31662037
Yoon BC, Buch K, Lang M et al (2020) Clinical and neuroimaging correlation in patients with covid-19. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(10):1791–1796. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6717
doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6717
pubmed: 32912875
pmcid: 7661080
Beyrouti R, Best JG, Chandratheva A, Perry RJ, Werring DJ (2021) Characteristics of intracerebral haemorrhage associated with COVID-19: a systematic review and pooled analysis of individual patient and aggregate data. J Neurol. 5:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10425-9
doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10425-9
Castellano A, Anzalone N, Pontesilli S, Fominskiy E, Falini A (2020) Pathological brain CT scans in severe COVID-19 ICU patients. Intensive Care Med. 46(11):2102–2104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06222-z
doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06222-z
pubmed: 32860514
pmcid: 7456203
Nwajei F, Anand P, Abdalkader M et al (2020) Cerebral venous sinus thromboses in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: three cases and a review of the literature. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 29(12):105412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105412
doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105412
pubmed: 33254367
pmcid: 7571902
Shahjouei S, Naderi S, Li J, et al (2020) Risk of stroke in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: A multinational study. EBioMedicine 59:102939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102939
Al-Mufti F, Amuluru K, Sahni R, et al (2021) Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19: a New York Metropolitan cohort study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7134
PrinciottaCariddi L, TabaeeDamavandi P, Carimati F et al (2020) Reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a COVID-19 patient. J Neurol. 267(11):3157–3160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10001-7
doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10001-7
Katal S, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A (2020) Neuroimaging and neurologic findings in COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections: a systematic review in 116 patients. J Neuroradiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurad.2020.06.007
doi: 10.1016/j.neurad.2020.06.007
pubmed: 32603770
pmcid: 7320684
Fitsiori A, Pugin D, Thieffry C et al (2020) COVID-19 is associated with an unusual pattern of brain microbleeds in critically ill patients. J Neuroimaging. 30(5):593–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12755
doi: 10.1111/jon.12755
pubmed: 32639679
Agarwal S, Jain R, Dogra S et al (2020) Cerebral microbleeds and leukoencephalopathy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Stroke. 51(9):2649–2655. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030940
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030940
pubmed: 32755456
pmcid: 7434006
Klironomos S, Tzortzakakis A, Kits A et al (2020) Nervous system involvement in coronavirus disease 2019: results from a retrospective consecutive neuroimaging cohort. Radiology. 297(3):E324–E334. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202791
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202791
pubmed: 32729812
Kandemirli SG, Dogan L, Sarikaya ZT et al (2020) Brain MRI findings in patients in the intensive care unit with COVID-19 infection. Radiology. 297(1):E232–E235. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201697
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020201697
pubmed: 32384020
Meinhardt J, Radke J, Dittmayer C et al (2021) Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci 24(2):168–175. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5
doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5
pubmed: 33257876
Radmanesh A, Derman A, Lui YW et al (2020) COVID-19-associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages. Radiology. 297(1):E223–E227. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202040
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202040
pubmed: 32437314
Lersy F, Willaume T, Brisset JC et al (2020) Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds for patients with severe COVID-19: etiologic hypotheses. J Neurol. 21:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10313-8
doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10313-8
Romero-Sánchez CM, Díaz-Maroto I, Fernández-Díaz E et al (2020) Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: The ALBACOVID registry. Neurology. 95(8):e1060–e1070. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937
pubmed: 32482845
pmcid: 7668545
Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H et al (2020) Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 382(23):2268–2270. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2008597
doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2008597
pubmed: 32294339
Kremer S, Lersy F, Anheim M et al (2020) Neurologic and neuroimaging findings in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective multicenter study. Neurology 95(13):e1868–e1882. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010112
