Analysis of surgical treatment strategy and outcome factors in persistent tracheoesophageal fistula: a critical analysis of own cases and review of the literature.

Surgical closure of persistent tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs) is complex. Most patients present with multiple risk factors, which may negatively impact the outcome and influence the treatment strategies. This retrospective study included 22 patients presenting with persistent TEFs. Preoperative RT, comorbidities, tissue conditions of the TEFs and neck skin, and surgical techniques were evaluated regarding a possible impact on success rates and outcome. 21 patients were operated, 95.45% with final success. However, in 52.39% repeated surgery was needed. Final closure of TEFs was achieved in 91.47% only after more invasive surgery was performed. The surgical technique applied had the most significant impact on success rates and outcome compared to all other risk factors analyzed. Our own data and that of the literature point out that the surgical strategy should be adapted to the patients' individual risk factors. According to the literature, surgical closure of persistent TEFss is demanding. Our data suggest that, considering that the majority of patients with persistent TEFs exhibit multiple risk factors, early performance of more invasive surgery seems associated with a better outcome.