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010112
pubmed: 32680942
Kremer S, Abu Eid M, Bierry G et al (2006) Accuracy of delayed post-contrast FLAIR MR imaging for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal infectious or tumoral diseases. J Neuroradiol 33(5):285–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0150-9861(06)77286-8
doi: 10.1016/s0150-9861(06)77286-8
pubmed: 17213756
Zurawski J, Lassmann H, Bakshi R (2017) Use of magnetic resonance imaging to visualize leptomeningeal inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis: a review. JAMA Neurol 74(1):100–109. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4237
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4237
pubmed: 27893883
Absinta M, Cortese IC, Vuolo L et al (2017) Leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement across the spectrum of chronic neuroinflammatory diseases. Neurology. 88(15):1439–1444. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003820
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003820
pubmed: 28283598
pmcid: 5386437
Purcell Y, Lecler A, Saragoussi E, Poiron E, Poillon G, Savatovsky J (2020) Neurologic involvement of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: making the most of MRI. Radiology. 297(1):E239. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202466
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202466
pubmed: 32515675
Jaunmuktane Z, Mahadeva U, Green A et al (2020) Microvascular injury and hypoxic damage: emerging neuropathological signatures in COVID-19. Acta Neuropathol. 140(3):397–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02190-2
doi: 10.1007/s00401-020-02190-2
pubmed: 32638079
pmcid: 7340758
Von Weyhern CH, Kaufmann I, Neff F, Kremer M (2020) Early evidence of pronounced brain involvement in fatal COVID-19 outcomes. Lancet. 395(10241):e109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31282-4
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31282-4
Becker RC (2020) COVID-19-associated vasculitis and vasculopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 50(3):499–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02230-4
doi: 10.1007/s11239-020-02230-4
pubmed: 32700024
Dixon L, Coughlan C, Karunaratne K, et al (2020) Immunosuppression for intracranial vasculitis associated with SARS-CoV-2: therapeutic implications for COVID-19 cerebrovascular pathology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry jnnp-2020–324291. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-324291
Lersy F, Anheim M, Willaume T, et al (2020) Cerebral vasculitis of medium-sized vessels as a possible mechanism of brain damage in COVID-19 patients. J Neuroradiol S0150–9861(20)30287-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurad.2020.11.004
Uginet M, Breville G, Hofmeister J, et al (2021) Cerebrovascular complications and vessel wall imaging in COVID-19 encephalopathy-a pilot study. Clin Neuroradiol 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-021-01008-
Sollini M, Morbelli S, Ciccarelli M, et al (2021) Long COVID hallmarks on [18F]FDG-PET/CT: a case-control study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05294-3
Scully M, Singh D, Lown R, et al (2021) Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105385
Eliezer M, Hautefort C, Hamel AL et al (2020) Sudden and complete olfactory loss of function as a possible symptom of COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 146(7):674–675. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0832
doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0832
pubmed: 32267483
Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T (2020) The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in covid-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 163(1):3–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820926473
doi: 10.1177/0194599820926473
pubmed: 32369429
Moein ST, Hashemian SM, Mansourafshar B, Khorram-Tousi A, Tabarsi P, Doty RL (2020) Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10(8):944–950. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22587
doi: 10.1002/alr.22587
pubmed: 32301284
Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Salzano G et al (2020) Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study. Head Neck. 42(7):1560–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26269
doi: 10.1002/hed.26269
pubmed: 32437022
Hopkins C, Surda P, Vaira LA et al (2021) Six month follow-up of self-reported loss of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rhinology 59(1):26–31. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.544
doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.544
pubmed: 33320115
Meinhardt J, Radke J, Dittmayer C et al (2021) Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci 24(2):168–175. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5
doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5
pubmed: 33257876
Politi LS, Salsano E, Grimaldi M (2020) Magnetic resonance imaging alteration of the brain in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and anosmia. JAMA Neurol 77(8):1028–1029. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2125
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2125
pubmed: 32469400
Galougahi MK, Ghorbani J, Bakhshayeshkaram M, Naeini AS, Haseli S (2020) Olfactory bulb magnetic resonance imaging in SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia: the first report. Acad Radiol. 27(6):892–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.002
doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.002
pubmed: 32295727
pmcid: 7151240
Laurendon T, Radulesco T, Mugnier J et al (2020) Bilateral transient olfactory bulb edema during COVID-19-related anosmia. Neurology 95(5):224–225. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009850
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009850
pubmed: 32444492
Shor N, Chougar L, Pyatigorskaya N (2021) MR imaging of the olfactory bulbs in patients with COVID-19 and anosmia: how to avoid misinterpretation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 42(3):E10–E11. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6921
doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6921
pubmed: 33122206
pmcid: 7959434
Chung MS, Choi WR, Jeong HY, Lee JH, Kim JH (2018) MR Imaging-based evaluations of olfactory bulb atrophy in patients with olfactory dysfunction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(3):532–537. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5491
doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A5491
pubmed: 29269404
pmcid: 7655332
Aragão MFVV, Leal MC, CartaxoFilho OQ, Fonseca TM, Valença MM (2020) Anosmia in COVID-19 associated with injury to the olfactory bulbs evident on MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(9):1703–1706. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6675
doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6675
pubmed: 32586960
pmcid: 7583088
Chiu A, Fischbein N, Wintermark M, Zaharchuk G, Yun PT, Zeineh M (2021) COVID-19-induced anosmia associated with olfactory bulb atrophy. Neuroradiology. 63(1):147–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-020-02554-1
doi: 10.1007/s00234-020-02554-1
pubmed: 32930820
Liang YC, Tsai YS, Syue LS, Lee NY, Li CW (2020) Olfactory bulb atrophy in a case of COVID-19 with hyposmia. Acad Radiol. 27(11):1649–1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.08.016
doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.08.016
pubmed: 32873516
pmcid: 7442148
Kandemirli SG, Altundag A, Yildirim D, TekcanSanli DE, Saatci O (2021) Olfactory bulb MRI and paranasal sinus ct findings in persistent COVID-19 anosmia. Acad Radiol. 28(1):28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.10.006
doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.10.006
pubmed: 33132007
Chung TW, Zhang H, Wong FK et al (2021) Neurosensory rehabilitation and olfactory network recovery in Covid-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Brain Sci 11(6):686. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060686
doi: 10.3390/brainsci11060686
pubmed: 34071007
pmcid: 8224593
Whitcroft KL, Hummel T (2020) Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: diagnosis and management. JAMA 323(24):2512–2514. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8391
doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8391
pubmed: 32432682
Filosto M, CottiPiccinelli S, Gazzina S et al (2021) Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19: an observational multicentre study from two Italian hotspot regions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 92(7):751–756. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-324837
doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324837
pubmed: 33158914
Miller C, O’Sullivan J, Jeffrey J, Power D (2021) Brachial plexus neuropathies during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective case series of 15 patients in critical care. Phys Ther. 101(1):1pzaa191. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa191
doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa191
Mitry MA, Collins LK, Kazam JJ, Kaicker S, Kovanlikaya A (2021) Parsonage-turner syndrome associated with SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) infection. Clin Imaging. 72:8–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.017
doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.017
pubmed: 33190028
Barman A, Sahoo J, Viswanath A, Roy SS, Swarnakar R, Bhattacharjee S (2021) Clinical features, laboratory and radiological findings of patients with acute inflammatory myelopathy following COVID-19 infection: a narrative review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001857
Schulte EC, Hauer L, Kunz AB, Sellner J (2021) Systematic review of cases of acute myelitis in individuals with COVID-19. Eur J Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14952
Ismail II, Salama S (2021) Association of CNS demyelination and COVID-19 infection: an updated systematic review. J Neurol. 12:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10752-x
doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10752-x
Bax F, Gigli GL, Iaiza F, Valente M (2021) Spontaneous spinal cord ischemia during COVID-19 infection. J Neurol. 28:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10574-x
doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10574-x